Lihat sumber Sungai Columbia

{{for|sungai di Kolombia|Daftar sungai di Kolombia}}
{{Geobox | River
<!-- *** Heading *** -->
| name                      = Sungai Columbia
| other_name                =
| category                  = 
| category_hide             = 1
<!-- *** Gambar *** -->
| image                     = Corps-engineers-archives bonneville dam looking east.jpg
| image_size                = 300
| image_caption             = Bendungan Bonneville, di Ngarai Sungai Columbia
| image_alt                 = Aerial view of a large river winding through a mountainous gorge. It passes over a dam stretching in four segments from bank to bank across three intervening islands. Highways, passing by clusters of buildings here and there on both banks, run parallel to the river. Whitewater and foam curl downriver from one of the central segments.
<!-- *** Nama *** -->
| etymology                 = Kapal Kapten Robert Gray, ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]''
| nickname                  = Big River, the River of the West, River Oregon<ref>{{cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart|title=The Columbia|url=https://archive.org/details/columbia0000holb|publisher=Comstock Editions|year=1956|location=San Francisco|pages=|isbn=978-0-89174-051-3}}</ref>
<!-- *** Negara dll. *** -->
| country                   = Amerika Serikat
| country1                  = Kanada
| state                     = [[Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]]
| state1                    = [[Oregon]]
| region                    = [[British Columbia]]
| region_type               = Provinsi
<!-- *** Family *** -->
| parent                    =
| tributary_left            = Sungai Spillimacheen
| tributary_left1           = [[Sungai Beaver (Sungai Columbia)|Sungai Beaver]]
| tributary_left2           = Sungai Illecillewaet
| tributary_left3           = Sungai Incomappleux
| tributary_left4           = Sungai Kootenay
| tributary_left5           = Sungai Pend Oreille
| tributary_left6           = Sungai Spokane
| tributary_left7           = Sungai Snake
| tributary_left8 = Sungai John Day
| tributary_left9           = [[Sungai Deschutes (Oregon)|Sungai Deschutes]]
| tributary_left10           = Sungai Willamette
| tributary_right           = Sungai Kicking Horse
| tributary_right1          = Sungai Blaeberry
| tributary_right2          = [[Sungai Canoe (British Columbia)|Sungai Canoe]]
| tributary_right3          = [[Sungai Kettle (Sungai Columbia)|Sungai Kettle]]
| tributary_right4          = Sungai Sanpoil
| tributary_right5          = Sungai Okanogan
| tributary_right6          = Sungai Entiat
| tributary_right7          = Sungai Wenatchee
| tributary_right8          = Sungai Yakima
| tributary_right9          = [[Sungai Lewis (Washington)|Sungai Lewis]]
| tributary_right10         = Sungai Cowlitz
| city                      = [[Revelstoke, British Columbia|Revelstoke, BC]]
| city1                     = [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities, WA]]
| city2                     = [[Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]]
| city3                     = [[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver, WA]]
| city4                     = [[Longview, Washington|Longview, WA]]
| city5                     = [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria, OR]] 
| landmark                   = 
<!-- *** Letak *** -->
| source                    = Danau Columbia
| source_location           = British Columbia
| source_country            = Kanada
| source_elevation_imperial = 2690
| source_elevation_note     =<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite web | last = Marsh | first = James H.| title = Columbia River |work= The Canadian Encyclopedia | publisher = Historica Foundation | date = 2013 | url =http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/columbia-river/  | accessdate = September 30, 2015}}</ref>
| source_lat_d              = 50
| source_lat_m              = 13
