Lihat sumber E. B. White

{{Short description|American writer}}{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}}{{Infobox person
| name               = E. B. White
| image              = EB White and his dog Minnie.png
| imagesize          = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = Elwyn berada di pantai bersama anjingnya Minnie
| birth_name         = Elwyn Brooks White
| birth_date         = 11 Juli 1899
| birth_place        = [[Mount Vernon, New York]], Amerika Serikat
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1985|10|1|1899|7|11}}
| death_place        = North [[Brooklin, Maine]], Amerika Serikat
| resting_place      = Pemakaman Brooklin, Brooklin, Maine, Amerika Serikat
| education          = Universitas Cornell
| occupation         = Penulis
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Katharine Sergeant Angell White|Katharine Sergeant]]|1929|1977|end=died}}
| signature          = EB White Signature.svg
| period             = 
| genre              = 
| subject            = 
}}
'''Elwyn Brooks White''' (11 Juli 1899 – 1 Oktober 1985)<ref name="New York Times Obituary">{{cite news|last=Mitgang|first=Herbert|date=2 Oktober 1985|title=E. B. White, Essayist and Stylist, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0711.html|work=|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 Januari 2021}}</ref> adalah seorang penulis Amerika Serikat. Ia merupakan pengarang dari beberapa buku anak populer seperti ''[[Stuart Little]]'' (1945), ''[[Charlotte's Web]]'' (1952) dan ''[[The Trumpet of the Swan]]'' (1970). Selain itu, ia juga merupakan penulis dan editor majalah ''[[The New Yorker]]'' serta rekan penulis panduan mode ''[[The Elements of Style]].''<ref name="SLJ" />

== Kehidupan ==
E.B. White lahir di [[Mount Vernon, New York]]. Ia merupakan anak keenam sekaligus terakhir dari pasangan Samuel Tilly White, presiden sebuah perusahaan piano dan Jessie Hart White, putri dari seorang pelukis Amerika-Skotlandia [[William Hart (painter)|William Hart]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Root|first=Robert L.|year=1999|title=E. B. White: The Emergence of an Essayist|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=978-0-87745-667-4|page=23}}</ref> Kakak laki-laki tertua Elwyn, yakni [[Stanley Hart White]] atau Stan, seorang profesor dari arsitektur lanskap dan penemu taman vertikal mengajarkan ia dalam hal membaca dan mengeksplorasi dunia alam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hindle|first1=Richard L.|year=2013|title=Stanley Hart White and the question of 'What is Modern?'|journal=Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes|volume=33|issue=3|pages=170–177|doi=10.1080/14601176.2013.807653|s2cid=162577251}}</ref>

Elwyn lulus dari Universitas Cornell dengan gelar sarjana seni pada 1921. Ia dipanggil "Andy" di kampusnya karena di sana ada tradisi memberikan julukan pada setiap laki-laki yang memiliki nama belakang "White", terlebih nama rekan pendiri [[Universitas Cornell]] adalah [[Andrew Dickson White]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Building Cornell University Library's Collections: E. B. White '21|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/footsteps/exhibition/buildingcollections/buildingcollections_8.html|website=Cornell University Library|access-date=11 Januari 2021|quote="His nickname, "Andy," dates from his years at Cornell. According to Cornell tradition, all male students named White were nicknamed after Cornell's first president, Andrew Dickson White."}}</ref>

Semasa kuliah, Elwyn bekerja sebagai editor di ''[[The Cornell Daily Sun]]'' bersama teman sekelasnya [[Allison Danzig]], yang kemudian menjadi penulis rubrik olahraga ''[[The New York Times]]''. Ia juga tergabung sebagai anggota perkumpulan [[Aleph Samach]], [[Quill and Dagger]] dan [[Phi Gamma Delta]].<ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=Elwyn Brooks|author2=Guth, Dorothy Lobrano|author3=White, Martha|year=2006|title=Letters of E. B. White|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_o9h7|location=New York City|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-075708-3|edition=Revised|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_o9h7/page/17 17]–19|chapter=Cornell and the Open Road}}</ref>

