Hukum Nürnberg: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{for multi|pedoman dalam menentukan kejahatan perang|prinsip-prinsip Nürnberg|seperangkat kode etik eksperimen manusia|Kode Nürnberg}}
[[File:RGBL I 1935 S 1145.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Halaman depan [[surat kabar pemerintah|lembaran negara]] Jerman ''[[Reichsgesetzblatt]]'' yang mengumumkan Hukum Nürnberg, diterbitkan pada 16 September 1935 (RGBl. I No. 100)]]
{{Bilah sisi diskriminasi|state=collapsed}}
Baris 15 ⟶ 16:
==Jerman Nazi==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14469, Berlin, Boykott-Posten vor jüdischem Warenhaus.jpg|thumb|left|Anggota [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] berjajar di depan toko milik Yahudi dengan membawa plakat bertuliskan "Jerman! Bela dirimu! Jangan membeli dari Yahudi!" semasa [[pemboikotan Nazi terhadap bisnis Yahudi]], 1 April 1933.]]
Diskriminasi terhadap Yahudi semakin gencar setelah Nazi berkuasa. Serangkaian penyerangan dilancarkan oleh anggota ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA; satuan paramiliter Partai Nazi) terhadap tempat usaha, [[sinagoge]], dan kantor hukum Yahudi.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=203}} Pada tanggal 21 Maret 1933, dalam acara pertemuan komite [[Veteran Perang Yahudi Amerika Serikat|Veteran Perang Yahudi]], mantan anggota kongres Amerika Serikat, [[William W. Cohen]], mendesak agar Amerika memboikot seluruh barang-barang buatan Jerman.{{sfn|''New York Times'', 21
Undang-undang lainnya yang disahkan pada masa itu adalah [[Undang-Undang Sterilisasi|Undang-Undang Pencegahan Penyakit Keturunan]] (disahkan 14 Juli 1933), yang mewajibkan [[sterilisasi paksa]] bagi orang-orang pengidap penyakit keturunan, fisik, dan mental.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=507}} Sesuai ketentuan Undang-Undang Pencegahan Pelaku Kriminal (disahkan 24 November 1933), para [[bramacorah]] dipaksa pula menjalani sterilisasi.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=511}} Undang-undang tersebut juga dimanfaatkan untuk menjebloskan para pelaku "penyimpangan sosial" ke penjara atau [[kamp konsentrasi Nazi]], termasuk pengangguran akut, pelacur, pengemis, pecandu alkohol, gelandangan, orang kulit hitam, dan Romani (disebut "Gipsi").{{sfn|Longerich|2010|p=49}}{{sfn|Morrison|2006|p=80}}
Baris 173 ⟶ 174:
Tujuan awal Nazi mengesahkan undang-undang adalah agar semua Yahudi meninggalkan Jerman, tetapi pindah ke negara lain juga sulit dilakukan. Yahudi diharuskan menyerahkan hingga 90 persen kekayaannya sebagai pajak jika hendak keluar dari Jerman.{{sfn|Longerich|2010|pp=64, 66}} Siapa pun yang ketahuan memindahkan dana ke luar negeri akan dijatuhi hukuman penjara atas tuduhan "penjegalan ekonomi."{{sfn|Longerich|2010|p=66}} Pengecualian adalah dana yang boleh dikirim ke [[Palestina]] sesuai ketentuan [[Perjanjian Haavara]], yang memperbolehkan Yahudi untuk memindahkan sebagian aset mereka dan beremigrasi ke negara tersebut. Kurang lebih 52.000 Yahudi beremigrasi ke Palestina sesuai ketentuan perjanjian tersebut antara tahun 1933 dan 1939.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=556–557}}
Pada awal [[Perang Dunia II]] tahun 1939, kurang lebih 250.000 dari 437.000 Yahudi Jerman telah beremigrasi ke Amerika Serikat, Palestina, Britania Raya, dan negara-negara lainnya.{{sfn|Longerich|2010|p=127}}{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=555}} Pada tahun 1938, hampir mustahil bagi calon emigran Yahudi untuk menemukan negara yang bersedia menerima mereka.{{sfn|Longerich|2010|p=67}} Seusai [[Pemberontakan Arab di Palestina 1936–1939|pemberontakan Arab 1936-1939]], Britania Raya menolak menerima lebih banyak Yahudi di Palestina karena khawatir akan semakin memperburuk gejolak di kawasan tersebut.{{sfn|Friedländer|2009|p=57}} Pihak-pihak nasionalis dan [[xenofobia]] di negara-negara lain mendesak pemerintahnya agar tidak menerima gelombang imigran Yahudi, terutama imigran miskin.{{sfn|Evans|2005|pp=560, 601}} [[Rencana Madagaskar]], sebuah usulan pemindahan massal Yahudi Eropa ke [[Madagaskar]], terbukti mustahil untuk dilaksanakan.{{sfn|Longerich|2010|pp=162–164}} Sejak pertengahan 1941, pemerintah Jerman
==Kebijakan
[[File:The law for protection of the nation (Bulgaria).jpg|thumb|upright|Dekret Tsar [[Boris III dari Bulgaria]] yang menyetujui Undang-Undang Perlindungan Bangsa]]
Beberapa negara [[Blok Poros]] lainnya memberlakukan Hukum Nürnberg ciptaan mereka sendiri.
