|
=Koin kuno di Indonesia=
[[File:MET 1998 544 238 1 18.jpeg|thumb|right|1 masa koin emas masing-masing 5 milimeter.]]
By the 10th-century, Java had the most complex economies in [[Southeast Asia]]. Despite the importance of rice farming which acts as a king of tax income for the Javanese courts, the influx of sea trade in Asia between the 10th and 13th centuries forced a more convenient currency to the Javanese economy. During the late 8th-century, a kind of ingots made of gold and silver were introduced. These are the '''Early Indonesian coins'''.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
==Early development in Central Java==
[[en:User:Rochelimit]]
In Java, rice farming was still the main occupation of most households in the village. This continued to provide most of the tax income of the Javanese courts. Later in the period, the northern coasts of Java and Bali became the main center of an affluent export trade in local agricultural products and manufactures, as well as spices e.g. [[sandalwood]] from east of Indonesia. These trade brought shipping industry to distant markets e.g. China and India. The increasing intensity of trade called for a convenient currency in the Javanese society.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=98}}
During the late 8th-century money took the form of ingots made of gold and silver. These are the earliest recorded coins in Indonesia. The currency in Indonesia is based on weight; the most common units were the ''[[catty|kati]]'' of {{convert|750|g|oz}}, ''[[tael|tahil]]'' of {{convert|38|g|oz}}, ''masa'' {{convert|2.4|g|oz}} and ''kupang'' {{convert|0.6|g|oz}}. These units were legal tender for tax payments. The ''kati'', ''tahil'', ''masa'' and ''kupang'' units remained in use up until the Dutch period. Several trade jargon were introduced in this period, e.g. the Javanese ''wli'', which became the modern Indonesian ''beli'' ("buy"), and the Sanskrit ''wyaya'', modern Indonesian term ''biaya'' ("expenses") appears in two inscriptions both dated 878 AD. The Javanese coins have no parallels with the style of Indian coins. Most of the Javanese coins were found within the Javanese [[Shailendra dynasty|kingdom of Shailendra]].{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
=Patung Buddha Duduk dari Gandhara=
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = [[File:Seated Buddha, British Museum 1.jpg|220px]]
|name = Seated Buddha from Gandhara
|image_caption = Seated Buddha from Gandhara on display in the [[British Museum]]
|material = schist (stone)
|size = Height: 95 cm<br>
Width: 53 cm<br>
Depth: 24 cm
|writing =
|created =
|period = c. 2nd - 3rd Century AD
|place = [[Jamal Garhi]], [[Gandhara]], [[Pakistan]]
|location = Room 33, [[British Museum]], London
|id =
|registration =
}}
===Gold coins===
The '''Seated Buddha from Gandhara''' is an early statue of the [[Buddha]] discovered at the site of [[Jamal Garhi]] in ancient [[Gandhara]] in modern-day [[Pakistan]], that dates to the 2nd or 3rd century AD. It is now in room 33 of the [[British Museum]].<ref name=bm>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/s/seated_buddha_from_gandhara.aspx Seated Buddha from Gandhara], [[British Museum]] Highlights, accessed July 2010</ref> Statues of the "enlightened one" were not made until the 1st century CE, before that Buddha was represented by [[Aniconism in Buddhism|aniconic symbols such as his footprint]].<ref name="bbc"/> Like other Gandharan, or [[Greco-Buddhist art]], the statue shows influence from [[Ancient Greek art]], as the region had been part of the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] established by [[Alexander the Great]].
[[File:MET 1998 544 240.jpeg|thumb|right|A gold coin of probably the highest denomination of ''ka''.]]
Most gold coins of 9th and early 10th century Java are stamped with the character ''ta'' in [[Nāgarī script|nagari script]] on one side, an abbreviation of ''tahil''. The same character remain on coins until the [[Kediri Kingdom]] period in the 12th-century.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}} Gold coins were usually made in the shape of cubes, carefully crafted and very uniform and size and gold content.
==Deskripsi=Silver coins===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Prent voorstellende door Engelse particulieren voor Sumatra geslagen munten TMnr 93-4-9.jpg|thumb|left|Sandalwood decoration or quatrefoil appeared in the silver ingot on the picture below.]]
The statue was carved in [[schist]], allowing very fine detail, even down to showing the fingernails. The pose, which was to become one of a number of standard ones, shows Buddha as a teacher setting the wheel of [[Dharma]] in motion ([[Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand#Hand gestures|Dharmachakra Mudrā]]). Buddha did this following his enlightenment and after delivering his first sermon at the deer park at [[Sarnath]]<ref name=bm/> near [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The statue was made in the 2nd or 3rd century and although Buddha lived in the 4th century before Christ this is still a quite early statue. Statues of the "enlightened one" were not made until the 1st century AD. For the first four hundred years after his death Buddha was represented by symbols alone such as his footprint.<ref name="bbc">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/lp9wEwU9RrC4De5WrDawtg Seated Buddha], History of the World in 100 Objects, BBC, accessed July 2010</ref>
Central Javanese silver coins have very different shape compared with the gold coins. Most silver coins are round and known as "sandalwood flower" coins referring to the four-petaled flower (quatrefoil) found on the reverse. The silver coins lasted from the early 9th until the 14th century. The same flower appears on one side of older silver ingots from central Java; the other side is stamped with a flowing vase design, which is never found on coins. The observe of the sandalwood flower coins are stamped with the nagiri character ''ma'' (abbreviation of ''masa'').{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
Unlike the gold coins, the silver coins changed rapidly. In only one century, the character ''ma'' degenerated very quickly, perhaps because it is different with the Javanese [[Kawi script|Kawi letter]] for ''ma''. The shape also changed; in the early 10th-century, the shape of one masa changed from a thick and flat coin, to a thin and cup-shaped coin. The silver coins were presumably served as small change. The silver coins were probably created by smiths in the market for use in market transactions.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
This statue was used as the inspiration of a [[BBC Radio 4]] programme in the series called ''[[A History of the World in 100 Objects]]'' in May 2010. The programme discussed the change that allowed Buddha to be represented by a statue instead of as previously by symbols alone.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00shk95 Seated Buddha from Gandhara], BBC Radio 4, accessed July 2010</ref>
In Java, beginning at the end of the 10th-century and onwards, more and more Chinese copper coins were imported in greater quantities, as well as Chinese cash and local copies, known as ''pisis''. These coins began to displace the silver alloy coins as small denomination currency. By the mid-14th century, there were so many ''pisis'' in circulation, that the Javanese court recognized them as official currency for tax purposes.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
The figure of the Buddha is shown on a cushion on a throne or platform. On the front of the throne there are much smaller figures of a ''[[bodhisattva]]'' with a [[Peshawari pagri|turban]] and [[halo (religious iconography)|halo]], flanked by kneeling figures of a male and female probably representing [[donor portraits]] of a couple who paid for the statue.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=225497&partid=1&searchText=RRI5353&fromADBC=ad&toADBC=ad&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx¤tPage=1 Collection database, British Museum]</ref>
==PatungSumatran yang samacoins==
In Sumatra, coins were first minted in the 11th-century. Similar sandalwood flower coins like those in Java were discovered in Sumatra, but more of these were made of gold, [[electrum]], and silver alloy. Several 11th-century sites in Sumatra including [[Barus]], [[Bengkulu]], and [[Muara Jambi]] were abundant of gold coins, while silver is rare. Similar coins were found also in [[South Thailand]]. The Sumatran silver alloy examples are very well made compared with the Javanese silver coins.