Setelah lulus, Elwyn bekerja di United Press (sekarang [[United Press International]]) dan [[American Legion]] News Service pada 1921 dan 1922. Dari September 1922 hingga Juni 1923, ia menjadi reporter di ''[[The Seattle Times]]''. Namun tak lama kemudian ia dipecat karena pernah mengalami kesulitan dalam menulis. Selepas bekerja di sana, ia lalu melanjutkan karier menulisnya di ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' sebelum akhirnya bertugas di kapal pemadam kebakaran di [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Long|first=Priscilla|date=26 Juli 2001|title=The Seattle Times fires E. B. White on June 19, 1923.|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/3467|work=[[HistoryLink]]|access-date=11 Januari 2021}}</ref>

Elwyn sempat bekerja di agensi periklanan Frank Seaman sebagai asisten produksi dan copywriter selama 2 tahun.<ref>{{cite web|title=E. B. White Biography|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/We-Z/White-E-B.html|publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography|access-date=November 25, 2012}}</ref> Setelah itu ia pindah ke kota [[New York]] pada 1924. Ketika ''[[The New Yorker]]'' didirikan pada 1925, Elwyn mengirimkan naskah ke sana. [[Katharine Sergeant Angell White|Katharine Angell]], editor sastra The New Yorker kemudian merekomendasikan Elwyn kepada pemimpin redaksi dan pendiri [[Harold Ross]] agar ia dipekerjakan sebagai staf penulis. Beberapa bulan kemudian, Elwyn akhirnya bekerja di sana setiap hari Kamis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thurber|first=James|year=1969|title=Credos and Curios|url=https://archive.org/details/credoscurios0000thur_y6c5|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-003044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/credoscurios0000thur_y6c5/page/124 124]|chapter=E. B. W.|author-link=James Thurber}}</ref>

Elwyn memiliki sifat pemalu setiap kali berada di dekat wanita. Oleh karena itu ia disebut bahwa ia memiliki hati yang terlalu kecil namun memiliki pulpen yang terlalu besar.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Is Sex Necessary?|url=https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2018/9/7/is-sex-necessary|website=The Attic|access-date=11 Januari 2021}}</ref> Namun pada 1929 ia menjadi orang ketiga dalam pernikahan Katherine yang berujung pada perceraian hingga akhirnya Elwyn dan Katherine pun menikah. Dari pernikahan tersebut, mereka dikaruniai seorang putra bernama Joel White, yang kemudian menjadi arstitek angkatan laut, pembuat perahu sekaligus pemilik Brooklin Boat Yard di Brooklin, Maine. Sementara itu, putra Katharine dari pernikahan pertamanya, [[Roger Angell]] menghabiskan waktunya sebagai editor fiksi di ''The New Yorker'' dan dikenal sebagai penulis majalah baseball.

Dalam kata pengantarnya dalam novel ''[[Charlotte's Web]]'', [[Kate DiCamillo]] mengutip pernyataan Elwyn yang berkata, "''All that I hope to say in books, all that I ever hope to say, is that I love the world."'' Elwyn mencintai binatang, peternakan, musim dan format cuaca.<ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|year=1952|url=https://archive.org/details/charlottessweb00whit|title=Charlotte's Web|publisher=Harper|isbn=978-0-06-440055-8|page=ii}}</ref>

Elwyn menderita penyakit [[alzheimer]] dan meninggal dunia pada 1 Oktober 1985 di rumahnya di Brooklin Utara, Maine.<ref name="New York Times Obituary" /> Ia dikubur di Pemakaman Brooklin di samping Katharine, yang meninggal dunia pada 1977.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elledge|first=Scott|year=1984|url=https://archive.org/details/ebwhite00scot|title=E. B. White: A Biography|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-01771-7}}</ref>

== Karier ==
[[Berkas:E_B_White.jpg|jmpl|280x280px|White in his twenties]]
E. B.  White mempublikasikan artikel pertamanya di ''[[The New Yorker]]'' pada 1925, lalu bergabung sebagai staf pada 1927 selama hampir 6 dekade. Ia kemudian menjadi kontributor paling penting di sana. Selain itu, ia juga merupakan kolumnis majalah ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's]]'' dari 1938 hingga 1943.