* Pada tahun 1938, [[Kerajaan Italia di bawah Fasisme (1922-1943)|Italia Fasis]] memberlakukan [[hukum rasial Italia]] dan [[Manifesto Ras]] yang mencabut kewarganegaraan Yahudi dan melarang hubungan seksual serta pernikahan antara orang Yahudi dengan non-Yahudi Italia.{{sfn|Rodogno|2006|p=65}}
* Hungaria mengesahkan sejumlah undang-undang pada tanggal 28 Mei 1938 dan 5 Mei 1939, yang melarang Yahudi bekerja di berbagai profesi. Undang-undang ketiga, yang disahkan pada bulan Agustus 1941, menggolongkan Yahudi sebagai orang-orang yang lahir dari dua generasi Yahudi, dan melarang hubungan seksual atau pernikahan antara Yahudi dengan non-Yahudi.{{sfn|Frojimovics|2012|pp=250–251}}
* Pada tahun 1940, [[Gerakan Legiuner|Garda Besi]] yang berkuasa di Rumania memberlakukan Undang-Undang Penentuan Status Hukum Yahudi Rumania.{{sfn|Fischer|2012|p=279}}
* Pada tahun 1941, [[Vojtech Tuka|Codex Judaicus]] diberlakukan di Slowakia.{{sfn|Matić|2002|p=174}}
* Pada tahun 1941, Bulgaria memberlakukan [[Undang-Undang Perlindungan Bangsa]].{{sfn|Dikovski|2000}}
* Pada tahun 1941, [[Ustaše]] di Kroasia memberlakukan undang-undang penggolongan Yahudi dan pembatasan interaksi dengan Yahudi.{{sfn|Gilbert|2002|p=78}}
* Meskipun [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] tidak merancang atau mengesahkan undang-undang apa pun, ia menerapkan kebijakan yang menyasar Yahudi di beberapa negara yang didudukinya, seperti [[Pendudukan Jepang di Hindia-Belanda|Indonesia]] dan [[Pendudukan Jepang di Singapura|Singapura]].{{sfn|Banka|2019}}{{sfn|Cheong Suk-Wai|2015}}
==Salinan==
Naskah asli undang-undang yang ditandatangani Hitler ditemukan oleh [[Korps Kontraintelijen]] [[Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]] pada tahun 1945. Naskah tersebut jatuh ke tangan Jenderal [[George S. Patton]], yang melanggar aturan dengan menyimpannya, sebab temuan semacam itu harus diserahkan kepada pemerintah. Dalam kunjungannya ke Los Angeles pada tahun 1945, ia menyerahkannya ke [[Perpustakaan Huntington]], tempat naskah tersebut disimpan di dalam brankas tahan bom. Perpustakaan Huntington baru mengungkapkan keberadaan dokumen tersebut pada tahun 1999, dan meminjamkannya secara permanen ke [[Pusat Kebudayaan Skirball]], yang kemudian dipamerkan kepada masyarakat umum. Dokumen tersebut lalu dipindahkan ke [[Arsip Nasional Amerika Serikat]] di Washington pada bulan Agustus 2010.{{sfn|Allen|2010}}{{sfn|Bradsher|2010}}
==Lihat juga==
* [[Apartheid|Apartheid di Afrika Selatan]]
* [[Hukum Jim Crow]]
* [[Nazisme dan ras]]
* [[
==
{{Reflist}}
==Daftar pustaka==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Hancock |first=Ian | author-link = Ian Hancock | editor1-last = Friedman | editor1-first = Jonathan C. | editor1-link = Jonathan Friedman |title=The Routledge History of the Holocaust |chapter=The Neglected Memory of the Romanies |pages=375–384 |year=2012 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-52087-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Hilberg |first=Raul | author-link = Raul Hilberg |title=The Destruction of the European Jews |volume=III |year=2003 | orig-year = 1961 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven; London |isbn=978-0-300-09592-0 | title-link = The Destruction of the European Jews}}
* {{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Isaacson |date=2007 |title=Einstein: His Life and Universe |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinhislifeu0000isaa }}
* {{cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Ian | author-link = Ian Kershaw |title=Hitler: A Biography |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-393-06757-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter | author-link = Peter Longerich |title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-280436-5 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford; New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Majer |first=Diemut |title="Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 |year=2003 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore; London |isbn=0-8018-6493-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Marrus |first=Michael | author-link = Michael Marrus |title=The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined |publisher=Key Porter |location=Toronto |year=2000}}
* {{cite book |last=Matić |first=Igor-Philip |title=Edmund VeesenMeier: Agent und Diplomat der nationalsozialistischen Expansionspolitik |year=2002 |publisher=Oldenbourg Verlag |location=München |language=de |isbn=978-3-486-56677-2}}
* {{cite book |last=McGarry |first=Aidan |title=Who Speaks for Roma?: Political Representation of a Transnational Minority Community |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=New York; London |isbn=978-0-8264-2880-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Milton |first=Sybil H. | editor1-last = Gellately | editor1-first = Robert | editor1-link = Robert Gellately | editor2-last = Stoltzfus | editor2-first = Nathan | editor2-link = Nathan Stoltzfus |title=Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany |chapter="Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-691-08684-2 | title-link = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany}}
* {{cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Hans | author-link = Hans Mommsen | editor1-last = Marrus | editor1-first = Michael | editor1-link = Michael Marrus |title=The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder |chapter=The Realization of the Unthinkable: The 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question' |pages=217–264 |volume=1 |series=The Nazi Holocaust, Part 3 |year=1989 |publisher=Meckler |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-88736-255-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Wayne |title=Criminology, Civilisation and the New World Order |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon; New York |isbn=978-1-904-38512-7}}
