Perwara: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
|||
Baris 25:
Pada kurun waktu Abad Pertengahan Akhir, manakala majelis istana kaisar tidak lagi berpindah-pindah tempat, badan pengurus rumah tangga permaisuri kaisar, maupun badan pengurus rumah tangga para garwa pangeran di Jerman, mulai mengembangkan suatu tatanan yang kurang luwes dan lebih ketat, lengkap dengan seperangkat jabatan kepegawaian istana.
Tatanan majelis istana Kadipaten Burgundia dan tatanan majelis istana Kerajaan Spanyol memengaruhi tatanan majelis istana Kekaisaran Austria pada abad ke-16, manakala [[Belanda Burgundy|Burgundia Tanah Rendah]], Spanyol, dan Austria dipersatukan melalui pertalian nasab kula[[wangsa Habsburg]].<ref name="Duindam date? page?">{{harvnb|Duindam|p=}}</ref>{{page needed |date=April 2017}} Pada permulaan dan pertengahan abad ke-16, para pegawai istana perempuan yang melayani bangsawati-bangsawati Habsburg di Negeri Tanah Rendah dan Austria terdiri atas satu orang ''Hofmeesteres'' (kepala istana perempuan) atau ''Dame d'honneur'' yang berkhidmat selaku perwara utama; satu orang ''Hofdame'' atau ''Mere de Filles'' yang berpangkat lebih rendah satu tingkat di bawah ''Hofmeesteres'' dan berkhidmat selaku wakil ''Hofmeesteres'' sekaligus membawahi para ''Eredames'' (perwara muda) yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan ''Demoiselle d'honneur'' atau ''Fille d'honneur'' dalam [[bahasa Prancis]], dan ''Junckfrauen'' dalam [[bahasa Jerman Austria]]; dan yang terakhir adalah para ''Kamenisters'' (pramugraha).<ref name="Kerkhoff date? page?">{{harvnb|Kerkhoff|p=}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, semasa [[Maria dari Austria, Permaisuri Romawi Suci|Putri Maria de Austria]] menjadi Permaisuri Romawi Suci pada pertengahan abad ke-16, badan pengurus rumah tangga permaisuri diatur berdasarkan tatanan majelis istana Spanyol. Sesudah Maria de Austria meninggalkan Austria, tidak ada badan pengurus rumah tangga permaisuri sampai dasarwarsa 1610-an.<ref name="Akkerman Houben date?, page?">{{harvnb|Akkerman|Houben|2013|p=}}</ref> Itulah sebabnya tatanan majelis istana Austria mengandung unsur-unsur adat-istiadat istana Burgundia maupun adat-istiadat istana Prancis.
===
The ladies-in-waiting have historically been chosen by the queen herself from the noblewomen of the Catholic [[Belgian nobility|Noble Houses of Belgium]]. The chief functions at court were undertaken by members of the higher nobility, involving much contact with the royal ladies. Belgian princesses were assigned a lady upon their 18th birthdays. [[Princess Clémentine of Belgium|Princess Clementine]] was given a {{lang|fr|Dame}} by her father, a symbolic acknowledgement of adulthood. When the queen entertains, the ladies welcome guests and assist the hostess in sustaining conversation.
===
In Cambodia, the term ''ladies-in-waiting'' refers to high ranking female servants who served food and drink, fanned and massaged, and sometimes provided sexual services to the King. Conventionally, these women could work their way up from [[maid]]s to ladies-in-waiting, [[Concubinage|concubines]], or even [[Queen consort|queen]]. {{transl|km|Srey Snom}} ({{lang-km|ស្រីស្នំ}}) is the Cambodian term for the Khmer lady-in-waiting.
The six favorite court ladies of [[Sisowath of Cambodia|King Sisowath of Cambodia]] were probably initially drawn from the ranks of classical royal dancers of the lower class. He was noted for having the most classical dancers as concubines. The imperial celestial dancer, [[Apsara]], was one of these. This practice of drawing from the ranks of royal dancers began in the Golden Age of the Khmer Kingdom.
