Lihat sumber Gnostisisme

{{Gnosticism}}
'''Gnostisisme''' ({{Lang-el|γνῶσις}} ''gnōsis'', [[pengetahuan]]) merujuk pada bermacam-macam gerakan keagamaan yang beraliran [[sinkretisme]] pada zaman dahulu kala. Gerakan ini mencampurkan berbagai ajaran agama, yang biasanya pada intinya mengajarkan bahwa manusia pada dasarnya adalah [[jiwa]] yang terperangkap di dalam alam semesta yang diciptakan oleh tuhan yang tidak sempurna. Secara umum dapat dikatakan Gnostisisme adalah [[agama]] [[dualistik]], yang dipengaruhi dan memengaruhi [[filosofi Yunani]], [[Yudaisme]], dan [[Kekristenan Kalsedonia|Kekristenan]].

Istilah ''gnōsis'' merujuk pada suatu pengetahuan [[esoteris]] yang telah dipaparkan. Dari sana manusia melalui unsur-unsur rohaninya diingatkan kembali akan asal-muasal mereka dari Tuhan yang superior. [[Yesus Kristus]] dipandang oleh sebagian sekte Gnostis sebagai perwujudan dari makhluk ilahi yang menjadi manusia untuk membawa ''gnōsis'' ke bumi.<ref name="nhlintro">{{cite web | title = An Introduction to Gnosticism and The Nag Hammadi Library | publisher = The Gnostic Society Library | url = http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm | accessdate = 2009-12-02}}</ref>

Pada mulanya Gnostisisme dianggap sebagai cabang aliran sesat dari Kekristenan, namun sekte Gnostis telah ada sejak sebelum [[kelahiran Yesus]].<ref name="newadvent">{{cite web | title = Gnosticism | publisher = Catholic Encyclopedia  | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm |accessdate = 2009-02-12 }}</ref><ref>[[Bart D. Ehrman]] ''Lost Christianities''. Oxford University press, 2003, p.188-202</ref> Keberadaan kaum Gnostik sejak Abad Pertengahan semakin berkurang dikarenakan pengikutnya memeluk [[Islam]] atau akibat dari [[Perang Salib Albigensian]] ([[1209]]–[[1229]]). Gagasan Gnostis kembali muncul seiring dengan bertumbuhnya gerakan [[mistis]] [[esoteris]] pada akhir abad ke-19 dan abad ke-20 di [[Eropa]] dan [[Amerika Utara]].

== Lihat pula ==
{{multicol}}
* [[Antinomianisme]]
* [[Apokrifa]]
* [[Mistisisme Kristen]]
* [[Konsili Nicaea I]]
{{multicol-break}}
* [[Gnosiologi]]
* [[Gnosis]]
* [[Hermetisisme]]
* [[Theodisi]]
{{multicol-end}}

== Catatan kaki ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Referensi ==
=== Buku ===
==== Sumber primer ====
* {{cite book|authorlink = Bentley Layton|last = Layton|first = Bentley|title = The Gnostic Scriptures|publisher = SCM Press|year = 1987|isbn = 0-334-02022-0|pages = 526 pages }}
* {{cite book|authorlink = James M. Robinson|last = Robinson|first = James|title = The Nag Hammadi Library in English|publisher =|year = 1978|isbn = 0-06-066934-9|pages = 549 pages }}
* {{cite book|author = [[Plotinus]]|other = translated by A.H. Armstrong|title = The [[Enneads]]|publisher = [[Harvard University|Harvard University Press]]|year = 1989|id = }} (in 7 volumes), vol. 1: ISBN 0-674-99484-1
* The Gnostic Bible, Ed. [[Willis Barnstone]]