* {{cite web |title=Reichsbürgergesetz und Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre ["Nürnberger Gesetze"] |language=de |url=http://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c=dokument_de&dokument=0007_nue&object=translation&st=&l=de |date=14 November 1935 |publisher=Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg |ref={{sfnRef|Nuremberg Laws|1935}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Richard | author-link = Richard Rhodes |year=2003 |title=Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust |place=New York |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0-375-70822-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Rodogno |first=David |title=Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84515-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Scheil |first=Stefan |url=http://jungefreiheit.de/kolumne/2012/arier/ |title=Arier |journal=Junge Freiheit |language=de |date=11 Maret 2012 | access-date = 11 Maret 2015}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schulz |first1=Edgar Hans |last2=Frercks |first2=Rudolf |title=Warum Arierparagraph? Ein Beitrag zur Judenfrage |trans-title=Why the Aryan Law? A Contribution to the Jewish Question |publisher=NSDAP Office of Racial Policy |location=Berlin |language=de |year=1934 |url=http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/arier.htm |oclc=802537}}
* {{cite book |last=Shirer |first=William L. | author-link = William L. Shirer |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=1960 |isbn=978-0-671-62420-0 | title-link = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich}}
* {{cite web |title=Sinti and Roma: Victims of the Nazi Era |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/2000926-Roma-and-Sinti.pdf | access-date = 6 September 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, "Sinti and Roma"}} }}
* {{cite news |author=Staff |title=Boycott Advocated to Curb Hitlerism; W.W. Cohen Says Any Jew Who Buys Goods Made in Germany Is a 'Traitor. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/21/archives/boycott-advocated-to-curb-hitlerism-ww-cohen-says-any-jew-who-buys.html |date=21 Maret 1933 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 Januari 2009 |ref={{sfnRef|''New York Times'', 21 Maret 1933}} }}
*{{cite book |last1=Yahil |first1=Leni |last2=Friedman |first2=Ina |title=The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry: 1932-1945 |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |isbn=9780195045239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_aRvKpLUf0C&pg=PA95}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Nuremberg Race Laws |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nuremberg-laws#translation-4 | access-date = 4 Desember2023 |ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, "Nuremburg Race Laws"}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Wildt |first=Michael |title=Hitler's Volksgemeinschaftand the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Violence Against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1919–1939 |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0857453228}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Stephanie |title=The Politics of Reparations and Apologies |year=2014 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4614-9184-2}}
{{refend}}
==Bacaan lanjutan==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bankier |first=David | editor1-last = Gutman | editor1-first = Israel | editor1-link = Israel Gutman |title=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |volume=3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/1076 1076–1077] |year=1990 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=0-02-864527-8 | title-link = Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gruchmann |first=Lothar |title='Blutschutzgestz' und Justiz: Zur Entstehung und Auswirkung des Nürnberger Gesetzes von 15 September 1935 |journal=Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte |language=de |date=Juli 1983 |volume=31 |pages=418–442 |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH |location=München |jstor=30196462 |ref=none}}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal |last=Longerich |first=Peter |title=The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution' |year=2000 |journal=Holocaust Educational Trust Research Papers |volume=1 |issue=2 |publisher=The Holocaust Educational Trust |location=London |url=http://www.ghwk.de/ghwk/engl/texts/wannsee-conference.pdf | access-date = 11 Maret 2015 |isbn=0-9516166-5-X | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115820/http://www.ghwk.de/ghwk/engl/texts/wannsee-conference.pdf | archive-date = 2 April 2015 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Margaliot |first=Abraham|authorlink=Abraham Margaliot
|title=The Reaction of the Jewish Public in Germany to the Nuremberg Laws |journal=Yad Vashem Studies |year=1977 |volume=12 |pages=193–229 |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]] |location=Jerusalem |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Schleunes |first=Karl | author-link = Karl Schleunes |title=The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy towards German Jews, 1933–1939 |year=1970 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-00092-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/twistedroadtoaus00schl |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=
{{Refend}}
==
{{Commons category|Nuremberg Laws}}
{{wikisourcelang|de|Nürnberger Gesetze|Nuremberg Laws}}
* [https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/nazi-germany-1933-39/beginning-of-persecution.html Rise of the Nazis and Beginning of Persecution] di situs web [[Yad Vashem]]
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{{Segregasi menurut jenis|state=collapsed}}
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{{Authority control}}
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