===
Several Canadian ladies-in-waiting have also been appointed to the [[Monarchy of Canada#Federal residences and royal household|Royal Household of Canada]]. Canadian ladies-in-waiting are typically appointed in order to assist the [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarch of Canada]] when carrying out official duties in Canada and [[Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian Royal Family|royal tours in the country]]. Five Canadian ladies-in-waiting were made Lieutenants of the [[Royal Victorian Order]].<ref name=can>{{cite book|title=On Her Majesty's Service: Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada|last=McCreery|first=Christopher|publisher=Dundurn|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/onhermajestysser0000mccr/page/133 133]|isbn=978-1-5500-2742-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/onhermajestysser0000mccr/page/133}}</ref>
===
[[File:A palace concert.jpg|thumb|Tang Dynasty court ladies on ''[[A Palace Concert]]'' painting]]
==== Kulawangsa Han ====
The ladies-in-waiting in China, referred to as ''palace women'', ''palace ladies'' or ''court ladies'', were all formally, if not always in practice, a part of [[Imperial Chinese harem system|the Emperor's harem]], regardless of their task, and could be promoted by him to the rank of official concubine, consort, or even empress.<ref name="Ebrey date? page?">{{harvnb|Ebrey|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}}
The Emperors of the [[Han dynasty]] (202 BC–220 AD) are reported to have had a harem of thousands of 'palace women', although the actual numbers are unconfirmed.<ref name="Ebrey date? page?" />
==== Kulawangsa Song ====
At least during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), palace women were divided in three groups: imperial women (consisting of concubines and consorts), imperial daughters (consisting of daughters and sisters of the Emperor), and the female officials and assistants, who performed a wide range of tasks and could potentially be promoted to the rank of concubine or consort.<ref name="harvnb|Chung|pp=960–1126">{{harvnb|Chung|pp=960–1126}}</ref>
Baris 57:
The female court officials and attendants were normally selected from trusted families and then educated for their task.<ref name="harvnb|Chung|pp=960–1126" />
==== Kulawangsa Ming ====
During the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), palace women were sorted into roughly the same three categories as in the Song Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hsieh|first=Bao Hua|date=1999|title=From Charwoman to Empress Dowager: Serving-Women in the Ming Palace|journal=Ming Studies|volume=42| issue=42 |pages=26–80| doi=10.1179/014703799788763371 | pmid=22026040 }}</ref> However, female officials and assistants in the Ming Dynasty were organized into six established government groups, called the Six Bureaus: the Bureau of General Affairs, Bureau of Handicrafts, Bureau of Ceremonies, Bureau of Apartments, Bureau of Apparel, and Bureau of Foodstuffs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China|last=Hsieh|first=Bao Hua|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2014|location=London|pages=179–208|chapter=Ming Palace Serving-Women}}</ref> These groups were all overseen by the Office of Staff Surveillance, headed by a female official.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Concubinage and Servitude|last=Hsieh|pages=184}}</ref>
Baris 68:
Due to slanderous literary propaganda written and spread by male officials and Confucian authors, higher-class female officials also saw their power begin to weaken throughout the Ming dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women in Imperial China|last=Hinsch|first=Bret|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|location=London|pages=147–174}}</ref> These prominent government men began to disparage having educated women in government and state roles in response to the influence Imperial women had held over the nation in the past.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women in Imperial China|last=Hinsch|pages=148}}</ref> This prompted a gradual overtaking of female official roles by palace eunuchs that continued throughout the remainder of the Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hsieh|title=From Charwoman to Empress Dowager|journal=Ming Studies|pages=125}}</ref>
==== Kulawangsa Qing ====
The system of palace women continued mostly unchanged during the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1912), when a class of imperial women acting as consorts or concubines, who had not previously held other roles, existed. However, female court attendants were also all available for promotion to concubinage or the position of consort by the Emperor.<ref name="Walthall date?, page?">{{harvnb|Walthall|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}} During the Qing dynasty, imperial women were selected from among the teenage daughters of the Manchu official banner families, who were drafted to an inspection before they could marry.<ref name="Walthall date?, page?"/> Similarly, ''palace maids'' were drafted from lower official and banner classes before they could marry.<ref name="Hsieh Bao Hua date?, page?">{{harvnb|Hsieh Bao Hua|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}} After their selection, palace maids were educated as personal attendants to consorts, female officials within court rituals or other tasks, and were also available for the Emperor to promote to consort or concubine.<ref name="Hsieh Bao Hua date?, page?"/> Below the palace maids were the maidservants, who were selected the same way by a draft among the daughters of soldiers.<ref name="Hsieh Bao Hua date?, page?"/>
=== Denmark ===
The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Austrian imperial court model, from the 16th century onward.<ref name="Persson 1999"/> The highest rank female courtier to a female royal was the {{lang|da|[[Hofmesterinde]]}} (Court Mistress) or, from 1694/98 onward, {{lang|da|[[Overhofmesterinde]]}} (Chief Court Mistress), equivalent to the Mistress of the Robes, normally an elder widow, who supervised the rest of the ladies-in-waiting.<ref name="Kjølsen 2010, page?">{{harvnb|Kjølsen|2010|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}} The rest of the female courtiers were mainly {{lang|da|[[Kammerfrøken]]}} (Senior Maid of Honour), followed by a group of {{lang|da|Hofdame}} (Court Lady) and the {{lang|da|Hoffrøken}} ([[maid of honour|Maid of Honour]]).<ref name="Kjølsen 2010, page?"/> They were followed by the non-noble female court employees not ranking as ladies-in-waiting, such as the chambermaids.
This hierarchy was roughly in place from the 16th century until the death of [[Christian IX of Denmark|King Christian IX of Denmark]] in 1906.<ref name="Kjølsen 2010, page?" /> During the 20th century, most of these titles came of use, and all ladies-in-waiting at the royal Danish court are now referred to as {{lang|da|Hofdame}} (Court Lady).
===
[[File:Madame la princesse de Lamballe by Antoine-François Callet (circa 1776, Callet).jpg|thumb|[[Princess Marie Louise of Savoy|Marie Louise of Savoy-Carignan, Princesse de Lamballe]] was chief lady-in-waiting to [[Marie Antoinette|Queen Marie Antoinette of France]]]]
Baris 92:
During the [[First French Empire|First Empire]], the principal lady-in-waiting of the Empress was the {{lang|fr|Dame d'honneur}}, followed by between 20 and 36 {{lang|fr|Dames du Palais}}.{{sfn|Mansel|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}} During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], [[Marie Thérèse of France]] restored the pre-revolutionary court hierarchy.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}} During the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], the female courtiers of the Empress were composed of the first rank, {{lang|fr|Grand Maitresse}}, and the second rank, {{lang|fr|Dame d'honneur}}, followed by six (later twelve) {{lang|fr|Dames du Palais}}.{{sfn|Seward|2004|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}}
===
The early modern princely courts in Germany were modeled after the Austrian imperial court model.<ref name="Akkerman Houben date?, page?"/> This court model divided the ladies-in-waiting in a chief lady-in-waiting named {{lang|de|Oberhofmeisterin}} (a widowed or married elder woman) who supervised the {{lang|de|Hoffräulein}} (Maids of Honour), of which one or two could be promoted to the middle rank of {{lang|de|Kammerfräulein}} (Maid of Honour of the Chamber).<ref name="Akkerman Houben date?, page?"/> The German princely courts in turn became the role model of the Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden in the 16th century.<ref name="Persson 1999"/>
After the end of the German [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, and the establishment of several minor Kingdoms in Germany, the post of {{lang|de|Staatsdame}} (married ladies-in-waiting) were introduced in many German princely and royal courts. At the imperial German court, the ladies-in-waiting were composed of one {{lang|de|Oberhofmeisterin}} in charge of several {{lang|de|Hofstaatsdamen}} or {{lang|de|Palastdamen}}.{{sfn|Zedlitz-Trützschler|1924|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}}
===
During the [[Byzantine Empire]], the Byzantine Empress was attended by a female court (the {{transl|el|Sekreton Tōn Gynaikōn}}), which consisted mostly of the wives of high-ranking male court officials, who simply used the feminine versions of their husbands' titles. The only specifically female dignity was that of the {{transl|el|[[Zoste patrikia]]}}, the chief lady-in-waiting and female attendant of the Empress, who was the head of the women's court and often a relative of the Empress; this title existed at least since the 9th century.
The [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Kingdom of Greece]] was established in 1832 and its first queen, [[Amalia of Oldenburg]], organized the ladies-in-waiting of its first royal court with one '''Grande Maitresse''<nowiki/>', followed by the second rank {{lang|fr|'Dame d'honneur'}}, and the third rank {{lang|fr|'Dame de Palais'}}.{{sfn|''Almanach de Gotha''| 1859|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}}
===
====
Prior to the unification, the greatest of the Italian states was the Kingdom of Naples, later called [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. In 1842, the ladies-in-waiting of the Queen of the Two Sicilies were composed of one {{lang|it|Dama di Onore}} (Lady of Honor, ranked just below the {{lang|it|Cavaliere di Onore}}), three {{lang|it|Dama di Compagnia}} (Lady Companions, ranked below the {{lang|it|Cavalerizzo}}), and a large number of {{lang|it|Dame di Corte}} (Court Ladies).<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UqBjAAAAcAAJ&dq=dama+di+compagnia+dama+di+corte+napoli&pg=PA692 Almanacco reale del regno delle Due Sicilie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505032148/https://books.google.com/books?id=UqBjAAAAcAAJ&dq=dama+di+compagnia+dama+di+corte+napoli&pg=PA692 |date=5 May 2023 }}''</ref>
====
In 1861, the Italian Peninsula was united in to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. The ladies-in-waiting of the Queen of Italy were headed by the {{lang|it|Dama d'Onore}}, followed by the {{lang|it|Dame di Corte}}, and finally the {{lang|it|Dame di Palazzo}}.<ref>Calendario reale per l'anno 1879 {{full citation needed|date=April 2017}}</ref> The {{lang|it|Dama d'Onore}} was nominally the chief lady-in-waiting, but in practice often limited her service to state occasions; the {{lang|it|Dame di Corte}} was the regular lady-in-waiting who personally attended to the queen, while the {{lang|it|Dame di Palazzo}} were honorary courtiers attached to the royal palaces in particular cities, such as Florence, Turin, and so forth, and only served temporary when the queen visited the city in question: among these, only the {{lang|it|Dame di Palazzo}} attached to the royal palace of the capital of Rome served more than temporary.<ref>la Repubblica.it, 2007, 11, 25, La dama di compagnia dell' ultima Regina {{full citation needed|date=April 2017}}</ref>
===
In Japan, the imperial court offices was normally reserved for members of the court aristocracy and the ladies-in-waiting or 'palace attendants' were commonly educated members of the nobility.<ref name="Lillehoj date? page?">{{harvnb|Lillehoj|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}}
Baris 121:
Female palace attendants were divided into two classes, which in turn had several ranks, signifying their task.<ref name="Lebra date? page?">{{harvnb|Lebra|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}} The first class consisted of the {{transl|ja|nyokan}}, or ladies-in-waiting who held court offices: {{transl|ja|naishi-kami}} ({{transl|ja|shoji}}) {{transl|ja|naishi-suke}} ({{transl|ja|tenji}}) and {{transl|ja|naishi-no-jo}} ({{transl|ja|shoji}}). The second class were the female palace attendants: {{transl|ja|myobu}}, {{transl|ja|osashi}}, {{transl|ja|osue}} and {{transl|ja|nyoju}}.<ref name="Lebra date? page?" /> The ladies-in-waiting worked as personal assistants, tending to the Emperor's wardrobe, assisting the emperor's baths, serving meals, performing and attending court rituals.<ref name="Rowley date? page?" /> Ladies-in-waiting could be appointed as concubines, consorts or even Empresses by the Emperor or the heir to the throne.<ref name="Rowley date? page?" /> The function of a lady-in-waiting as potential concubine was abolished in 1924.<ref name="Rowley date? page?" />
=== Korea ===
''[[Gungnyeo]]'' (literally 'palace women') is a term that refers to women who worked in the palace and waited upon the king and other members of the royal family. It is short for {{transl|ko|Gungjung Yeogwan}}, which translates to 'woman officer of the royal court'.
Baris 132:
Ladies-in-waiting could become concubines if the king favored them. They would be elevated to the highest rank (senior 5th) and would be known as ''seungeun sanggung'' (or 'favored/special court lady'). If they gave birth to a son, they would become members of the royal family, after being promoted to ''[[Styles and titles in the Joseon dynasty|sug-won]]'' (junior 4th) and until the 18th century, they could advance as high as becoming queen (the most notable example being [[Royal Noble Consort Huibin Jang|Jang Ok-jeong]], a concubine of [[Sukjong of Joseon]] and mother of [[Gyeongjong of Joseon]]).
===
The court of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was situated in the Netherlands in the 15th century, was famous for its elaborate ceremonial court life and became a role model for several other courts of Europe.{{sfn|Kolk|2009}} The Burgundian court model came to be the role model for the Austrian imperial court during the 16th century, when the Burgundian Netherlands and Austria were united through the Habsburg dynasty.<ref name="Duindam date? page?"/>
Baris 143:
The {{lang|nl|Grootmeesteres}} (Grandmistress) is the highest-ranking lady at the royal court. From 1984 until 2014, the position was held by [[Martine van Loon-Labouchere]], descendant of the famous banker family, a former diplomat and the widow of {{lang|nl|[[Jonkheer]]}} [[Maurits van Loon]] of the famous Amsterdam canal estate. The current {{lang|nl|Grootmeesteres}} is Bibi Countess van Zuylen van Nijevelt-den Beer Poortugael (lady-in-waiting between 2011 and 2014).
=== Nigeria ===
A number of tribes and cultural areas in the African continent, such as the [[Lobedu people]] of Southern Africa, had a similar custom of ladies-in-waiting in historic times.