There is a similar statue carved from black schist at [[Yale University Art Gallery]]<ref>[http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/art101/art101b-0-india/WebPage-Info.00036.html Seated Buddha], CalStateLA.edu, accessed July 2010</ref> Another comparable statue was sold by [[Christie's]] in September 2009 for $218,500. That statue dated from the same time and place and was 26 inches high.<ref>[http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5229822 A gray schist figure of a seated Buddha], Christies.com, 2009, accessed July 2010</ref> These Buddhas are widely considered to be the rarest of all Buddhist sculptures and despite [[iconoclasm]], they can be found in the museums of France, Germany, Japan, Korea, China, India, and Afghanistan as well as those still remaining in Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html Gandhara Civilization], Heritage.gov.pk, accessed July 2010</ref>
Curiously, no coins have been found at Palembang, said to be the center of the Sriwijayan economy. This suggests that coins may have had a limited role in the early Sriwijayan economy. International trade might have been conducted either through the mechanism known as [[tributary trade]] or in other form known as administered trade. In administered trade system, equivalencies were established between commodities through diplomatic negotiations rather than bargaining.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
==Galeri==
<gallery>
File:Seated Buddha, British Museum.jpg|Another view of the seated Buddha in the British Museum
File:Gandhara Buddha Berlin Museum.jpg|Seated Buddha, Gandhara, Berlin Museum.
</gallery>
== ReferensiLegacy==
The gold [[piloncitos]] of the Philippines are a late offshoot of the Indonesian gold coinage, while the bean-like silver "namo" series, of the Malay isthmus was presumably an offshoot of the silver and may have evolved into the bullet (Pod-Duang) coinage of [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]] in [[Thailand]].<ref>http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html</ref>
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
{{British Museum}}
{{commonscat|Early Indonesian coins}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
*[[Piloncito]]
==Reference==
{{British-Museum-100|41|Empress Pepper Pot|Gold coin of Kumaragupta I}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buddha, Gandhara}}
[[Kategori:Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:India]]
[[Kategori:Gandhara]]
=Pichangatti=
[[File:Dagger (Pichangatti) with Sheath MET 31.58ab 002june2014.jpg|thumb|right|Pisau belati (''pichangatti'') dengan sarungnya dari abad ke-19.]]
'''Pichangatti''' adalah pisau bermata lebar yang ditemukan di bangsa Kodava di [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Karakteristik pichangatti adalah gagang peraknya dengan pommel berbentuk bola berbentuk kepala burung nuri.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=193}} Pichangatti merupakan bagian dari pakaian tradisional pria orang Kodava.
==Asal-usul==
[[File:Coorgi Trditional Dress.jpg|thumb|left|Orang kodava dengan pichangatti yang diselipkan didepan sabuk.]]
Nama ''pichangatti'' adalah bahasa Tamil untuk "pisau tangan". Pichangatti adalah pisau tradisional bangsa Kodava. Ayudha katti adalah pedang tradisional bangsa Kodava. Orang-orang Kodava (Kodava, Kannada) tinggal di wilayah Kodagu, di India barat daya yang sekarang terletak di [[Karnataka]]. Bangsa Kodava sudah tinggal di wilayah tersebut selama lebih dari dua ribu tahun. Perkembangan senjata ayudha katti dimulai disekitar abad ke-17. Ayudha katti pertama kali dikembangkan sebagai alat untuk memotong semak belukar.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=129}} Bentuk ayudha katti mirip dengan senjata ''yatagan'' di Turki dan ''sosun pattah'' di India Utara.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=129}}
Selama masa kolonial, Inggris menyebut wilayah tersebut Coorg, korupsi dari "Kodagu". Kata ''kodagu'' berarti "berbukit" atau "curam", nama yang mengacu pada kondisi geografis wilayah tersebut.{{sfn|Atkinson|2016}}
Kodavas dikenal sebagai pejuang yang tidak kenal takut. Untuk melindungi kemerdekaan wilayah mereka, Kodavas melakukan beberapa peperangan dengan tetangga mereka, termasuk dengan Inggris pada tahun 1834. Sebagai tanggapan atas sebuah kerusuhan yang terjadi di dekat Malappuram pada tahun 1884, Inggris menghukum wilayah Kodagu dengan menyita sebagian besar senjata mereka, termasuk ayudha katti. Tercatat 17.295 senjata, 7503 senjata diantaranya adalah senapan, disita oleh pemerintah kolonial. Sebagian besar senjata ini dibuang ke laut, sementara beberapa senjata yang berkualitas tinggi masih bisa dilihat di [[Madras Museum]].{{sfn|Atkinson|2016}}
==Bentuk==
Pichangatti memiliki bentuk yang lebar, berat, dan bermata tunggal. Panjang pichangatti sekitar {{convert|7|inch|cm}}, dengan gagang yang polos dan berakhir dengan pangkal yang bulat. sarung pichangatti dihiasi dengan lempengan kuningan, perak, atau emas. Sebuah rantai melekat pada sarung tersebut, rantai ini membawa bermacam perangkat seperti pinset, pembersih kuku, pembersih telinga, dan sebagainya. Pisau pichangarri selalu dibawa di sisi depan sabuk yang mengusung [[ayudha katti]]. Ciri khas pichangatti lain adalah pangkal gagangnya yang dibentuk seperti kepala burung nuri. Sering kali mata burung nuri tersebut dihiasi dengan [[rubi]] yang tidak dipotong. Gagang pichangatti bertatahkan perak. Terkadang gagang pichangatti terbuat dari gading.{{sfn|Egerton|2002|p=82}}
Sarung pichangatti terbuat dari kayu (atau gading) dan dihiasi dengan logam mulia seperti perak atau kuningan. Sebuah rantai yang terbuat dari perak atau kuningan menghubungkan sarung pichangatti dengan berbagai implement yang digunakan sebagai: tusuk gigi, pinset, pembersih telinga, penusuk, dan artikel untuk membersihkan kuku. Pichangatti hampir sama seperti pisau kantong zaman modern.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=497}}
==Lihat juga==
{{commonscat|Pichangatti}}
*[[Ayudha katti]]
==Referensi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Egerton |first=Earl Wilbraham Egerton |date=2002 |title=Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486422299|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
[[Kategori:Pedang]]
[[Kategori:India]]
=Toradar=
[[File:Matchlock Gun MET DP166283.jpg|thumb|480px|right|This toradar is probably used for hunting. The decoration on the stock shows various animal figures e.g. buffaloes, panthers, etc.]]
