Kekaisaran Romawi Suci: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan
 
Baris 319:
Maximilian maupun Karel V (meskipun pada hakikatnya kedua kaisar ini berjiwa internasionalis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Albert |first=Rabil Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1ErEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |title=Renaissance Humanism, Jilid 2: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy |date=11 November 2016 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-0576-5 |language=en |access-date=5 Februari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Quevedo |first1=Francisco de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Francisco de Quevedo: Dreams and Discourses |last2=Britton |first2=R. K. |date=1 January 1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-8003-4588-1 |language=en |access-date=5 Februari 2022}}</ref>) adalah tokoh-tokoh yang pertama kali mengangkat wacana bangsa, yang disamakan dengan Reich oleh kaum humanis pada masa itu.{{Sfn|Whaley|2011|p=278}} Dengan dorongan dari Maximilian dan para humanisnya, sosok-sosok spiritual ternama kembali diketengahkan atau kembali memasyarakat. Para humanis menemukan kembali risalah ''[[Germania (buku)|Jermania]]'' karya pujangga Tacitus. Menurut Peter H. Wilson, sosok perempuan yang dinamakan [[Germania (personifikasi)|Jermania]] adalah sosok yang direka ulang Kaisar Maximilian menjadi Bunda Kekaisaran Romawi Suci Bangsa Jerman yang berbudi luhur lagi cinta damai.{{Sfn|Wilson|2016|p=263}} Whaley menduga bahwa, meskipun kemudian hari timbul perpecahan akibat perbedaan agama, "motif-motif kecintaan kepada tanah air ditumbuhsuburkan pada masa pemerintahan Maximilian, baik oleh Maximilian sendiri maupun oleh para sastrawan humanis yang tanggap terhadap kebijakannya tersebut, melahirkan inti sari sebuah budaya politik kebangsaan."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |date=2009 |title=Whaley on Silver, 'Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor' {{!}} H-German {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/45722/whaley-silver-marketing-maximilian-visual-ideology-holy-roman-emperor |journal=Networks.h-net.org |access-date=5 Februari 2022}}</ref>
 
Pada masa pemerintahan Maximilian pula ragam umum bahasa Jerman berangsur-angsur tampil menonjol, terutama berkat jasa jawatan tata usaha negara dan jawatan tata usaha praja Kadipaten Saksen, daerah kekuasaan [[Friedrich III dari Sachsen|Friedrich Bijaksana]], pangeran-pemilih dari wangsa Wettin.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tennant |first1=Elaine C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdIDcGyUcN4C&pg=PA3 |title=The Habsburg Chancery Language in Perspective, Jilid 114 |last2=Johnson |first2=Carroll B. |date=1985 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-9694-3 |pages=1, 3, 9 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927161255/https://books.google.com/books?id=JdIDcGyUcN4C&pg=PA3 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiesinger |first=Peter |title=Die Entwicklung der deutschen Schriftsprache vom 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert unter dem Einfluss der Konfessionen |url=http://www.e-scoala.ro/germana/peter_wiesinger.html |url-status=dead |journal=Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens (ZGR) |issue=17–18 / 2000 (9th year) |pages=155–162 |doi=10.1515/jbgsg-2018-0014 |s2cid=186566355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123112609/http://www.e-scoala.ro/germana/peter_wiesinger.html |archive-date=23 January 2008 |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> Perkembangan industri percetakan beserta kemunculan sistem pos ([[Kaiserliche Reichspost|sistem pos modern pertama di dunia]]<ref name="Meinel 2014 31">{{Cite book |last1=Meinel |first1=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security |last2=Sack |first2=Harald |date=2014 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-6425-4331-9 |page=31 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926235052/https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>), yang diprakarsai sendiri oleh Maximilian dengan sokongan dari Adipati Friedrich IIIBijaksana dan [[Charles Martin|Adipati Karel Nekat]], menuntun kepada revolusi di bidang komunikasi dan membuka jalan bagi penyebarluasan gagasan-gagasan.<!-- Unlike the situation in more centralized countries, the decentralized nature of the Empire made censorship difficult.<ref name="Metzig">{{Cite book |last=Metzig |first=Gregor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiyXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519) |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-1104-5673-8 |pages=98, 99 |language=de |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Hamish M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1995-9725-3 |page=173 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRBPvOAiQmUC&pg=PA184 |title=When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850 |date=28 December 2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1980-3108-6 |page=184 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>{{Sfn|Whaley|2011|p=370}}
 
Terence McIntosh comments bahwa kebijakan agresif ekspansionis yang dijalankan Kaisar Maximilian I dan Kaisar Karel V at the inception of the early modern German nation (although not to further the aims specific to the German nation per se), relying on German manpower as well as utilizing fearsome [[Landsknecht]]e and mercenaries, would affect the way neighbours viewed the German polity, although in the longue durée, Germany tended to be at peace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 {{!}} H-German {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/discussions/9589141/h-german-roundtable-smith-germany-nation-its-time-during-and |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref>