Ofloksasin: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Muhammad Anas Sidik (bicara | kontrib)
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
Muhammad Anas Sidik (bicara | kontrib)
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
Baris 162:
Fluoroquinolones memperpanjang interval QT dengan memblokir saluran kalium yang diberi gerbang tegangan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heidelbaugh JJ, Holmstrom H | title = The perils of prescribing fluoroquinolones | journal = The Journal of Family Practice | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 191–197 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23570031 }}</ref> Pemanjangan interval QT dapat menyebabkan torsades de pointes, suatu aritmia yang mengancam jiwa, namun dalam praktiknya, hal ini relatif jarang terjadi karena fluoroquinolones yang paling banyak diresepkan (ciprofloxacin dan levofloxacin) hanya sedikit memperpanjang interval QT.<ref name= "Rubinstein">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rubinstein E, Camm J | title = Cardiotoxicity of fluoroquinolones | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 593–596 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11909831 | doi = 10.1093/jac/49.4.593 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
Diare terkait Clostridium difficile dapat terjadi sehubungan dengan penggunaan obat antibakteri apa pun, terutama obat dengan spektrum aktivitas luas seperti klindamisin, sefalosporin, dan fluorokuinolon. Pengobatan fluoroquinoline dikaitkan dengan risiko yang sama[27]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Thota P, Pant C, Rolston DD, Sferra TJ, Hernandez AV, Donskey CJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-analysis | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 68 | issue = 9 | pages = 1951–1961 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23620467 | doi = 10.1093/jac/dkt129 | doi-access = free }}</ref> atau kurang<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slimings C, Riley TV | title = Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 881–891 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24324224 | doi = 10.1093/jac/dkt477 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/slides/2006-4266s1-01-06-FDA-Levine.ppt |title=Data Mining Analysis of Multiple Antibiotics in AERS |website=[28][29Food and Drug Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310193444/https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/slides/2006-4266s1-01-06-FDA-Levine.ppt |archive-date=2016-03-10 }}</ref> dibandingkan dengan sefalosporin spektrum luas. Pemberian fluoroquinoline mungkin berhubungan dengan perolehan dan pertumbuhan strain Clostridium yang sangat ganas.[30]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vardakas KZ, Konstantelias AA, Loizidis G, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME | title = Risk factors for development of Clostridium difficile infection due to BI/NAP1/027 strain: a meta-analysis | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 11 | pages = e768–e773 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22921930 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.07.010 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
Informasi peresepan di AS berisi peringatan mengenai kasus neuropati perifer yang jarang terjadi, dan dapat bersifat permanen.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm365050.htm |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires label changes to warn of risk for possibly permanent nerve damage from antibacterial fluoroquinolone drugs taken by mouth or by injection |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528231716/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm365050.htm |archive-date=2016-05-28 }}</ref> Efek sistem saraf lainnya termasuk insomnia, kegelisahan, dan jarang, kejang, kejang, dan psikosis<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galatti L, Giustini SE, Sessa A, Polimeni G, Salvo F, Spina E, Caputi AP | title = Neuropsychiatric reactions to drugs: an analysis of spontaneous reports from general practitioners in Italy | journal = Pharmacological Research | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–216 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15661570 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2004.08.003 }}</ref> Efek samping serius dan langka lainnya telah diamati dengan berbagai tingkat bukti penyebabnya.<ref name="babar">{{cite journal | vauthors = Babar SM | title = SIADH associated with ciprofloxacin | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 47 | issue = 10 | pages = 1359–1363 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24259701 | doi = 10.1177/1060028013502457 | df = dmy-all | s2cid = 36759747 }}</ref><ref name="Rouveix-">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rouveix B | title = [Clinically significant toxicity and tolerance of the main antibiotics used in lower respiratory tract infections] | journal = Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses | volume = 36 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 697–705 | date = Nov–Dec 2006 | pmid = 16876974 | doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2006.05.012 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid17911203">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehlhorn AJ, Brown DA | title = Safety concerns with fluoroquinolones | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 41 | issue = 11 | pages = 1859–1866 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17911203 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1K347 | s2cid = 26411679 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones SE, Smith RH | title = Quinolones may induce hepatitis | journal = BMJ | volume = 314 | issue = 7084 | pages = 869 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9093098 | pmc = 2126221 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.314.7084.869 }}</ref>
Informasi peresepan di AS berisi peringatan mengenai kasus neuropati perifer yang jarang terjadi, dan dapat bersifat permanen.[31] Efek sistem saraf lainnya termasuk insomnia, kegelisahan, dan jarang, kejang, kejang, dan psikosis[32] Efek samping serius dan langka lainnya telah diamati dengan berbagai tingkat bukti penyebabnya.[33][34][35][36]
 
