Protestanisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Di lingkungan gereja-gereja Kongregasional dan Presbiterian yang menganut teologi tradisional [[Calvinisme|Kalvinis]] atau Gereformir, ada beragam pandangan mengenai [[kontinuasionisme|keberlanjutan]] atau [[sesasionisme|keterhentian]] karunia-karunia (''{{lang|la|charismata}}'') Roh Kudus pada masa kini.<ref name="phen">{{Cite book | last1 = Masters | first1 = Peter | last2 = Whitcomb | first2 = John | title = Charismatic Phenomenon| publisher = Wakeman | location = London | page = [https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/113 113] | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-1870855013 | url = https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/113}}</ref><ref name="epidemic">{{Cite book | last1 = Masters | first1 = Peter | last2 = Wright | first2= Professor Verna| title = Healing Epidemic | url = https://archive.org/details/healingepidemic0000mast | publisher = Wakeman Trust | location = London| page = [https://archive.org/details/healingepidemic0000mast/page/227 227] | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-1870855006}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, golongan karismatik Kalvinis pada umumnya menjaga jarak dari gerakan-gerakan pembaharuan dengan tendensi-tendensi yang dapat dilihat sebagai emosional berlebihan, misalnya [[Word of Faith]], [[Toronto Blessing]], [[Kebangunan Rohani Brownsville]], dan [[Kebangunan Rohani Lakeland]]. Denominasi-denominasi karismatik Kalvinis yang menonjol adalah [[Sovereign Grace Churches]] dan [[Every Nation Churches & Ministries]] di Amerika Serikat, sementara di Inggris Raya ada gereja-gereja dan pergerakan [[Newfrontiers]] yang dipelopori oleh [[Terry Virgo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tateville.com/churches.html |title=Presbyterian and Reformed Churches |access-date=5 Januari 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183209/http://www.tateville.com/churches.html |archive-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>
 
Segolongan kecil [[Seventh-dayGereja AdventistMasehi ChurchAdvent Hari Ketujuh|umat Advent Hari Ketujuh]] dewasa ini beraliran karismatik.<!-- Golongan Theykecil areini stronglysangat associatederat withdikaitkan thosedengan holdingpihak-pihak moreyang berpegang kepada [[ProgressiveAdventisme Adventismprogresif|"progressive"akidah-akidah AdventistAdvent beliefsyang lebih "progresif"]]. InPada thebeberapa earlydasawarsa decadespertama ofsejarah themazhab churchAdvent, charismaticfenomena orkarismatis ecstaticatau phenomenaestatis weremerupakan commonplacehal yang lumrah.<ref>{{cite web| last = Patrick| first = Arthur| author-link = Arthur Patrick| title = Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives| website = Spiritual Discernment Conference| publisher = SDAnet AtIssue| date = c. 1999| url = http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm| access-date = 15 FebruaryFebruari 2008| archive-date = 7 OctoberOktober 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181007140636/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Patrick| first = Arthur| author-link = Arthur Patrick| title = Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives| website = Spiritual Discernment Conference| publisher = SDAnet AtIssue| date = c. 1999| url = http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm| access-date = 15 FebruaryFebruari 2008| archive-date = 11 OctoberOktober 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181011052704/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> -->
 
=== Gereja-gereja Neokarismatik ===
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Kaum Puritan tidak diberi kesempatan untuk menciptakan perubahan di dalam tubuh gereja Inggris, malah ruang gerak mereka di Inggris dipersempit melalui undang-undang yang mengendalikan kehidupan beragama masyarakat. Meskipun demikian, keyakinan-keyakinan mereka terbawa bersama jemaat-jemaat Puritan yang berhijrah ke Negeri Belanda (dan kemudian hari juga ke New England), serta rohaniwan injili yang berhijrah ke Irlandia (dan kemudian hari juga ke Wales), dan tersebar ke tengah masyarakat awam maupun beberapa bagian dari sistem pendidikan, khususnya sekolah-sekolah tinggi tertentu di lingkungan [[Universitas Cambridge]]. Khotbah Protestan pertama kali dilantangkan di Inggris dari mimbar Gereja Santo Edwardus di Cambridge. Mimbar bersejarah itu masih lestari sampai sekarang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Latimer's Pulpit|url=https://www.50treasures.divinity.cam.ac.uk/treasure/latimers-pulpit/|access-date=30 Desember 2020|website=Faculty of Divinity 50 Treasures|archive-date=5 Februari 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205203447/https://www.50treasures.divinity.cam.ac.uk/treasure/latimers-pulpit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Despite Cambridge's Protestant history, Catholic students are at home here|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/despite-cambridges-protestant-history-catholic-students-are-at-home-here/|access-date=21 September 2020|website=Catholic Herald|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927001656/https://catholicherald.co.uk/despite-cambridges-protestant-history-catholic-students-are-at-home-here/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaum Puritan memiliki pandangan sendiri mengenai pakaian rohaniwan dan menentang tatanan [[episkopal|keuskupan]], sehingga ditolak para uskup Inggris, terutama sesudah terbitnya keputusan di akhir [[Sinode Dordrecht]] pada tahun 1619. Sebagian besar kaum Puritan mengadopsi paham [[Sabatarianisme Puritan|Sabatarianisme]] pada abad ke-17, dan dipengaruhi paham [[milenialisme]].
 
