Britania Raya: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada tahun 1707, [[Kerajaan Inggris]] (di dalamnya terdapat [[Wales]]) dan [[Kerajaan Skotlandia]] memutuskan untuk bersatu melalui [[Perjanjian Persatuan]] sehingga menciptakan negara baru bernama [[Kerajaan Britania Raya]]. [[Undang-Undang Persatuan 1800]] menjadikan [[Kerajaan Irlandia]] sebagai bagian dari Kerajaan Britania Raya sehingga menciptakan [[Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia]] yang efektif sejak tahun 1801. Sebagian besar Pulau Irlandia pada akhirnya [[pemisahan diri|memisahkan diri]] dari Britania Raya pada tahun 1922 dengan nama [[Negara Bebas Irlandia]], maka dari itu diresmikan [[Undang-Undang Nama Monarki dan Parlemen 1927]] sehingga negara ini memiliki nama baru, Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara, yang masih digunakan sampai sekarang.
Britania Raya merupakan negara [[Industrialisasi|industri]] pertama dan [[kekuatan utama]] dunia selama sebagian besar abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, terutama selama zaman "[[Pax Britannica]]" yang dimulai dari tahun 1815 hingga 1914.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathias |first=P. |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-26672-7 |location=London}}; {{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |url= https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |publisher=Basic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-465-02328-8 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=20th-century international relations |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=4 May 2023 |last=McDougall |first=Walter A. |author-link=Walter A. McDougall |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155 |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712124130/https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada puncak kejayaan di tahun 1920-an, [[Imperium Britania Raya]] menguasai hampir seperempat luas daratan dan populasi Bumi, dan menjadi [[Daftar kekaisaran terbesar#Kekaisaran pada puncak kejayaan|kekaisaran terbesar dalam sejarah]]. Namun, [[Sejarah Britania Raya selama Perang Dunia Pertama|keterlibatannya dalam Perang Dunia Pertama]] dan [[Sejarah militer Britania Raya selama Perang Dunia II|Perang Dunia Kedua]] telah melemahkan kekuatan ekonomi Britania Raya ditambah gelombang [[dekolonisasi]] yang menyeruak ke seluruh dunia mengakibatkan sebagian besar jajahan Britania Raya memerdekakan diri.<ref>{{cite book |first=Judith |last=Brown |author-link=Judith M. Brown |title=The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924679-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |ref=refOHBEv4 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103114315/http://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |url-status=live }} p. 319</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Wm. Roger |last=Louis |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |ref=refLouis2006 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222045215/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |url-status=live }} p. 337</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Abernethy |title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-300-09314-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |ref=refAbernethy2000 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082531/http://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |url-status=live }} p. 146</ref> Pengaruh Britania Raya dapat diamati dalam sistem hukum dan politik di banyak [[Daftar negara yang memperoleh kemerdekaan dari Britania Raya|bekas jajahannya]], dan [[budaya Britania Raya]] masih berpengaruh secara global, khususnya [[Dunia berbahasa Inggris|dalam bidang bahasa]], [[Sastra Britania Raya|sastra]], [[Musik Britania Raya|musik]] dan [[Olahraga di Britania Raya|olahraga]]. [[Bahasa Inggris]] adalah [[Daftar bahasa menurut jumlah penutur|bahasa yang paling banyak dituturkan]] dan [[daftar bahasa menurut jumlah penutur asli|bahasa asli ketiga yang paling banyak dituturkan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|date=2023|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618053740/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Britania Raya adalah negara [[monarki konstitusional]] dan [[demokrasi parlementer]].{{Efn|Britania Raya tidak memiliki konstitusi yang terkodifikasi melainkan konstitusi tidak tertulis yang berbentuk Undang-Undang Parlemen, keputusan majelis, tradisi, dan konvensi.<ref>{{Citation |title=What is the UK Constitution? |date=9 August 2018 |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution |publisher=The Constitution Unit of UCL |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107060057/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604151257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx |date=4 June 2019 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ "United Kingdom"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ |date=9 January 2021 }} CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> Britania Raya memiliki tiga yurisdiksi berbeda; [[Hukum Inggris|Inggris dan Wales]], [[Hukum Skotlandia|Skotlandia]] dan [[Hukum Irlandia Utara|Irlandia Utara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dewart |first1=Megan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ |title=The Scottish Legal System |date=2019 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-5265-0633-7 |location=UK |page=57 |quote=The laws and legal institutions of Scotland and of England and Wales were not merged by the Union of 1707. Thus, they remain separate 'law areas', with separate court systems (as does Northern Ireland), and it is necessary to distinguish Scots law and English law (and Northern Irish law). |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704040048/https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=The justice system and the constitution |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521180341/https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/ |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |publisher=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary |quote=The United Kingdom has three separate legal systems; one each for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. This reflects its historical origins and the fact that both Scotland and Ireland, and later Northern Ireland, retained their own legal systems and traditions under the Acts of Union 1707 and 1800. }}</ref> Sejak tahun 1998, Skotlandia, Wales dan Irlandia Utara memikiki pemerintahan [[Devolusi di Britania Raya|terdevolusi]] dan badan legislatifnya masing-masing sedangkan Inggris dipemerintahi langsung oleh Pemerintah Britania Raya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |access-date=17 April 2013 |publisher=United Kingdom Government |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations... |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718065448/https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archive-date=4 April 2010 |access-date=28 March 2010 |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre }}</ref> Ibu kota sekaligus kota terbesar di Britania Raya (juga merupakan ibu kota dari negara konstituen Inggris) adalah [[London]], sebuah metropolis dunia dengan populasi metropolitan lebih dari 14 juta jiwa. Kota [[Edinburgh]], [[Cardiff]], dan [[Belfast]] adalah ibu kota masing-masing untuk negara konstituen Skotlandia, Wales, dan Irlandia Utara. Kota besar lainnya yang belum disebutkan yaitu [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Glasgow]], [[Liverpool]] dan [[Leeds]].
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