As a further example, within certain [[List of Nigerian traditional states|pre-colonial states]] of the [[Bini people|Bini]] and [[Yoruba people]]s in Nigeria, the [[Queen mothers (Africa)|queen mother]]s and [[High priest|high priestesses]] were considered "[[Honorary male|ritually male]]" due to their social eminence. As a result of this fact, they were often attended to by women who belonged to their [[harem]]s in much the same way as their actually male counterparts were served by women who belonged to theirs. Although these women effectively functioned as ladies-in-waiting, were often members of powerful families of the local nobility in their own right, and were not usually used for sexual purposes, they were nonetheless referred to as their principals' "wives".
===
During the [[Denmark–Norway|Danish–Norwegian union]], from 1380 until 1814, the Danish royal court in Copenhagen was counted as the Norwegian royal court, and thus there was no royal court present in Norway during this period. During the union between Norway and Sweden from 1814 to 1905, there were Norwegian courtiers who served during the Swedish royal family's visits to Norway. The female courtiers were appointed according to the Swedish court model, that is to say the class of ''Hovfröken'' (Maid of Honour), ''Kammarfröken'' (Chief Maid of Honour) and ''Statsfru'' (Lady of the Bedchamber), all supervised by the ''[[Overhoffmesterinne]]'' (Mistress of the Robes): these posts were first appointed in 1817.{{sfn|Hauge|Egeberg|1960|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}} When the union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, a permanent Norwegian royal court was established.
===
In the [[Ottoman Empire]], the word ''lady-in-waiting'' or court lady has often been used to describe those women of the [[Imperial harem|Imperial Harem]] who functioned as servants, secretaries, and companions of the consorts (concubines), daughters, sisters and mothers of the [[Ottoman Sultan]]. These women originally came to the Harem as slaves, captured through the [[Crimean slave trade]], the [[Barbary slave trade]] and the [[White slave trade]].<ref name="books.google.se">Madeline Zilfi: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&dq=Cariyes&pg=PA223 Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414214634/https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&dq=Cariyes&pg=PA223 |date=14 April 2023 }}''</ref>
Baris 161:
The highest ranked kalfa was the ''Saray Ustas'', who supervised all the kalfa of the entire court (harem).<ref>Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). ''The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem''. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5. s. 293–301</ref>
===
In early modern Poland, the queen's ladies-in-waiting were collectively referred to as the ''fraucimer''. The queen's household mirrored that of the king, but was smaller. The queen's male courtiers were supervised by the Ochmistrz, a nobleman, and the women of her court were supervised by the chief lady-in-waiting, the Ochmistrzyni (magister curiae). The Ochmistrzyni was defined as a state office and it was the only state office in Poland prior to the [[Partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]] which was held by a woman. She was always to be a noblewoman married to a nobleman of senatorial rank. The Ochmistrzyni supervised a large number of unmarried ladies-in-waiting, maids of honour. The queen's court was a larger version of the courts of the Polish magnate noblewomen, and it was the custom in the Polish nobility to send their teenage daughters to be educated as ladies-in-waiting in the household of another noblewoman or preferably the queen herself in order to receive an education and find someone to marry. <ref>Bożena Popiołek, Rola dworów magnackich w edukacji dziewcząt na przełomie XVII i XVIII wieku, www.wilanow-palac.pl [dostęp 2020-02-25].</ref>
=== Portugal ===
The royal court of Portugal was influenced by the Spanish court model, after Portugal became independent of Spain and created its own royal court in 1640.
Baris 171:
The fourth rank was the ''Dona camarista'' (there were five in 1896), and the lowest rank of ladies-in-waiting was the ''Dona honoraira'', of which there were 21 in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ephemerajpp.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Corte_Portuguesa_1896_a.pdf |title=Corte Portugueza. Casa de Suas Magestade |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301011812/https://ephemerajpp.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Corte_Portuguesa_1896_a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
===
{{Main articles|Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia}}
In the Court of [[Muscovite Russia]], the offices of ladies-in-waiting to the [[tsarina]] were normally divided among the ''boyarinas'' (widows or wives of [[boyar]]s), often from the family and relatives of the tsarina.<ref>И. Е. Забелин. Глава VI. Царицын дворовый чин // Домашний быт русских цариц в XVI и XVII столетиях. – М.: Типография Грачева и Комп., 1869.{{Request quotation|date=April 2017|reason=Most English readers can not understand the script used in this citation so provide a translation either on the talk page or in a footnote (see [[WP:NONENG]])}}</ref> The first rank among the offices of the ladies-in-waiting was the tsarina's [[treasurer]]. The second was the group of companions. The third were the royal nurses to the princes and princesses (where the nurses of the male children outranked); among the nurses, the most significant post was that of the ''mamok'', the head royal governess, who was normally selected from elder widows, often relatives to the tsar or tsarina.<ref name="Most English readers">Верховая боярыня // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). – СПб., 1890–1907.{{Request quotation|date=April 2017|reason=Most English readers can not understand the script used in this citation so provide a translation either on the talk page or in a footnote (see [[WP:NONENG]])}}</ref> All offices were appointed by royal decree. The group of ladies-in-waiting were collectively above the rank of the ''svetlichnaya'' (the tsarina's sewing women), the ''postelnitsy'' (the tsarina's chamber women and washing women) and the officials who handled the affairs of the staff.<ref name="Most English readers"/>
Baris 177:
In 1722, this system was abolished and the Russian imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of [[Peter the Great]] to [[Westernization|westernize]] Russia, and the old court offices of the tsarina were replaced with court offices inspired by the German model.<ref>{{Cite web |title=НЭБ – Национальная электронная библиотека |url=https://rusneb.ru/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=rusneb.ru – Национальная электронная библиотека |language=ru}}</ref>
===
The royal court of Castile included a group of ladies-in-waiting for the queen named ''Camarera'' in the late 13th century and early 14th century, but it was not until the 15th century that a set organisation of the ladies-in-waiting is confirmed.<ref name="Cruz and Stampino date? page?">{{harvnb|Cruz|Stampino|p=}}</ref>{{page needed |date=April 2017}} This characteristic organisation of the Spanish ladies-in-waiting, roughly established during the reign of [[Isabella I of Castile]] (r. 1474–1504), was kept by [[Isabella of Portugal|Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain]], during the 16th century, and became the standard Spanish court model for ladies-in-waiting.<ref name="Cruz and Stampino date? page?"/>
Baris 184:
*The third rank was the ''Dueñas de Honor'', the married ladies-in-waiting, who were responsible for not only the unmarried ''Damas'' or ''Meninas'' ([[Maid of honour|Maids of honour]]), but also for the female slaves and dwarfs, who were classified as courtiers and ranked before the ''Mozas'' (maids) and ''Lavanderas'' (washer women).<ref name="Akkerman Houben date?, page?"/>
===
The early modern Swedish court, as well as the Danish equivalent, were re-organized in the early 16th century according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Austrian imperial court model.<ref name="Persson 1999"/> This model roughly organized the female noble courtiers in the class of the unmarried ''Hovfröken'' ([[Maid of honour|Maid of Honour]], until 1719 ''Hovjungfru'') which could be promoted to ''Kammarfröken'' (Chief Maid of Honour, until 1719 ''Kammarjungfru'').<ref name="Persson 1999"/> They were supervised by the ''Hovmästarinna'' (Court Mistress, equivalent to [[Mistress of the Robes]]), normally a married or widowed elder noblewoman.<ref name="Persson 1999"/> Under this class of female noble courtiers, were the non-noble female servants. They were headed by the normally married ''Kammarfru'' (Mistress of the Chamber, roughly equivalent to a [[Lady's maid|Lady's Maid]]), often of burgher background, who supervised the group of ''Kammarpiga'' (Chamber Maids).<ref name="Persson 1999"/>
Baris 191:
With the exception of the ''Statsfru'' and the ''Överhovmästarinna'', none of the titles above are in use today. At the death of Queen Louise in 1965, her ''Överhovmästarinna'' was employed by the King. From 1994, the ''Överhovmästarinna'' is the head of the court of the King rather than the Queen, while the court of the Queen is headed by the ''Statsfru''. There is now only one ''Statsfru'', and the other ladies-in-waiting are simply referred to as ''Hovdam'' (Court Lady). [[Queen Silvia of Sweden]] has only three ''Hovdamer'' (Court Ladies). Her chief lady-in-waiting is the ''Statsfru''.
===
[[File:Wakefield queen4.jpg|thumb|right|The Countess of Airlie (right), a Lady of the Bedchamber, accompanying Queen Elizabeth II as her lady-in-waiting (March 2005).]]
In the [[Royal Households of the United Kingdom]], a lady-in-waiting is a woman attending a female member of the [[British royal family|royal family]]. Ladies-in-waiting are routinely appointed by junior female members of the royal family, to accompany them on public engagements and provide other support and assistance.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991">{{cite book |editor1-last=Allison |editor1-first=Ronald |editor2-last=Riddell |editor2-first=Sarah |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |date=1991 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |page=307}}</ref>
Baris 199:
Prior to the [[Accession of Charles III]], a woman attending on a queen (whether [[queen regnant]], [[queen consort]] or [[queen dowager]]) was also often referred to as a lady-in-waiting (including in official notices), although she would more formally be called either a [[woman of the bedchamber]] or a [[lady of the bedchamber]] (depending on which of these offices she held). The senior lady of a queen's household was the [[mistress of the robes]], who (as well as being in attendance herself on occasion) was responsible for arranging all the duties of the queen's ladies in waiting.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991" />
====
During the reign of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], one of the ''women of the bedchamber'' was always in daily attendance; each served for a fortnight at a time, in rotation. In the [[Court Circular]] the phrase 'Lady in Waiting to the Queen' referred to the women on duty at a given time.<ref>e.g. "Mrs. Fiona Henderson has succeeded Mrs. Robert de Pass as Lady in Waiting to The Queen" ([https://www.royal.uk/court-circular Court Circular, 29 October 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629182208/https://www.royal.uk/court-circular |date=29 June 2016 }}).</ref>
Baris 207:
Towards the end of her reign, the ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II were:{{sfn|''British Monarchy''|2016}}
'''
* [[Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton|The Duchess of Grafton]] served as Mistress of the Robes to [[Elizabeth II]] from 1967 until her death on 3 December 2021 (after which the position remained vacant).
'''
* [[Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie|The Countess of Airlie]] was appointed in 1973 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45868/page/105 |title=London Gazette, Issue 45868|page= 105|date= 2 January 1973 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051601/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45868/page/105 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Diana Maxwell, Baroness Farnham|The Lady Farnham]] served from 1987 until her death in 2021.<ref name="LonGaz1987" />
'''
* [[Mary Anne Morrison|The Hon. Dame Mary Morrison]] was appointed in 1960 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41917/page/79 |title=London Gazette, Issue 4191|page=79 |date=1 January 1960 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051602/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41917/page/79 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Lady Susan Hussey]] was also appointed in 1960, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42185/page/7459 |title=London Gazette, Issue 42185, Page 7459, 4 November 1960 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051602/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42185/page/7459 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Baris 222:
* Dame Jennifer Gordon-Lennox was also appointed in 2002, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.<ref name="CC2002" />
'''
* Lady Elizabeth Leeming (née [[Bowes-Lyon family|Bowes-Lyon]]), a cousin of Elizabeth II.
* Mrs. Simon Rhodes, daughter-in-law of The Hon. [[Margaret Rhodes]] (a cousin of Elizabeth II and former [[Woman of the Bedchamber]] to [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]).
Baris 228:
After the death of Elizabeth II and the accession of Charles III, it was announced that the King would be retaining the late Queen's ladies-in-waiting, with their titles changing to "Ladies of the Household".<ref name="Camilla-companions">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63768031|title=Camilla scraps ladies-in-waiting in modernising move|work=BBC News|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|date=27 November 2022|accessdate=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127003257/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63768031|url-status=live}}</ref> They will help with hosting events at Buckingham Palace.<ref name="Camilla-companions"/>
====
[[File:King's speech 2023.jpg|thumb|right|Queen's companions the [[Fiona Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Marchioness of Lansdowne]] and Lady Sarah Keswick at the [[2023 State Opening of Parliament]]]]
In November 2022, it was announced that [[Queen Camilla]] would end the tradition of having ladies-in-waiting. Instead, she would be helped by "Queen's companions".<ref name="Camilla-companions"/> Their role would be informal and they would not be involved in tasks such as replying to letters or developing schedules.<ref name="Camilla-companions"/>
Baris 241:
* [[Sarah Troughton]]
====
In the Middle Ages, [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]] is noted to have had seven ladies-in-waiting: three married ones, who were called ''Domina'', and four unmarried [[maid of honour|maids of honour]], but no principal lady-in-waiting is mentioned,<ref>William J. Thoms: The Book of the Court: Exhibiting the History, Duties, and Privileges of the English Nobility and Gentry. Particularly of the Great Officers of State and Members of the Royal Household, 1844</ref> and until the 15th century, the majority of the officeholders of the Queen's household were still male.<ref name="erenow.com">Alison Weir: ''[http://erenow.com/biographies/elizabethofyork/15.html Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828061924/https://erenow.com/biographies/elizabethofyork/15.html |date=28 August 2017 }}''</ref>
Baris 254:
The organisation of the queen's ladies-in-waiting was set in the period of the Tudor court. The ladies-in-waiting were headed by the mistress of the robes, followed in rank by the [[first lady of the bedchamber]], who supervised the group of ladies of the bedchamber (typically wives or widows of peers above the rank of earl), in turn followed by the group of women of the bedchamber (usually the daughters of peers) and finally the group of maids of honour, whose service entitled them to the [[style (manner of address)|style]] of ''[[The Honourable]]'' for life.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=663}}
The system had formally remained roughly the same since the Tudor period. However, in practice, many offices have since then been left vacant. For example, in recent times, maids of honour have only been appointed for [[coronation]]s. -->
== Perwara terkemuka ==
''Berikut ini adalah daftar perwara ternama di negaranya masing-masing.''
=== Austria ===
* [[Sophie,
===
* [[Margaret Southern]] (
=== Denmark ===
* [[Louise von Plessen|Louise Scheel von Plessen]] (1725–1799)<!--
===
* [[Catherine Douglas]] (fl. 1497)
* [[Elizabeth Woodville]] (possibly; 1437–1492)
Baris 289:
* [[Lady Sarah McCorquodale]] (b. 1955)
===
*[[Françoise de Brézé|Françoise de Brézé, Countess of Maulévrier]] (1515–1577); [[Regent]] of [[Principality of Sedan|Sedan]] from 1553 to 1559
*[[Jacqueline de Longwy|Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Sein]] (before 1520–1561)
Baris 297:
* [[Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel|Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ, Marchioness of Tourzel]] (1749–1832)
===
* [[Marie Luise von Degenfeld]] (1634–1677); at the court of [[Palatinate (region)|The Palatinate]] in [[Heidelberg]]
* [[Maria Charlotte von Schafftenberg]] (1699–1780); at the court of the [[Electorate of Saxony]] in [[Dresden]]
Baris 310:
* [[Rosalie von Rauch]], later Countess of Hohenau (1820–1879); at the court of Prussia
===
* [[Helene Kottanner]] (1400–1470); lady-in-waiting for [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg|Elisabeth of Luxembourg]], she organized the abduction of the Holy Crown and nursed [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elisabeth of Habsburg]], who later become a Polish Queen
* [[Irma Sztáray|Countess Irma Sztáray de Sztára et Nagymihály]] (1863–1940); at the court of [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Empress Elisabeth "Sisi" of Austria]]
Baris 316:
* [[Ida Ferenczy|Ida Krisztina Veronika Ferenczy of Vecseszék]] (1839–1928); close friend and confidant of Empress Elisabeth of Austria
===
* [[Lady Ise]] (875–938); poet, lover of Prince Atsuyoshi and later concubine of [[Emperor Uda]]
* [[Takashina no Takako]] (d. 996); served at the court of Empress Junshi, later the legal wife of [[Fujiwara no Michitaka]] and regent of [[Emperor Ichijō]]
Baris 327:
* [[Takasue's daughter|Lady Sarashina]] (1008–after 1059); writer of ''Sarashina Nikki'', she served Imperial Princess Yushi, the third daughter of [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]]
=== Korea ===
* [[Kim Gae-si]] (d. 1623)
* [[Gwiin Jo (Injo)|Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Okcheon Jo clan]] (d. 1652)
Baris 336:
* [[Imperial Consort Gwiin Yang|Imperial Consort Boknyeong Gwi-in of the Cheongju Yang clan]] (1882–1929)
===
* [[Lu Lingxuan]] (d. 577); served as the [[wet nurse]] of [[Gao Wei|Emperor Gao Wei]]
* [[Sumalagu]] (1615–1705); palace attendant during the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] and close confidant of [[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]]
Baris 343:
* [[Nellie Yu Roung Ling]] (1889–1973); she was given the title of "commandery princess" while serving as a lady-in-waiting for Empress Dowager Cixi
===
* [[Gülfem Hatun]] (d. 1562); supposed concubine of [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent]]
* [[Canfeda Hatun]] (d. 1600); mistress housekeeper
Baris 351:
* [[Şekerpare Hatun]]; mistress housekeeper
===
* [[Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien]], later Queen of Poland (1641–1716)
* [[Klara Izabella Pacowa]] (1631–1685)
* [[Elżbieta Sieniawska|Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska]] (1669–1729) -->
===
* [[
* [[Julia,
* [[Anna
===
* [[Elizabeth Ribbing]] (1596–1662),
* [[Ulrika Strömfelt]] (1724–1780)
* [[Augusta Löwenhielm|Augusta von Fersen]] (1754–1846)
* [[Magdalena Rudenschöld]] (1766–1823)
=== Muangthai ===
| |||