A '''toradar''' is an Indian matchlock dating from the 16th-century. It was a preferred firearm in India well until the mid 19th-century because of its simple and cheap design.
==Sejarah==
Ketika Portugis sampai di India pada tahun 1498, mereka membawa serta senjata api, di antaranya senapan pencocokan. Armorer ahli berlimpah di India, dan pengrajin asli mulai menyalin senjata dan menyesuaikannya untuk kebutuhan mereka sendiri. Sebagian besar pengrajin ini mulai menerapkan gaya hiasan yang biasanya akan diaplikasikan pada senjata tradisional mereka. Segera gaya lokal yang khas berevolusi dalam pertandingan tandingan ini, dan toradar ditemukan di anak benua India. [1]
Matchlock Toradar tetap menjadi mekanisme senjata api yang disukai sampai sekitar tahun 1830. Sebagian alasan mengapa korek api masih lebih populer daripada wheellock dan flintlock karena korek api lebih mudah dan murah untuk diproduksi. [2] Toradar kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai senjata berburu.
When the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] reached India in 1498, they brought with them firearms, among them the [[matchlock]] [[musket]]. Expert armorers are plentiful in India, and native craftsmen began to copy the weapons and adapting them for their own needs. Most of these craftsmen started to apply a style of decoration that normally would be applied to their traditional weapon. Soon a distinctive local style evolved in this matchlocks, and the toradar was invented in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|p=156}}
Toradar matchlock remained to be the preferred firearms mechanism well until about 1830. Part of the reason why the matchlocks were still more popular than the [[wheellock]]s and [[flintlock]]s was because the matchlocks were easier and cheaper to produce.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|p=260}} Toradar was sometimes used as a hunting gun.
==Description==
A toradar is basically an Indian matchlock. They were found mostly in the Mughal-influenced Northern and Central India. Two types of toradar exist: one has a very slim, from {{convert|3|ft|cm}} to {{convert|6|ft|cm}} long, straight stock with pentagonal-shaped section, and a light barrel; the other type is always between {{convert|5|ft|cm}} to {{convert|6|ft|cm}} long, has a curved stock with diamond-shaped section and a very heavy barrel, much enlarged at the breech. Both have the regular Indian type of lock, which is covered with a pan cover that usually swings on a pin. The iron side plates which reinforce each side of the stock extend for some distance on each side of the lock.{{sfn|Stone|2013|pp=623-4}}
The barrel is usually fastened to the stock by wire band or leather thongs which frequently pass over silver saddles on the barrel. The [[Iron sights|rear sight]] of the first type have ogival shape, or an open V, while the second usually has a very large open rear sight. Both types' muzzles are generally fastened with moulded ring. The front sight are made very long so as to show above them. This front sights were often shaped into figurative forms e.g. the nose of a man, or shaped like tiger's head.{{sfn|Blair|1979}} Some toradar have square-shaped barrel, even with square bores. Both types generally have a clevis for a sling strap and some have two.{{sfn|Stone|2013|pp=623-4}}
Compared with the European matchlocks, the stock of a toradar has a more simple shape than the fish-tail shaped butt of the European matchlock. The stock is also too small to be placed against the shoulder, so the Indian toradar were normally held beneath the arm.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|p=261}}
A toradar used for sporting gun had painting of hunting figures, e.g. birds, other animals, and landscapes.
Sebuah toradar pada dasarnya adalah sebuah matchlock India. Mereka kebanyakan ditemukan di India Utara dan Tengah yang dipengaruhi oleh Mughal. Dua jenis toradar ada: satu memiliki bagian yang sangat tipis, dari 3 kaki (91 cm) sampai 6 kaki (180 cm) panjang, lurus dengan bagian berbentuk pentagonal, dan laras ringan; Jenis lainnya selalu antara 5 kaki (150 cm) sampai 6 kaki (180 cm) panjang, memiliki stok melengkung dengan bagian berbentuk berlian dan laras yang sangat berat, banyak membesar di sungsang. Keduanya memiliki tipe kunci khas India, yang ditutup dengan penutup pan yang biasanya ayunan pada pin. Pelat samping besi yang memperkuat setiap sisi stok meluas sampai jarak tertentu di setiap sisi kuncinya. [3]
Laras biasanya diikatkan pada kaleng oleh band kawat atau tali kulit yang sering melewati sadel perak di laras. Pemandangan belakang tipe pertama memiliki bentuk ogival, atau V terbuka, sedangkan yang kedua biasanya memiliki pemandangan belakang yang sangat besar terbuka. Kedua jenis 'moncong umumnya diikat dengan cincin cetakan. Tampilan depan dibuat sangat panjang sehingga bisa tampil di atas mereka. Pemandangan depan ini sering dibentuk menjadi bentuk figuratif mis. hidung seorang pria, atau berbentuk seperti kepala harimau. [4] Beberapa toradar memiliki laras berbentuk persegi, bahkan dengan bore persegi. Kedua jenis umumnya memiliki clevis untuk tali pengikat dan beberapa memiliki dua. [3]
Dibandingkan dengan matchlock Eropa, stok toradar memiliki bentuk yang lebih sederhana daripada pantat ekor ikan dari matchlock Eropa. Stok juga terlalu kecil untuk ditempatkan di bahu, jadi torarik India biasanya dipegang di bawah lengan. [5]
Sebuah toradar yang digunakan untuk senapan olahraga memiliki lukisan tokoh berburu, mis. burung, binatang lain, dan lanskap.
==Artistic decoration==
[[File:Matchlock Gun MET DP216838.jpg|thumb|left|A Rajasthani Toradar with paintings of flowers.]]
