Lihat sumber Sejarah anarkisme

{{Anarkisme}}
'''Sejarah anarkisme''' adalah istilah yang ambigu, sama seperti [[anarkisme]] itu sendiri. Para ahli kesulitan untuk mendefinisikan apa yang dimaksud anarkisme dan sejarahnya. Ada berbagai pandangan tentang hal ini, mulai dari anarkisme menjadi gerakan yang jelas pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, sementara lainnya mengidentifikasikan sifat-sifat anarkis jauh sebelum peradaban pertama ada.

Komunitas [[prasejarah]] ada tanpa [[hierarki]] formal, sama seperti [[Garis besar anarkisme|prinsip-prinsip anarkis]]. Jejak pertama pemikiran anarkis dapat ditemukan di [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani]] dan [[Sejarah Cina#Cina Kuno|Cina Kuno]] di mana banyak filsuf yang mempermasalahkan kebutuhan akan [[negara]] dan menyatakan hak moral individu yang memutuskan bagi mereka sendiri. Selama [[Abad Pertengahan]], beberapa [[Sekte|sekte agama]] mendukung pemikiran libertarian. dan pada [[Zaman Pencerahan]], bangkitnya [[rasionalisme]] dan [[sains]] menandakan lahirnya gerakan anarkis modern.

Anarkisme modern adalah bagian penting dari gerakan pekerja pada akhir abad ke-19. Modernisme, industrialisasi, reaksi terhadap kapitalisme, dan migrasi massal membantu anarkisme berkembang dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia. Kecenderungan utama anarkisme sebagai gerakan sosial telah diwakili oleh [[Anarkisme kolektivis|anarko-kolektivisme]], [[Komunisme anarkis|anarko-komunisme]] dan [[anarko-sindikalisme]], dengan [[anarkisme individualis]] menjadi fenomena literatur utama. Dengan bertumbuhnya gerakan buruh, bentrokan antara anarkis dan [[Marxisme|komunis Marxis]] menjadi tidak terhindarkan. Kedua aliran ini terbelah di kongres kelima [[Asosiasi Pekerja Internasional|Internasional Pertama]] pada 1872. Peristiwa selanjutnya tidak membantu mengurangi kesenjangan. Anarkis berpartisipasi dengan antusias dalam [[Revolusi Rusia]], tetapi begitu kelompok [[Bolshevik]] mengukuhkan kekuasaannya, kelompok anarkis ditekan dengan kejam terutama di [[Pemberontakan Kronstadt|Kronstadt]] dan [[Teritori Bebas|Ukraina]]. Momen paling menonjol dari anarkisme adalah [[Perang Saudara Spanyol]] yang berakhir dengan kekalahan anarkis dan seukutunya. Anarkisme sebagai gerakan tampak mati setelah [[Perang Dunia II]].

Namun, pada 1960-an mereka muncul kembali dalam berbagai bentuk, khususnya dalam gerakan antiglobalisasi. Bersama dengan tren anarkisme klasik, semakin banyak kelompok akar rumput yang mengadopsi cara organisasi yang ''anarkistik''.

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Kongres-kongres Anarkis Internasional]]
* [[Daftar komunitas anarkis]]