Mereka membentuk, dan diidentikkan dengan, berbagai kelompok keagamaan yang menganjurkan peningkatan kemurnian [[sembahyang|peribadatan]] dan [[doktrin]], maupun [[pietisme|ketakwaan]] perorangan dan kelompok. Kaum Puritan mengadopsi [[teologi Kalvinis]], tetapi memperhatikan pula kritik-kritik radikal yang dilontarkan Zwingli di Zurich dan Kalvin di Jenewa. Di bidang tatanan gerejawi, sebagian pihak menghendaki pemisahan dari semua umat Kristen lain, demi mwwujudkan gereja-gereja terhimpun yang bersifat otonom. Golongan berkecenderungan separatis dan [[independen (agama)|independen]] di dalam tubuh kaum Puritan ini tampil mengemuka pada dasawarsa 1640-an. Meskipun dipicu oleh perebutan kuasa politik antara [[Raja Inggris]] dan [[Majelis Rakyat Jelata]], [[Perang Saudara Inggris]] (yang merembet ke [[Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan|perang-perang Tiga Negara]]) memecah-belah Inggris menurut agama, manakala golongan [[Episkopalianisme|Episkopal]] di dalam tubuh Gereja Inggris berpihak kepada Raja, sementara golongan Presbiterian dan golongan Independen mendukung ''Parlemen'' (sesudah Royalis kalah, [[Majelis Bangsawan]] maupun pemerintahan raja disingkirkan dari struktur politik negara Inggris dalam rangka menciptakan pemerintah [[Persemakmuran Inggris|Persemakmuran]]). Golongan pendukung [[tatanan Presbiteran]] di dalam [[Sidang Westminster]] tidak berhasil mengasaskan suatu gereja nasional Inggris, dan [[Angkatan Perang Gagrak Baru]] bentukan Parlemen, yang rata-rata berasal dari golongan Independen, di bawah pimpinan [[Oliver Cromwell]] pertama-tama menyapu bersih Parlemen, kemudian menghapuskannyameniadakan Parlemen dan membentuk pemeritnahanpemerintahan [[Masa Protektorat|Protektorat]].<!--
 