| source_lat_s              = 35
| source_lat_NS             = N
| source_long_d             = 115
| source_long_m             = 51
| source_long_s             = 05
| source_long_EW            = W
| source_coordinates_note   =<ref>{{cite web | title = Columbia Lake |work= Canadian Geographical Names Data Base | publisher = Natural Resources Canada | date = 2015 | url = http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JATIP | accessdate = September 29, 2015}}</ref>
| mouth                     = Samudra Pasifik, di [[Clatsop County, Oregon]] / [[Pacific County, Washington]]
| mouth_elevation_imperial  = 0
| mouth_lat_d               = 46
| mouth_lat_m               = 14
| mouth_lat_s               = 39
| mouth_lat_NS              = N
| mouth_long_d              = 124
| mouth_long_m              = 3
| mouth_long_s              = 29
| mouth_long_EW             = W
| mouth_coordinates_note    =<ref>{{cite web | title = Columbia River  | work = [[Geographic Names Information System]] | publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] | date = November 28, 1980  | url = {{Gnis3|1140014}} | accessdate = April 1, 2008}}</ref>
<!-- *** Ukuran *** -->
| length_imperial           = 1243
| length_note               =<ref>{{cite web | title = The Columbia River | publisher = Columbia River Keeper | date = 2013 | url = http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ | accessdate = December 5, 2013 | archive-date = 2019-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107035115/https://www.columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
| width_imperial            = 
| depth_imperial            = 
| watershed_imperial        = 258000
| watershed_round           = -3
| discharge_imperial        = 265000
| discharge_round           = -2
| discharge_note            = <ref name="USGSrivers"/><ref>{{cite web | last = Kimbrough  | first = R. A. | author2 = Ruppert, G. P.| author3 = Wiggins, W. D.| author4 = Smith, R. R.| author5 = Kresch, D. L. |work = Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005| title = Water Data Report WA-05-1: Klickitat and White Salmon River Basins and the Columbia River from Kennewick to Bonneville Dam | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = 2006 | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure66.pdf | accessdate = April 1, 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>Identical data in: {{cite book|last = Loy|first = William G.| author2 =  Stuart Allan| author3 = Aileen R. Buckley| author4 = James E. Meecham|title = Atlas of Oregon|publisher = University of Oregon Press|date=  2001|pages = 164–65|ISBN =0-87114-102-7 }}</ref>
| discharge_location        = [[delta sungai|muara]] (rata-rata); maks dan min di [[The Dalles, Oregon]], {{convert|188.9|mi|km}} dari muara
| discharge_max_imperial    = 1240000
| discharge_min_imperial    = 12100
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free                      = 
<!-- *** Peta *** -->
| map                       = Columbiarivermap.png
| map_caption               = Daerah aliran sungai dari Sungai Columbia
| map_alt                   = Three-color map of the Columbia River watershed. The watershed is shaped roughly like a funnel with its wide end to the east and its narrow end along the border between Washington and Oregon as it nears the Pacific Ocean. The watershed extends into the western US states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Montana, and the western Canadian province of British Columbia as far east as its border with Alberta. The river itself makes a hairpin turn from north-west to south in British Columbia and another sharp turn from south to west as it nears Oregon.
| map_size                  = 300
| map_locator               = 
<!-- *** Situs web *** -->
| commons                   = Columbia River
| statistics                = 
| website                   = 
<!-- *** Catatan kaki *** -->
| footnotes                 = 
<!-- Processed by Geoboxer 3.0 on 2008-01-24T04:31:36+01:00 --> }}

'''Sungai Columbia''' adalah sungai terbesar di kawasan [[Pacific Northwest]] di Amerika Utara.<ref>According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf "Largest Rivers in the United States"], "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." The Columbia is the largest river of the Pacific Northwest in all three senses.</ref> [[Hulu sungai]] terletak di [[Pegunungan Rocky]] di [[British Columbia]], Kanada. Mengalir ke barat laut dan kemudian ke selatan ke negara bagian AS [[Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]], kemudian berubah ke barat untuk membentuk sebagian besar perbatasan antara Washington dan negara bagian [[Oregon]] sebelum bermuara ke Samudra Pasifik. Sungai ini panjangnya {{convert|1243|mi|km|abbr=on}}, dan [[anak sungai]] yang terbesar adalah [[Sungai Snake]]. [[Daerah aliran sungai]]nya adalah kira-kira seukuran Perancis dan meluas ke tujuh negara bagian AS dan provinsi Kanada.

Menurut volume, Sungai Columbia adalah sungai terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat; Sungai Columbia memiliki aliran terbesar dari setiap sungai Amerika Utara mengalir ke Pasifik. Aliran deras sungai dan [[Kemiringan|gradien]] yang relatif curam memberikan potensi yang sangat besar untuk pembangkitan listrik. [[Daftar bendungan di daerah aliran sungai Columbia|Empat belas bendungan hidroelektrik]] pada [[batang utama]] Columbia dan banyak lagi pada anak sungainya menghasilkan lebih dari 44% dari total [[Hidroelektrisitas|generasi hidroelektrik]] AS<ref name="IEA2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16891 |title=The Columbia River Basin provides more than 40% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation |date=27 June 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2016 |work=report |format=web |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |author=}}</ref> – daya hidroelektrik yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan sungai lainnya di Amerika Utara.

Sungai Columbia dan anak-anak sungainya telah menjadi pusat budaya dan ekonomi di kawasan itu selama ribuan tahun. Sungai ini telah digunakan untuk transportasi sejak zaman kuno, yang menghubungkan banyak kelompok budaya daerah. Sistem sungai menjadi tempat hidup banyak spesies ikan [[anadromous]], yang bermigrasi antara habitat [[air tawar]] dan [[air garam]] dari Samudra Pasifik. Ikan-ikan ini—terutama spesies [[salmon]]—menyediakan subsistensi inti untuk orang-orang pribumi; di abad yang lalu, masyarakat adat melintasi Amerika Utara bagian barat ke Columbia untuk perdagangan untuk ikan.

== Catatan dan referensi ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite book | last=Cody|first = Robin | title = Voyage of a Summer Sun: Canoeing the Columbia River | isbn = 978-0-87071-661-4 | year = 2012 | publisher = Oregon State University Press|location=Corvallis}}
* {{cite book|last=MacGibbon |first=Elma |title=Leaves of Knowledge |publisher=Shaw & Borden |year=1904 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9iAAAAMAAJ&dq=Leaves%20of%20knowledge&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false |format=DJVU |series= Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection |chapter=Columbia River and Pullman | isbn=978-1-110-68495-3}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{commons|Columbia River}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Columbia River |volume=6 |short=x}}
* [http://www.critfc.org/ Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission]
* [http://www2.epa.gov/columbiariver Columbia River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929021732/https://www.epa.gov/columbiariver |date=2016-09-29 }} US Environmental Protection Agency
* [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] Peace Palace Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html ''National Geographic'' on the Columbia]
* [http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/our_system/generation.html BC Hydro Generation System Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503163806/http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/our_system/generation.html |date=2012-05-03 }}
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/columbia/forest/ Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area] from the US Forest Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html CORIE, a Columbia River observation and prediction system]
* [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/tollcan/searchterm/columbia/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections&nbsp;– Tollman and Canaris Photographs] Photographs document the salmon fishing industry on the southern Washington coast and in the lower Columbia River around the year 1897 and offer valuable insights into the history of commercial salmon fishing and the techniques used at the beginning of the 20th century.
* {{Wayback |date=20080102084202 |url=www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html |title=Timeline of exploration of the Columbia }}, dating back to the 17th&nbsp;century
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.fdr.353.3.4|name="The Columbia (1949)"}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Columbia River |short=x}}

{{Sungai Columbia}}
{{Hidrografi British Columbia}}
{{Portland, Oregon, watersheds}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Sungai Columbia| ]]
[[Kategori:Ngarai Sungai Columbia| ]]
[[Kategori:Sungai di Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Sungai di Kanada]]
[[Kategori:International rivers of North America]]
[[Kategori:Borders of Oregon]]
[[Kategori:Borders of Washington (state)]]
[[Kategori:Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Kategori:Landforms of Hood River County, Oregon]]