Kejadian yang mungkin terjadi pada overdosis akut jarang terjadi, termasuk gagal ginjal dan kejang.<ref name=Gold2006>{{Cite book | vauthors = Nelson LH, Flomenbaum N, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RL, Howland MD, Lewin NA |title=Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-07-143763-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&q=goldfranks+Fluoroquinolone+toxicity&pg=PA849 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612171741/http://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&pg=PA849&dq=goldfranks+Fluoroquinolone+toxicity |archive-date=2014-06-12 }}</ref> Kelompok pasien yang rentan, seperti anak-anak dan orang tua, mempunyai risiko lebih besar mengalami reaksi merugikan selama penggunaan terapeutik.<ref name="Owens RC, Ambrose PG 2005 S144–57"/><ref name="pmid17559736">{{cite journal | vauthors = Iannini PB | title = The safety profile of moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in special patient populations | journal = Current Medical Research and Opinion | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 1403–1413 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17559736 | doi = 10.1185/030079907X188099 | s2cid = 34091286 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Farinas ER | work = Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research |title=Consult: One-Year Post Pediatric Exclusivity Postmarketing Adverse Events Review |url=https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/05/briefing/2005-4152b1_03_01_Cipro%20AE.pdf |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |date=1 March 2005 |access-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021063641/https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4152b1_03_01_Cipro%20AE.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2009 }}</ref>
Kejadian yang mungkin terjadi pada overdosis akut jarang terjadi, termasuk gagal ginjal dan kejang.[37] Kelompok pasien yang rentan, seperti anak-anak dan orang tua, mempunyai risiko lebih besar mengalami reaksi merugikan selama penggunaan terapeutik.[13][38][39]
 
Ofloxacin, seperti beberapa fluoroquinolones lainnya, dapat menghambat enzim yang memetabolisme obat, dan dengan demikian meningkatkan kadar obat lain dalam darah seperti siklosporin, teofilin, dan warfarin, antara lain. Peningkatan kadar darah ini dapat mengakibatkan risiko efek samping yang lebih besar.
Baris 174:
Pemberian obat antiinflamasi nonsteroid secara bersamaan dengan kuinolon, termasuk ofloxacin, dapat meningkatkan risiko stimulasi sistem saraf pusat dan kejang kejang.
 
Fluoroquinolones telah terbukti meningkatkan efek antikoagulan dari acenocoumarol, anisindione, dan dicumarol. Selain itu, risiko kardiotoksisitas dan aritmia meningkat bila diberikan bersamaan dengan obat-obatan seperti dihydroquinidine barbiturate, quinidine, dan quinidine barbiturate.[40]<ref name="drugbank.ca">{{cite web |title=Showing drug card for Ofloxacin (DB01165) |url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01165 |publisher=DrugBank |location=Canada |date=February 19, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514063359/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01165 |archive-date=May 14, 2016 }}</ref>
 
Pengobatan saat ini atau di masa lalu dengan kortikosteroid oral dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko ruptur tendon Achilles, terutama pada pasien lanjut usia yang juga menggunakan fluoroquinolones.[41]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Linden PD, Sturkenboom MC, Herings RM, Leufkens HM, Rowlands S, Stricker BH | title = Increased risk of achilles tendon rupture with quinolone antibacterial use, especially in elderly patients taking oral corticosteroids | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 163 | issue = 15 | pages = 1801–1807 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12912715 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.163.15.1801 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
==Kontraindikasi==