Pada 1949, Elwyn menerbitkan ''Here Is New York'', sebuah cerita pendek yang ditulis berdasarkan artikel saat ia bertugas untuk ''[[Holiday (magazine)|Holiday]]''. Editor [[Ted Patrick (editor)|Ted Patrick]] mendekati Elwyn dan berkata kepadanya bahwa menulis esai itu menyenangkan. Namun Elwyn membalasnya dengan jawaban, "Menulis tidak pernah menyenangkan".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Callahan|first=Michael|date=|title=The Visual and Writerly Genius of Holiday Magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2013/05/holiday-magazine-history|work=Vanity Fair|language=en|access-date=11 Januari 2021}}</ref>

Atas karya-karyanya, Elwyn meraih penghargaan [[Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards|special Pulitzer Prize]] pada 1978.<ref name="pulitzer2">[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Special-Awards-and-Citations "Special Awards and Citations"]. The Pulitzer Prizes. Diarsipkan Desember 2, 2013.</ref> Di samping itu, ia juga dianugerahi [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] pada 1963 dan anggota kehormatan di berbagai komunitas literasi seluruh Amerika Serikat. Pada 1973, animasi pendek asal Kanada berjudul ''[[The Family That Dwelt Apart]]'' yang dinarasikan olehnya berdasarkan cerita pendek dengan judul sama terpilih sebagai salah satu nominasi di [[Academy Award|Piala Oscar]] 1973.<ref name="Collection">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2012-10-11|title=The Family That Dwelt Apart|url=http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?id=11708|website=|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=11 Januari 2021}}</ref>

== Penghargaan dan kehormatan ==

* 1953 [[Newbery Medal]] untuk ''Charlotte's Web''
* 1960 [[American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals|American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal]]
* 1963 [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
* 1970 [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Award]]<ref name="wilder" />
* 1971 [[National Medal for Literature]]
* 1977 [[L.L. Winship/PEN New England Award]], ''Letters of E. B. White''
* 1978 [[Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards|Pulitzer Prize Special Citation]] for Letters<ref name="pulitzer2"/>

== Bibliografi ==

=== Buku ===

* ''Less than Nothing, or, The Life and Times of Sterling Finny'' (1927)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elledge|first=Scott|year=1986|url=https://archive.org/details/ebwhitebiography00elle/page/383|title=E.B. White: a Biography|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|isbn=978-0-393-30305-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ebwhitebiography00elle/page/383 383]}}</ref>
* {{cite book|author=White, E. B.|year=1929 <!--lccn=29014475-->|title=The lady is cold : poems by E. B. W.|location=New York|publisher=Harper and Brothers}}
* {{cite book|author1=Thurber, James|author2=White, E. B.|year=1929 <!--lccn=29027938-->|title=Is sex necessary? Or, why you feel the way you do|title-link=Is Sex Necessary? Or, Why You Feel the Way You Do|location=New Yorker|publisher=Harper & Brothers}}
* ''[[Ho Hum: Newsbreaks from the New Yorker]]'' (1931). Intro by E. B. White, and much of the text as well.
* ''Alice Through the Cellophane'', [[John Day Company|John Day]] (1933)
* ''Every Day is Saturday'', Harper (1934)
* ''Quo Vadimus: or The Case for the Bicycle'', Harper (1938)
* ''[[A Subtreasury of American Humor]]'' (1941).  Co-edited with Katherine S. White.
* ''[[One Man's Meat (book)|One Man's Meat]]'' (1942): A collection of his columns from ''[[Harper's Magazine]]''
* ''The Wild Flag: Editorials From The New Yorker On Federal World Government And Other Matters'' (1943)
* ''[[Stuart Little]]'' (1945)
* ''Here Is New York'' (1949)
* ''[[Charlotte's Web]]'' (1952)
* ''The Second Tree from the Corner'' (1954)
* ''[[The Elements of Style]]'' (with [[William Strunk Jr.]]) (1959, republished 1972, 1979, 1999, 2005)<!-- revised? -->
* ''The Points of My Compass'' (1962)
* ''[[The Trumpet of the Swan]]'' (1970)
* ''Letters of E. B. White'' (1976)
* ''Essays of E. B. White'' (1977)
* ''Poems and Sketches of E. B. White'' (1981)
* ''Writings from "The New Yorker"'' (1990)
* ''In the Words of E. B. White'' (2011)
* ''The Fox of Peapack''
* ''Farewell to Model T''
* ''An E. B. White Reader''.  Edited by William W. Watt and Robert W. Bradford.