[[EnglishJajahan-jajahan overseasInggris possessionsdi inseberang thelautan Warsdalam ofperang-perang theTiga Three KingdomsNegara|England'sDalam transperang ini, koloni-Atlantickoloni Inggris coloniesdi inseberang theSamudra warAtlantik]] followedmengikuti varyingberbagai pathsjalur dependingtergantung on theirdemografi internal demographicsmasing-masing. InDi koloni-koloni theyang olderlebih coloniestua, whichyang includedmencakup [[Virginia]] (tahun 1607) anddan its offshootpecahannya, [[Bermuda]] (tahun 1612), as well asmaupub [[Barbados]] anddan [[Antigua]] indi theHindia West IndiesBarat (collectivelysecara thekolektif targetsdijadikan in 1650 oftarget [[AnUndang-Undang Actuntuk forMelarang prohibitingPerdagangan Tradedengan with the BarbadoesBarbados, Virginia, Bermuda, anddan Antego]] pada tahun 1650), Episcopaliansgolongan remainedEpiskopal thetetap dominantmenjadi churchfaksi factiongereja andyang thedominan, coloniesdan remainedkoloni-koloni Royalisttersebut 'tiltetap conqueredberpihak orkepada compelledkubu toRoyalis acceptsampai theditaklukkan newatau politicaldipaksa orderuntuk menerima tatanan politik yang baru.<!-- InDi Bermuda, with control of the local [[Government of Bermuda|government]] and the ''army'' (nine infantry companies of Militia plus [[coastal artillery]]), the Royalists forced Parliament-backing religious Independents into exile to settle the [[Bahamas]] as the [[Eleutheran Adventurers]].<ref>{{cite book |last=LANGFORD OLIVER |first=VERE |date=1912 |title=Pym Letters. CARIBBEANA: BEING Miscellaneous papers RELATING TO THE History. Genealogy, Topography, and Antiquities OF THE BRITISH WEST INDIES. VOLUME II. |location=London |publisher=MITCHELL HUGHES AND CLARKE, 140 WARDOUR STREET, W |page=14 |quote=The Government is changed. Within twenty days after his arrival, the Governor called an assembly, pretending thereby to reform certain things amiss. All the ministers in the island, Mr. White, Mr. Goldinge, and Mr. Copeland, were Independents, and they had set up a Congregational Church, of which most gentlemen of Council were members or favourers. The burgesses of this [[House of Assembly of Bermuda|assembly]] were picked out of those who were known to be enemies to that way, and they did not suffer a Roundhead (as they term them) to be chosen.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lefroy, CB, FRS, Royal Artillery |first=Major-General Sir John Henry |date=1981 |title=Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515-1685, Volume I |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm |title=Eleuthera Island: History Notes |work=eleuthera-map.com |access-date=2021-10-17 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101125402/http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Episcopalian was re-established following the [[Stuart Restoration#Church of England settlement|Restoration]]. A century later, non-conforming Protestants, along with the Protestant refugees from continental Europe, were to be among the primary instigators of the [[American War of Independence|war of secession]] that led to the founding of the United States of America. -->
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|footer=Bendera-bendera gereja yang digunakan umat Protestan Jerman}}
Pada [[Abad Pertengahan]], Gereja berkaitan erat dengan pemerintah-pemerintah duniawi. Martin Luther memisahkan ranah agamawi dari ranah duniawi pada prinsipnya ([[doktrin dua kerajaan]]).<ref>Heinrich Bornkamm, ''{{lang|de|Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums}}'' dalam ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937</ref><!-- TheUmat believersberiman werewajib obligedmenggunakan tonalar useuntuk reasonmemerintah toranah governduniawi thesecara worldlytertib spheredan in an orderly and peaceful waydamai. Luther's doctrine of theDoktrin [[priesthoodImamat ofam allorang believerspercaya]] upgradeddari theLuther rolebenar-benar ofmeningkatkan laymenperan inumat theawam churchdi considerably.dalam Thekehidupan membersbergereja. ofPara aanggota congregationjemaat hadberhak thememilih rightpendeta, todan electbila aperlu ministermenggelar and,pemungutan ifsuara necessary, to vote for hisuntuk dismissalmemberhentikannya (TreatiseRisalah ''OnIhwal theHak rightdan andKewenangan authorityKumpulan ofOrang aatau ChristianJemaat assemblyKristen oruntuk congregationMenilai toSemua judgeDoktrin, alldan doctrinesuntuk and toMemanggil, callMenempatkan, installdan andMemberhentikan dismissPara teachersPengajar, asSebagaimana testifiedKesaksian inKitab ScriptureSuci''; terbit tahun 1523).<ref>OriginalJudul Germanasli titledalam bahasa Jerman: ''{{lang|de|Dass eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeine Recht und Macht habe, alle Lehre zu beurteilen und Lehrer zu berufen, ein- und abzusetzen: Grund und Ursach aus der Schrift}}''</ref> CalvinKalvin strengthenedmemperkuat thispendekatan basicallyyang democraticpada approachhakikatnya bydemokratis includingini electeddengan laymenmengikutsertakan umat awam ([[church elderpenatua]]s, [[presbyterpresbiter]]s) indi dalam tata penyelenggaraan hisgereja representativerepresentatif churchyang governmentdigagasnya.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pphlmn. 4–10</ref><!-- The [[Huguenot]]s added regional [[synod]]s and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches<ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', 11. Auflage, p. 325</ref> and was adopted by some Lutherans beginning with those in [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Jülich-Cleves-Berg]] during the 17th century.
 
Politically, Calvin favored a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of [[democracy]]: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords."<ref>Quoted in Jan Weerda, ''Calvin'', in ''{{lang|de|Evangelisches Soziallexikon}}'', 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210</ref> Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances ([[separation of powers]]). Thus he and his followers resisted political [[Absolute monarchy|absolutism]] and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', p. 10</ref> Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like [[Baruch Spinoza]] and [[Pierre Bayle]]. [[Hugo Grotius]] was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.<ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', pp. 396–397</ref>