== Catatan ==
{{notelist}}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|refs=
<u>'''sumber primer'''</u>
* [[Michael Bakunin]] wrote in 1873: "''These elected representatives, say the Marxists, will be dedicated and learned socialists. The expressions "learned socialist," "scientific socialism," etc., which continuously appear in the speeches and writings of the followers of Lassalle and Marx, prove that the pseudo-People's State will be nothing but a despotic control of the populace by a new and not at all numerous aristocracy of real and pseudo-scientists. The "uneducated" people will be totally relieved of the cares of administration, and will be treated as a regimented herd. A beautiful liberation, indeed!''" {{harvnb|Bakunin|1991}}
* [[Emma Goldman]] wrote in 1924"''My critic further charged me with believing that 'had the Russians made the Revolution à la Bakunin instead of à la Marx' the result would have been different and more satisfactory. I plead guilty to the charge. In truth, I not only believe so; I am certain of it."''{{harvnb|Goldman|2003|p=xx}}
<u>'''sumber sekunder'''</u>
* [[Stephen White (political scientist)|Steven White]] writes: "''...Mikhail Bakunin who had pointed out to Marx that the state was more than an administrative framework: it was ultimately a group of people who might have an interest of their own that they would do their best to defend even if this was at odds with the interests of the wider society..."'' {{harv|White|2001|p=9}}
* [[Paul Avrich]] wrote "''But if Bakunin foresaw the anarchistic nature of the Russian Revolution, he also foresaw its authoritarian consequences...''"{{harvnb|Avrich|1970|pp=137–138}}
* [[Peter Marshall (author)|Peter Marshall]] writes "''The result, anticipated so forcefully by Bakunin, was that the Bolshevik revolution made in the name of Marxism had degenerated into a form of State capitalism which operated in the interests of a new bureaucratic and managerial class.''"{{harvnb|Marshall|1993|p=477}}
* Igariwey and Mbah write "''As Bakunin foresaw, retention of the state system under socialism would lead to a barrack regime...''"{{harvnb|Mbah|Igariwey|1997|pp=22–23}}
</ref>
}}
{{reflist|2}}

== Sumber ==
=== Sumber sekunder (buku, jurnal) ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book|title=A Short History of Anarchism|last=Nettlau|first=Max|authorlink=Max Nettlau|year=1996|publisher=[[Freedom Press]]|isbn=978-0-900384-89-9|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book| editor1-last = Drachkovitch | editor1-first = Milorad M. |first = Max |last = Nomad |contribution = The Anarchist Tradition |title = Revolutionary Internationals 1864 1943 | url = https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryint0000drac |publisher = [[Stanford University Press]] |page = [https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryint0000drac/page/88 88] |year = 1966 |isbn = 978-0-8047-0293-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Michael|last= Ossar|title=Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller: The Realm of Necessity and the Realm of Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAr6iCh4_HAC|year=1980|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=978-0-87395-393-1}}
* {{cite book|editor1= Rubel Maximilien|editor2= Crump John|publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]]|year=1987 |title = Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |chapter=Anarchist-Communism|first= Alain |last= Pengam|isbn =978-0312005245|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pernicone|first=Nunzio |title=Italian Anarchism, 1864-1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ttgjwEACAAJ|year=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-63268-1}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pugliese|first=Stanislao G. |title=Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRxtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=13 January 2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-7971-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ramnath|first=Maia |editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S.|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|authormask=|trans-title=|chapter-format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|trans-chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Rapp|first=John A. |authorlink=John Rapp|title=Daoism and Anarchism: Critiques of State Autonomy in Ancient and Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rau9DJ7fwggC|date=9 August 2012|publisher=[[A&C Black]]|isbn=978-1-4411-3223-9|authormask=|trans-title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=}}
* {{cite journal | last=Roslak | first=Robyn S. | title=The Politics of Aesthetic Harmony: Neo-Impressionism, Science, and Anarchism | journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] | publisher=[[JSTOR]] | volume=73 | issue=3 | pages=381–390 | year=1991 | issn=0004-3079 | doi=10.2307/3045811 | ref=harv| jstor=3045811 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= Ross|first1= Carne|author-link1= Carne Ross|chapter=Preface|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
* {{Cite book |page = [https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe/page/66 66] |last = Rupert |first = Mark |title = Globalization and International Political Economy |url = https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location = Lanham |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-7425-2943-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= Ryley |first1= Constance |chapter=Individualism|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Schofield|first=Malcolm|title=The Stoic Idea of the City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1fmW90VX6QC|date=July 1999|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-74006-5}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sheehan|first=Seán |title=Anarchism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0PnKy_W2IwC|year=2003|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|isbn=978-1-86189-169-3}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Alexandre|last=Skirda|author-link=Alexandre Skirda|title=Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nznVNAW0lbAC|year=2002|publisher=AK Press in conjunction with Kate Sharpley Library|isbn=978-1-902593-19-7}}
* {{cite web |last1=Schmidt|last2= van der Walt|first1=Michael|first2=Lucien| title=Still fanning the flames: An interview with Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt - Revolution by the Book : The AK Press Blog | website=revolutionbythebook.akpress.org | year=2009 | url=http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/still-fanning-the-flames-an-interview-with-michael-schmidt-and-lucien-van-der-walt | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221053839/http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/still-fanning-the-flames-an-interview-with-michael-schmidt-and-lucien-van-der-walt | archive-date=2009-12-21 | dead-url=yes |  access-date=2019-01-16|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sochen|first=June |title=The New Woman: Feminism in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0UqAAAAYAAJ|year=1972|publisher=[[Quadrangle Books]]|isbn=978-0-8129-0257-0}}
* {{Cite book |last = Thomas |first = Paul |title = Karl Marx and the Anarchists |url = https://archive.org/details/karlmarxanarchis00thom |publisher = [[Routledge]]/[[Kegan Paul]] |location = London |year = 1985 |isbn = 978-0-7102-0685-5 |page = [https://archive.org/details/karlmarxanarchis00thom/page/142 142] |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|title=The Spanish Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar0000thom_q0s4|year=2001|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-101161-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last= Turcato|first= Davide |chapter=Anarchist Communism|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=White|first=Stephen |authorlink=Stephen White (political scientist)|title=Communism and Its Collapse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwD66oWu20IC|year=2001|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-0-415-24423-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Wilbur| first=Shawn P.| title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism | pages=429–448| chapter=Mutualism | location=Cham | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25 | ref=harv|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S.|date=2019| isbn=978-3-319-75619-6}}
* {{cite book |last = Woodcock |first = G. |authorlink = George Woodcock |title = Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements |year = 1962 |publisher = Penguin |location = Melbourne|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last=Yeoman | first=James Michael | title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism | pages=429–448 | chapter=The Spanish Civil War | location=Cham | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25 | ref=harv|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S.|date=2019| isbn=978-3-319-75619-6 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= Zimmer|first1= Kenyon|chapter=Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
{{refend}}

=== Sumber tersier (ensiklopedia & kamus) ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web | last=Fiala | first=Andrew | title=Anarchism | website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=2017-10-03 | url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism/ | ref=harv | access-date=14 January 2019}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Forman|first=Michael|editor=[[Immanuel Ness]]|title=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, 8 Volume Set: 1500 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXoxtQEACAAJ|date=13 April 2009|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|isbn=978-1-4051-8464-9}}
* {{cite web | website=Dictionary of the History of Ideas | author-link=Arthur Lehning|first=Arthur|last= Lehning|title=Anarchism| year =2003 | url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909192326/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-12 | archive-date= September 2006 | dead-url=yes | ref= harv| access-date=2018-12-23}}
* {{cite SEP |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/max-stirner/|title=Max Stirner |last=Leopold  |first=David|date = 2015|editor = [[Edward N. Zalta]]|publisher= Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]]|ref= harv}}
* {{cite web | title=Anarchism | first=  Martin A.|last= Miller | first2=George|last2= Woodcock | first3=Arif |last3=Dirlik | first4=Franklin |last4=Rosemont |website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=14 September 2018 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914175154/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism | archive-date=14 September 2018 | dead-url=no | ref={{sfnref | Encyclopedia Britannica | 2018}} | access-date=21 December 2018}} The current version of ''Anarchism'' in Britanicca
* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=David|last= Miller|title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIZfQTd3nSMC|year = 1991|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-17944-3}}
* {{cite SEP |url-id=godwin |title=William Godwin |last=Philip  |first=Mark|date=20 May 2006|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/f7m1bn Sejarah Anarkisme]. [[Perpustakaan Kate Sharpley]].

{{Anarkisme bawah}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Sejarah anarkisme| ]]
[[Kategori:Anarkisme]]