Decoration of a toradar reflects the local culture where the torador is created. For the toradar, craftsmen produced some very complex ornate art from ivory bone or precious metal inlays on the barrels and the stocks. 17th-century Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] was depicted holding a matchlock with floral decoration.{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/32138 |title=Matchlock Gun |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=November 15, 2017 |quote= |ref=harv}} A toradar from 18th-century Mysore, in the southern Indian state of [[Karnataka]] is equisitely decorated with incised flowers and foliage. The decorations are entirely gilded. The incised side plates are made of iron. Animal figures are thoroughly represented in the toradar; the match holder of toradar usually has a serpentine [[naga]]-like shape, figures of tiger are impressed in the trigger of the Mysore toradar. A 19th-century toradar from [[Narwar]] has a tiger's head shaped around the muzzle.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|p=157}}
Dekorasi toradar mencerminkan budaya lokal tempat torador dibuat. Bagi toradar, perajin menghasilkan beberapa seni hiasan yang sangat rumit dari tulang gading atau inlay logam mulia pada tong dan stok. Kaisar Mughal abad ke-17 Shah Jahan digambarkan memegang sebuah korek api dengan hiasan bunga. "Matchlock Gun". Museum Seni Metropolitan Museum Seni Metropolitan 2017. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2017. Sebuah toradar dari Mysore abad ke-18, di negara bagian Karnataka di India selatan dihiasi dengan bunga dan dedaunan yang menorehkan. Dekorasi sepenuhnya disepuh emas. Pelat sisi yang diiris terbuat dari besi. Tokoh binatang diwakili secara saksama dalam toradar; pemegang pertandingan toradar biasanya memiliki bentuk naga serpentine serpentine, sosok harimau sangat terkesan dengan pemicu toradar Mysore. Sebuah toradar abad ke-19 dari Narwar memiliki kepala harimau yang berbentuk di sekitar moncongnya. [6]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Enciclopedia ragionata delle armi |last=Blair |first=Claude |year=1979|publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|location=Milano |ref=harv}}</ref>
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Firearm actions]]
[[Category:Early firearms]]
[[Category:Muskets]]
=Madaka=
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Sieraden en andere kostbaarheden getoond door de raja van Anakalang Sumba TMnr 60002196.jpg|thumb|right|A picture of the Anakalang society of west Sumba showing various heirloom objects, e.g. [[mamuli]], [[marangga]], and madaka.]]
Madaka, juga mendaka, adalah sebuah tipe perhiasan logam mulia yang ditemukan di kebudayaan megalithikum orang Sumba bagian barat di Pulau Sumba, Indonesia (misalnya suku Anakalang). Seperti kebanyakan objek logam mulia lain di kebudayaan Sumba, madaka dianggap sebagai objek pusaka yang berharga dan diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi.
'''Madaka''', also written as '''mendaka''', is a type of precious metal valuable to the [[Sumba people]] of [[Sumba]] Island, [[Indonesia]]. It is found in the [[Megalith|megalithic]] culture of the western Sumba people, e.g. the tribe of [[Anakalang]]. Of all precious metal valuable to Sumba people, the madaka is considered to be the most sacred type of gold heirloom. In this photograph, the madaka is the third hung object from the right.{{sfn|Richter|Carpenter|2012|p=120}}
==Bentuk dan evolusinya==
Madaka memiliki bentuk yang bisa dijelaskan sebagai bongkahan berbentuk cangkang kerang. Menurut beberapa orang, bentuk madak merepresentasikan [[naga]], duri-duri radial merepresentasikan tulang-tulang naga, dan bukaan pada madaka sebagai mulutnya. Orang-orang tua di suku Anakalang Sumba barat menjelaskan bahwa madaka adalah benda pusaka paling tua dan paling suci di Sumba. Beberapa madaka ditaksir berumur lima sampai enam abad yang lalu. Madaka mungkim datang dari Jawa dimana objek tersebut diberikan sebagai bentuk penghargaan kepada pejabat tinggi.
Bentuk madaka merupakan variasi dari objek Sumba lainnya yang bernama [[mamuli]], dengan barisan duri-duri berbentuk radial yang mengitari sebuah lubang dengan potongan ditengahnya. Bentuj mamuli merepresentasikan vagina, simbol dari wanita dan kemampuan wanita untuk membuat kehidupan. Bentuk seperti omega pada mamuli dna madaka juga disebut dengan nama "oval terbuka". Bentuk "oval terbuka" banyak ditemukan diseoanjang [[kepulauan]] Indonesia, misalnya di Sumatera utara (''duri-duri'' orang Batak)
Madaka have the shape best described as scalloped lumps. According to some Sumbanese people, the madaka was a stylized [[naga]] dragon: the radiating spokes are said to represent the spine of tha ''naga'', and the opening its mouth. [[Anakalang]] elders explained that the madaka was the most archaic and sacred of all gold heirlooms of Sumba. Some madaka date back five or six centuries.{{sfn|Richter|Carpenter|2012|p=152}} Madaka have been presented by the ancient rulers of [[Java]] as tokens of high office.{{sfn|Richter|Carpenter|2012|p=120}}
The shape is a variation of another Sumba ornament called the [[mamuli]], with a row of radiating spokes surrounding a hole and a slit in the middle. In the case of the mamuli, the shape represents female genitalia and symbolizes female sexuality and the ability of women to create life. The archaic omega-shaped form of both mamuli and madaka is also known as "open oval". In the case of the madaka, one of the two finials (which are on each side of the bottom slit) protrudes further than the other. This is comparable with other open oval forms found in the [[nusantara|Indonesian archipelago]], e.g. the ''duri-duri'' of the [[Batak people|Batak]], far west in [[Sumatra]].{{sfn|Richter|Carpenter|2012|p=120}}
==Function==
Madaka digunakan sebagai objek pusaka yang dikumpulkan oleh kepala adat sepnjang waktu. Madaka lebih sering disimpan didalam rumah. Bersama dengan objek pusaka lain seperti mamuli dan marangga, madaka disimpan di ruang dibawah atap rumah tradisional Sumba, uma mbatangu. Madaka hanya dibawa keluar pada saat upacara-uoacara penting dan selalu dibawah pengawasan dukun desa.
The madaka of Sumba are used as a kind of heirloom object that was accumulated by the clan leader through time and mostly kept in the interior. Together with other heirloom objects e.g. the marangga and the mamuli, madaka are kept in the attic of the noble's uma mbatangu or the [[Sumbanese traditional house|traditional Sumbanese peaked house]]. They are brought into the light only during ritual occasions and under the control of the village priests.{{sfn|Rodgers|1988|p=332}}
The madaka is instrumental in marriage ceremonies, as it is one of the many objects. The madaka is given to the wife-taker from the family of the wive-giver.
==Lihat juga==
*[[Mamuli]]
*[[Marangga]]
==Referensi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Richter |first1=Anne |last2=Carpenter |first2=Bruce W. |title=Gold Jewellery of the Indonesian Archipelago |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |location= |year=2012 |isbn=9789814260381 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Susan |title=Power and gold: jewelry from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines : from the collection of the Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva |publisher=Prestek-Verlag |location= |year=1988 |isbn=9783791308593 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
[[Kategori:Sumba]]
=Piha kaetta=
[[File:Knife (Piha Kaetta) with Sheath MET 20.138.2ab 003may2014.jpg|thumb|right|The Sinhalese piha kaetta, a royal silver dagger.]]
'''Piha kaetta''' is knife native to the island of [[Sri Lanka]]. Piha kaetta has a straight-backed blade and a curved cutting edge. They are associated with the royalty. Many ''piha kaetta'' knifes were produced in royal workshops, inlaid with silver filigree band or ivory sheath.
'' 'Piha kaetta' '' adalah pisau asli pulau [[Sri Lanka]]. Piha kaetta memiliki straight-backed blade dan cutting edge melengkung. Mereka terkait dengan royalti. Banyak '' piha kaetta '' knifes diproduksi di bengkel kerajaan, bertatahkan pita filigri perak atau selubung gading.
==Daggers in South Asia==
Selama masa keemasan [[Kekaisaran Mughal]] di India antara abad 16 sampai awal abad ke 18, belati diproduksi secara meluas. Belati ini terkenal dengan logam berkualitas tinggi, hiasan halus dan bentuk elegan yang khas. Bentuk anggun elegan yang ditemukan pada banyak belati, pisau, dan pisau selama periode tersebut menunjukkan pengaruh dari dunia Islam. Belati belati ini sering bersifat royal dan dipakai oleh para pangeran dan bangsawan untuk membela diri, untuk berburu, atau untuk dipamerkan. Dalam pertempuran, mereka adalah senjata penting di dekat jarak, mampu menusuk baju besi surat pejuang India. {{Sfn | Gahir | Spencer | 2006 | p = 134}}
During the golden age of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India between the 16th to the early 18th-century, daggers were produced in widespread. These daggers were notable for their high quality metalwork, fine ornamentation and distinctive elegant form. The elegant graceful form found in many daggers, blades, and knives during the period indicates influence from the Islamic world. These daggers were often royal in nature and was worn by princes and nobles for self-defense, for hunting, or for display. In combat, they were essential close-quarters weapons, capable of piercing the mail armor of Indian warriors.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=134}}
Antara akhir abad ke-17 sampai abad ke-18, Sri Lanka mulai memproduksi piha kaetta secara lokal, semacam pisau dengan tepi anggun yang ditata serupa dengan desain pisau lainnya yang ditemukan di anak benua India. Berbeda dengan belati subkontinental yang dipengaruhi Mughal yang banyak digunakan dalam pertempuran, piha kaetta Sri Lanka sebagian besar digunakan sehari-hari untuk pekerjaan pertanian atau di padang gurun. Kaih terbaik piha kaetta dibuat di "empat bengkel" ('pattal-hatara' '), sejenis pengrajin di mana sekelompok pengrajin terpilih bekerja khusus untuk raja dan istana kerajaannya, atau untuk orang lain hanya dengan izin raja . Nama "empat lokakarya" mengacu pada lokakarya "permata", "mahkota", "pedang emas", dan "tahta" masing-masing. Di Sri Lanka, seni bangunan, lukisan, ukiran gading, perhiasan, dan lain-lain berada di tangan sebuah persekutuan turun-temurun atau kasta pengrajin yang menempati posisi terhormat. {{Sfn | Wright | 1907 | pp = 181-2 }}
Between late 17th-century to 18th-century, Sri Lanka began to locally produce the piha kaetta, a kind of knife with a graceful edge styled similarly with the design of other blades found in the Indian subcontinent. Unlike the Mughal-influenced subcontinental daggers which were mostly used in battles, the piha kaetta of Sri Lanka were mostly for everyday use for farm work or in the wilderness. Finest piha kaetta were made at the "four workshops" (''pattal-hatara''), a kind of craftsmen guild where a selected group of craftsmen worked exclusively for the king and his royal court, or for others only by the king's permission. The name "four workshops" refer to respectively the "jewel", "crown", "golden sword," and "throne" workshops. In Sri Lanka, the arts of building, painting, ivory-carving, jewelry, etc. were in the hands of a hereditary guild or caste of craftsmen which occupied an honorable position.{{sfn|Wright|1907|pp=181-2}}
==Form==
[[File:Dagger (Piha Kaetta) with Stylus and Sheath MET 32.75.251a-c 005june2014.jpg|thumb|left|This piha kaetta has a stylus carried in the sheath with the knife.]]
Piha kaetta memiliki pisau yang berat sekitar {{convert | 0.5 | inch | cm}} sampai {{convert | 2 | inci | cm}} tebal dan {{convert | 5 | inch | cm}} menjadi {{convert | 8 | inci | cm}} panjang. Ini memiliki panel bertatah di bagian belakang pisau dan ujung lurus lurus yang mengarah ke ujungnya. '' Kaetta '' berarti "paruh" atau "bingkisan", mungkin mengacu pada ujung melengkungnya. {{Sfn | Stone | 2013 | p = 498}}
The piha kaetta have a heavy blade about {{convert|0.5|inch|cm}} to {{convert|2|inch|cm}} thick and {{convert|5|inch|cm}} to {{convert|8|inch|cm}} long. It has an inlaid panel on the back of the blade and a straight cutting edge that curves towards the tip. ''Kaetta'' means a "beak" or "billhook", probably refers to its curving tip.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=498}}
Piha kaetta sederhana terbuat dari baja dan gagang kayu atau tanduk. Kualitas tinggi piha kaetta dihias dengan halus, biasanya di bagian belakang pisau di mana mereka bisa diukir dengan campuran panel hias perak dan kuningan; atau diukir dengan sangat dalam dan ditutupi dengan daun perak tipis yang tertempel di cekungan ukiran. Hilang piha kaetta berkualitas tinggi terbuat dari kombinasi bahan yang berbeda misalnya. logam mulia (emas, perak, kuningan, tembaga, batu kristal, gading, tanduk, baja atau kayu). Saluran ini dibuat dalam bentuk yang sangat khas, kadang-kadang berbentuk seperti kepala makhluk mitos atau dalam bentuk serpentin. <Ref name = "alj"> {{cite web | url = http: //www.aljantiques. com / inventory / country-of-origin / ceylon / a-fine-sinhalese-knife-pihiya-with-sheath-sri-lanka-akhir-17th-early-18th century.html | title = Pisau Sinhalese Baik Piha- Kaetta (Pihiya) dengan Sheath, Sri Lanka, Late 17th early Abad 18 | author = <! - Tidak disebutkan -> | date = 2015 | website = ALJ Antiques | publisher = ALJ Antiques | access-date = November 13, 2017 | quote =}} </ ref> {{sfn | Stone | 2013 | p = 498}}
Simple piha kaetta were made out of steel and a wooden or horn hilt. Higher quality piha kaetta were finely decorated, normally at the back of the blade where they can be carved with a mix of silver and brass inlaid panel; or deeply engraved and covered with thin leaves of silver pressed into the hollows of the engraving. The hilts of high quality piha kaetta were made out of different combinations of materials e.g. precious metals (gold, silver, brass, copper, rock crystal, ivory, horn, steel or wood). These hilts were made in a very distinctive form, occasionally they were shaped like a mythical creature's head or in a form of a serpentine.<ref name="alj">{{cite web |url=http://www.aljantiques.com/inventory/country-of-origin/ceylon/a-fine-sinhalese-knife-pihiya-with-sheath-sri-lanka-late-17th-early-18th-century.html |title=A Fine Sinhalese Knife Piha-Kaetta (Pihiya) with Sheath, Sri Lanka, Late 17th early 18th Century |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=ALJ Antiques |publisher=ALJ Antiques |access-date=November 13, 2017 |quote=}}</ref>{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=498}}
Seringkali stylus bertatahkan perak dibawa dalam sarungnya dengan pisau. {{Sfn | Stone | 2013 | p = 498}}
Frequently a silver-inlaid stylus is carried in the scabbard with the knife.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=498}}
==Lihat juga==
{{commonscat|Piha Kaetta}}
==Referensi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Arnold|date=1907 |title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC |location=|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120613355|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Blade weapons]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka]]
=Topi baja turban=
[[File:Turban Helmet MET DP219400.jpg|thumb|right|Late 15th-century turban helmet in the style of Turkmen armor.]]
Topi baja turban adalah sebuah tipe topi baja dari [[Turki]] yang berukuran besar dan dikenal dengan bentuknya yang seperti bawang dan lekukan nya. Nama topi baha turban diambil dari cara pemakaiannya yang biasa dipakai di atas turban. Topi baja turban biasa ditemukan di daerah dimana Kekaisaran Ottoman pernah berkuasa.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=23}}
==Form and evolution==
Topi baja Turki paling awal berbentuk kerucut dengan pelat, surat atau pelindung leher empuk. Dari pertengahan 14 sampai setidaknya awal abad ke-16 helm tumbuh dalam ukuran, menjadi sangat besar dan sering dihias secara rumit dan dihiasi. [2] Helm Utsmaniyah besar ini dipakai oleh pejuang di atas serban kain, dan oleh karenanya mereka disebut "helm turban". Helm Turban dikenal dengan bentuk bulat besar. Beberapa contoh helm turban dibentuk dengan spiral spiral, yang diduga meniru lipatan turban. Bentuk khas ini ditempa dari sepiring besi atau baja tunggal yang meruncing ke finial yang diaplikasikan secara terpisah. Tepi helm dibentuk di atas mata, dan kemudian dipasang di sekitar tepi dengan tindik atau peluru yang ditusuk di mana pertahanan aventail atau email dijamin dengan kabel. [2] Aventail, sebuah surat logam yang fleksibel, meluas ke bawah untuk melindungi wajah dan leher. Aventail biasanya dipasang dengan segel timbal yang diberi cap dengan bekas yang digunakan di gudang persenjataan Ottoman. [3] Batang hidung yang bisa diatur diikat dengan braket ke sisi depan helm, di antara bukaan mata. Desainnya digunakan untuk melindungi hidung prajurit. [4]
The earliest of the Turkish helmets were conical with plate, mail or padded neck guards. From the mid-14th to at least the early 16th century the helmets grew in size, becoming very large and were often elaborately fluted and decorated.{{sfn|Alexander|2015|p=70}} These large Ottoman helmets were worn by warriors over a cloth turbans, and so they were called "turban helmets". Turban helmets are known for its large bulbous shape. Some examples of turban helmets were shaped with spiraling flutings, supposedly imitating the folds of a turban. This distinctive shape was forged from a single plate of iron or steel that tapers to a separately applied finial. The rim of the helmet is shaped over the eyes, and then fitted around the edge with pierced lugs or vervelles where the aventail or mail defense is secured by a cord.{{sfn|Alexander|2015|p=70}} The [[aventail]], a flexible metal mail, extends downward to protect the face and the neck. The aventail is usually fixed with a lead seal which is stamped with the mark used in the Ottoman arsenals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/50.87/ |title=Helmet with Aventail |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=November 13, 2017 |quote=}}</ref> An adjustable nasal bar is fastened with a bracket to the front side of the helmet, between the eyes-openings. The design is used to protect the warrior's nose.{{sfn|Alexander|2015|p=69}}
==Decoration==
[[File:Turban Helmet MET DP147136.jpg|thumb|left|Late 15th-century turban helmet inlaid with silver and gold.]]