==== Sumber sekunder ====
* {{cite book|last = Aland|first = Barbara|title = [[Festschrift]] für Hans Jonas|publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year = 1978|isbn = 3-525-58111-4 }}
* {{cite book|last= Burstein|first = Dan|title = Secrets of Mary Magdalene|url= https://archive.org/details/secretsofmarymag0000unse_z4d3|publisher = CDS Books|year = 2006|isbn = 1-59315-205-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Freke|first = Timothy|coauthors = Gandy, Peter|title = Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians|url = https://archive.org/details/jesuslostgoddess0000frek|publisher = Three Rivers Press|year = 2002|isbn = 0-00-710071-X }}
* {{cite book|last = Green|first = Henry|title = Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism|publisher = Scholars P.,U.S.|year = 1985|isbn = 0-89130-843-1 }}
* {{cite book|last = Haardt|first = Robert|title = Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse|publisher = Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg|year = 1967|id =|pages = 352 pages }}, translated as {{cite book|last = Haardt|first = Robert|title = Gnosis: Character and Testimony|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosischaractert0000haar|publisher = Brill, Leiden|year = 1971|id = }}
* {{cite book|authorlink = Stephan A. Hoeller|last = Hoeller|first = Stephan A.|title = Gnosticism - New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel|publisher =|year = 2002|isbn = 0-8356-0816-6|pages = [https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel/page/257 257] pages }}
* {{cite book|authorlink = Hans Jonas|last = Jonas|first = Hans|title = Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1-2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie|publisher =|year =|isbn = 3-525-53841-3 }}
* {{cite book|authorlink = Charles William King|last = King|first = Charles William|title = The Gnostics and Their Remains|year = 1887|url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/ }}
* {{cite book|authorlink = Karen Leigh King|last = King|first = Karen L.|title = What is Gnosticism?|url = https://archive.org/details/whatisgnosticism0000king|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2003|isbn = 0-674-01071-X|pages = [https://archive.org/details/whatisgnosticism0000king/page/343 343] pages }}
* {{cite book|last = Klimkeit|first = Hans-Joachim|title = Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia|publisher = Harper, San Francisco|year = 1993|isbn = 0-06-064586-5 }}
* {{cite book|last = Layton|first = Bentley|editor = edited by [[L. Michael White]], O. Larry Yarbrough|chapter = Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism|title = The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks|url = https://archive.org/details/socialworldoffir0000unse|publisher = Fortress Press, Minneapolis|year = 1995|isbn = 0-8006-2585-4 }}
* {{cite book|author = Layton, Bentley (ed.)|title = The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Sethian Gnosticism|publisher = E.J. Brill|year = 1981 }}
* {{cite book|last = Markschies|first = Christoph|other = trans. John Bowden|title = Gnosis: An Introduction|publisher = T & T Clark|year = 2000|isbn = 0-567-08945-2|pages = 145 pages }}
* {{cite book|last = Mins|first = Denis|title = Irenaeus|publisher = Geoffrey Chapman|year = 1994|id = }}
* {{cite book|authorlink = Elaine Pagels|last = Pagels|first = Elaine|title = The Gnostic Gospels|publisher =|year = 1979|isbn = 0-679-72453-2|pages = 182 pages }}
* {{cite book|authorlink = Elaine Pagels|last = Pagels|first = Elaine|title = The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis|publisher =|year = 1989|isbn = 1-55540-334-4|pages = 128 pages }}
* Petrement, Simone (1990), ''A Separate God: The Origins and Teachings of Gnosticsim'', Harper and Row ISBN 0-06-066421-5
* {{cite book|last = Rudolph|first = Kurt|authorlink= Kurt Rudolph|title = Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosisnaturehist00rudo|publisher = Harper & Row|year = 1987|isbn = 0-06-067018-5 }}
* {{cite book|last = [[Benjamin Walker|Walker]]|first = [[Benjamin Walker|Benjamin]]|title = Gnosticism: Its History and Influence|publisher = Harper Collins|year = 1990|isbn = 1-85274-057-4 }}
* {{cite book|last = Williams|first = Michael|title = Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category|url = https://archive.org/details/rethinkinggnosti0000will|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1996|isbn = 0-691-01127-3 }}

=== Video ===
* ''The Naked Truth: Exposing the Deceptions About the Origins of Modern Religions'' (1995).

== Pranala luar ==
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* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm Religious Tolerance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204625/http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} - A survey of Gnosticism
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html Early Christian Writings] - primary texts
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library.html The Gnostic Society Library] - primary sources and commentaries.
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism]
* [http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm Introduction to Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426222739/http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm |date=2008-04-26 }}
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=280&letter=G&search=gnosticism Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism]
* [http://www.theandros.com/pregnostic.html Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John]
* [http://www9.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010234456/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html |date=2008-10-10 }}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism]
* [http://www.gnosiskultur.de Gnosis Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021071326/http://www.gnosiskultur.de/ |date=2016-10-21 }}
* {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Gnosticism|Gnosticism}}

{{Sistem kepercayaan}}
{{Keyakinan-keyakinan yang dikecam oleh Gereja Katolik}}

[[Kategori:Gnostisisme| ]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Kristen]]