=== Esai dan laporan ===

* {{cite magazine|author=E. B. W.|date=April 18, 1925|title=A Sep Forward|magazine=The New Yorker|volume=1|issue=9|pages=21|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-new-yorker_1925-04-18_1_9/page/21<!--accessdate=-->}}
* {{cite magazine|author=E. B. W.|author-mask=1|date=May 9, 1925|title=Defense of the Bronx River|magazine=The New Yorker|volume=1|issue=12|pages=14|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-new-yorker_1925-05-09_1_12/page/14<!--accessdate=-->}}

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|25em|refs=<!-- some children's refs -->
<ref name=bird>
Bird, Elizabeth (July 2, 2012). [http://blogs.slj.com/afuse8production/2012/07/02/top-100-childrens-novels-1-charlottes-web-by-e-b-white/ "Top 100 Children's Novels #1: [[Charlotte's Web]] by E. B. White"]. A Fuse #8 Production. [[School Library Journal]]. Retrieved June 17, 2013.</ref>
<ref name=SLJ>
[http://www.slj.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/SLJ_Fuse8_Top100_Novels.pdf "SLJ's Top 100 Children's Novels"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105052629/http://www.slj.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/SLJ_Fuse8_Top100_Novels.pdf |date=January 5, 2014 }} (poster presentation of reader poll results). A Fuse #8 Production. [[School Library Journal]]. 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2013.</ref><!-- text is abridged version of the #1 to #10 (of 100) daily blogs by Elizabeth Bird, NYPL -->

<ref name=wilder>
[http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/wildermedal/wilderpast "Laura Ingalls Wilder Award, Past winners"]. [[Association for Library Service to Children|ALSC]]. [[American Library Association|ALA]].<br/> 
&nbsp; [http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/wildermedal/wilderabout "About the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award"]. ALSC. ALA. Retrieved June 17, 2013.</ref>
<ref name=weales><!-- recommended for both books articles, Stuart and Charlotte -->
Weales, Gerald (May 24, 1970). "The Designs of E. B. White". [[The New York Times]]. Page BR22.</ref>
<ref name=ibby-nominee>
[https://archive.today/20130114185952/http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=14769&viewmode=fullscreen&scale=3.33&rotate=&page=105 "Candidates for the Hans Christian Andersen Awards 1956–2002"]. ''The Hans Christian Andersen Awards, 1956–2002''. [[IBBY]]. [[Gyldendal]]. 2002. Pages 110–18. Hosted by [[Austrian Literature Online]] (literature.at). Retrieved July 16, 2013.</ref>}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikiquote}}{{Commons category|Elwyn Brooks White}}

* [http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4155/the-art-of-the-essay-no-1-e-b-white "E. B. White, The Art of the Essay No. 1"], ''[[The Paris Review]]'', Fall 1969 – interview by George Plimpton and Frank H. Crowther
* {{YouTube|xU6nbdhuUR8|''In the Words of E. B. White'' – Book Trailer}} (audio-video)
* [http://minystories.wordpress.com/ miNYstories] based on ''Here Is New York''
* {{findagrave|6823305}}

[[Kategori:Penulis Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1899]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 1985]]
[[Kategori:Pemenang Pulitzer Prize]]