Di Turki Utsmani, kelompok darwis tertentu mengenakan turban yang dilumuri dengan jumlah lipatan yang ditentukan untuk mewakili bilangan mistis yang penting. Kemungkinan helm turban dianggap tidak hanya sebagai baju besi tapi juga sebagai semacam lencana religius. Simbolisme agama dari helm turban menunjukkan bahwa pemakainya adalah pejuang dalam Perang Suci. Helm serbaguna berukuran besar, bersama dengan korek api surat dan pelat yang sesuai, dimaksudkan untuk dikenakan oleh kavaleri berat. [5]
Karena sifat religius dari helm turban, mereka sering bertuliskan kaligrafi Arab untuk melambangkan kata-kata Tuhan yang diambil dari Quran. Lebih sering lagi prasasti tersebut memuliakan penguasa yang dipuja oleh prajurit tersebut. Kata-kata tertulis Allah dari Quran diduga meminta kekuatan pelindung Tuhan kepada pemakainya. Prasasti itu terkadang bertatahkan emas dan perak, dan dihiasi motif arabesque di sekelilingnya. Sebagian besar hias logam mulia dilakukan di kemudian hari saat helm tidak lagi digunakan dan diperdagangkan. Helm turban lainnya berisi saran bagaimana mencapai kebajikan. [5]
In Ottoman Turkey, certain [[dervish]] groups wore turbans wound with a prescribed number of folds to represent an important mystical number. It is likely that turban helmets were regarded not only as an armor but also as a kind of religious insignia. Religious symbolism of the turban helmets indicates that the wearer is a fighter in a Holy War. Large-sized turban helmets, together with the [[mail and plate armour]] of matching decoration, were intended to be worn by heavy cavalries.<ref name="holy">{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/21978 |title=Turban Helmet |date=2017 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=November 13, 2017 |quote=}}</ref>
Because of the religious nature of the turban helmets, they are often inscribed with Arabic calligraphy to symbolizes the words of God as taken from the [[Quran]]. More often is that the inscription glorifies the ruler whom the warrior is loyal to. Inscribed words of God from the Quran supposedly invoke the protective power of the God to the wearer. The inscriptions were sometimes inlaid with gold and silver, and decorated with arabesque motifs around the edges. Most inlaid of precious metals were done in later period when the helmet was no longer in use and was traded. Other turban helmets contain advises on how to attain virtue.<ref name="holy"/>
==See also==
{{commonscat|Turban helmets}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=AlexanderChristie |first=David G.Jan |date=20151996 |title=IslamicAncient Arms and Armor inHistory |chapter=The MetropolitanEarly MuseumIndonesian ofEconomy Art|editor-last=Miksic |urleditor-first=https://books.google.co.id/books?idJohn |url=QS-pCwAAQBAJ |location=New York CitySingapore |publisher=MetropolitanDidier Museum of ArtMillet |isbn=97815883957029813018267 |author-link= |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
{{Helmets}}
[[Category:Combat helmets]]
[[Category:Headgear]]
[[Category:Medieval helmets]]
[[Category:Military uniforms]]
[[Category:Personal armour]]
[[Category:Ancient currencies]]
=Rudus=
[[Category:Medieval currencies]]
{{Infobox weapon
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
|name= Rudus
| image= Sword (Rudus) and Scabbard MET DP701267.jpg
| image_size = 350
|caption= A rudus with a style distinctive to the region of northern Sumatra inhabited by the [[Acehnese people|Aceh]] and [[Pakpak people]].
|origin= [[Malay]] of [[Sumatra]]
|type= [[Sword]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_bladed= Yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by= [[Malay people]]
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|weight=
|length=
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
|blade_type=
|hilt_type= Wood
|sheath_type= Wood
|head_type=
|haft_type=
}}
A '''Rudus''' is a sword or cutlass associated with the [[Malay people|Malay culture of Sumatra]]. Together with the ''pemandap'', the rudus is among the largest swords of Malay people. Rudus is also a symbol of certain Malay state in the Island, e.g. the Province of [[Bengkulu]] in [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].{{sfn|Newbold|1839|p=212}}
=Batu Goa=
Rudus adalah senjata pedang atau golok yang diasosiasikan dengan kebudayaan [[Melayu]] di Sumatera. Bersama dengan pemandap, rudus termasuk kedalam senjata berukuran terbesar bangsa melayu.
[[File:Goa Stone and Gold Case MET DP116021.jpg|thumb|[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738 Goa Stone and container], probably from Goa, India, late 17th–early 18th century.]]
A '''Goa stone''' is a man-made [[Bezoar|bezoar]] that is considered to have medicinal and [[Talisman (disambiguation)|talismanic]] properties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Stone with Gold Case|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Goa stones were manufactured by [[Jesuits]] in the late [[Seventeenth century|seventeenth century]] in [[Goa]], [[India]], because naturally occurring bezoars were scarce.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bailly|first1=Muriel|title=Foolish Remedies: Goa Stone|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/foolish-remedies-goa-stone|website=Wellcome Collection|publisher=Wellcome Collection|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Their inventor was the Florentine lay brother Gaspar Antonio, and a Jesuit monopoly was confirmed by the Portuguese on March 6, 1691.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA317|title=An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa|last=Fonseca|first=José Nicolau da|date=1878|publisher=Thacker & Company, limited|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=317|language=en}}</ref> They were created by combining organic and inorganic materials including hair, shells, tusks, resin, and crushed gems, then shaping the materials into a ball and gilting it. Like [[bezoar]] stones, Goa stones were thought to prevent [[disease]] and cure [[poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bezoar Stone with Case and Stand|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/452963|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> They could be administered by shaving off small pieces into a drinkable beverage like [[water]], [[tea]], or [[wine]].
Goa stones were kept in ornate, solid [[gold]] or gilded cases that were believed to enhance the medicinal properties of the stones.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grundhauser|first1=Eric|title=The Man-Made Gut Stones Once Used to Thwart Assassination Attempts|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-manmade-gut-stones-once-used-to-thwart-assassination-attempts|website=Atlas Obscura|publisher=Atlas Obscura|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> The cases usually featured a busy network of [[filagree]], occasionally adorned with ornaments of animals, including [[monkeys]], [[unicorns]], [[dogs]], and [[parrots]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ekhtiar|first1=Maryam|title=Paradox|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4I_5H5EetEE|website=YouTube|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>
==Description==
The rudus is associated with the Islamic [[Malay culture]]. It is found to be more common in Sumatra than in the Malay peninsula. Together with the pemandap, the rudus is considered to be a symbol of the Sumatran Malay culture. The [[Acehnese people]] and the Malay of [[Bengkulu]] are recorded to have the rudus as their cultural identity. Rudus is also found in the Malay [[Banjar people]] of [[South Kalimantan]], where it was an official traditional weapon of the province of South Kalimantan, together with the [[kuduk]].{{sfn|Newbold|1839|p=212}}
Rudus diasosiasikan dengan kebudayaan melayu. Rudus lebih umum ditemukan di Sumatera daripada di tanjung melayu. Bersama dengan pemandap, rudus adalah simbol bangsa Melayu di Sumatera. Orang Aceh dan orang Melayu di Propinsi Bengkulu memasukkan rudus sebagai bagian dari identitas kebudayaannya. Rudus juga merupakan senjata tradisional orang-orang Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan, bersama dengan senjata kuduk.
In the Islamic period of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra was divided into multiple small sultanates that were at war with each other. The province of [[Bengkulu]] in South Sumatra alone had many sultanates, among the sultanates were the Sultanate of Sungai Serut, Selebar, Pat Petulai, Balai Buntar, Sungai Lemau, Sekiris, Gedung Agung and Marau Riang. These warring sultanate states would equip their warriors with weapons e.g. the [[badik]], rambai ayam and rudus. Rudus was also used in the ceremony of the election of the datuk, the chief of the [[adat]].<ref name="beng"/>
Selama masa periode Islam di Indonesia, pulau Sumatera terbagi atas kerajaan-kerajaan kecil yang saling berpernag satu sama lain. Masing-masong kerajaan ini memiliki prajuritnya masing-masing dan mengembangkan berbagai macam senjata perang seperti badik, rambai ayam, dan rudus. Selain sebagai senjata perang, rudus juga digunakan dalam upacara pengangkatan datuk.
During the colonial period, rudus was used by the natives as a form of resistance toward the colonial government. Because of this romanticized patriotic notion of using the rudus to rise against the oppressor, the rudus is featured in the seal of the [[Bengkulu]] province to symbolize heroism.<ref name="beng">{{cite web |url=http://www.kamerabudaya.com/2017/05/inilah-5-senjata-tradisional-dari-bengkulu.html |title=5 Senjata Tradisional Bengkulu |trans-title=Five Traditional Weapon of Bengkulu |language=Indonesian |publisher=Kamera Budaya |website=Kamera Budaya |ref=harv |date=2017}}</ref>
Selama masa kolonial, rudus digunakan oleh penduduk asli sebagai bentuk perlawanan terhadap pemerintah kolonial. Karena gagasan patriotik yang romantis ini dengan menggunakan rudus untuk bangkit melawan penindas, rudus ditampilkan di meterai provinsi Bengkulu untuk melambangkan kepahlawanan.
==Form==
[[File:Bengkulu_coa.png|thumb|120px|left|The seal of the province of [[Bengkulu]] features two rudus.]]
Rudus terdiri dari mata (secara harfiah "mata", mata pisau), ulu ("gagang"), dan sarung ("sarung"). [2]
Rudus sering ditulis dengan tulisan Jawi di bagian pedang, mis. pada pisau atau di gagangnya Skrip Jawi adalah sejenis alfabet Perso-Arab yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Melayu, terutama oleh orang Aceh, orang Banjar, dan Minangkabau. Pembuat pedang rudus akan mengukir tanggal selesainya pedang, serta namanya dan desa asalnya. Namun, dalam beberapa kasus, prasasti itu menunjukkan tanggal hiasan ulang pisau itu. Sebuah rudus yang disimpan di Metropolitan Museum of Art di New York City memiliki prasasti yang mengidentifikasi bahwa seniman tersebut berasal dari sebuah desa di Semenanjung Malaysia, namun bentuk hiasannya tidak endemik di Semenanjung Malaysia, namun lebih ke wilayah Sumatera utara yang dihuni oleh orang Aceh dan Batak Pakpak. Ini menunjukkan bahwa rudus dibuat di Sumatera dan kemudian didekorasi di negara tetangga Malaysia. [3]
Prasasti bisa ditulis di atas pisau atau di gagangnya. Contoh Museum Metropolitan Art memiliki prasasti bertatahkan emas. Beberapa memilih untuk mengukirnya di gagang kayu. [3]
Rudus dibawa tersandang di samping.
The rudus consists of the ''mata'' (literally "eyes", the blade), the ''ulu'' ("hilt"), and the ''sarung'' ("sheath").<ref name="beng"/>
The rudus is often inscribed with [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi script]] at parts of the sword, e.g. at the blade or at the hilt. The Jawi script is a kind of Perso-Arabic alphabet that was used for writing the Malay language, especially by the [[Aceh people|Acehnese]], [[Banjar people|Banjarese]], and [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]. The maker of the rudus sword would carve the date of the completion of the sword, as well as his name and his village of origin. In some cases however, the inscription indicated the date of the re-decoration of the blade. A rudus kept in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]] has inscription which identifies that the artist came from a village in Peninsular Malaysia, however the shape of the decoration is not endemic to the Peninsular Malaysia, but more to the northern Sumatran region which is inhabited by the [[Aceh people|Aceh]] and [[Pakpak people|the Batak Pakpak people]]. This indicates that the rudus was made in Sumatra and then decorated in neighboring Malaysia.<ref name="met"/>
Inscriptions can be written on the blade or on the hilt. The Metropolitan Museum of Art example has the inscriptions inlaid with gold. Some chose to carve it on its wooden hilt.<ref name="met">{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/662961 |title=Sword (Rudus) and Scabbard |language=Indonesian |ref=harv |publisher= The Metropolitan Museum of Art |website= The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=2017}}</ref>
The rudus is carried slung at the side.
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Newbold |first=T.J. |date=1839 |title=Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=RMcNAAAAQAAJ |location= |publisher=Oxford University |page= |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
{{Indonesian Weapons}}
[[Category:Swords]]
[[Category:Blade weapons]]
[[Category:Weapons of Indonesia]]
=Kulah khud=
[[File:Helmet MET DP152944.jpg|thumb|right|A style of helmet known as top in India. This top came from the Deccan region.]]
A '''kulah khud''' (known in India as '''top''') is a type of helmet worn by warriors across much of Indo-Persian world from late medieval times onward. Characteristic features are the mail aventail veil, the spike holder on top, and two to three plume holders.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=23}}
Kulah khud (dikenal di India dengan nama top) adalah sebuah tipe topi baja yang digunakan oleh prajurit-prajurit di daerah Indo-Persia dimulai dRi Abad Pertengahan. Ciri-ciri kulah khud adalah pelindung rantai yang terpasang di bagian bawah helm, duri di atas, dan dua tempat bulu di sisi kiri dan kanan.
==Form and origin==
Kulah khud mungkin berasal dari Asia Tengah. [2] Mereka dicatat untuk dipakai sebagian besar orang Indo-Persia di wilayah ini, mis. orang Arab, Persia, Turki dan India. Mereka biasanya terbuat dari baja. Kulah khud berbentuk mangkuk, baik rendah maupun datar, atau tinggi dan runcing. Ini mungkin berisi soket spike di bagian atas helm, yang menyerupai ujung tombak dengan bagian seperti salib. Dua (atau tiga) pemegang plume dilekatkan pada kedua sisi tengkorak, digunakan untuk memasang bulu seperti egret. [3] [4]
Fitur kulah khud yang paling mencolok adalah aventail surat besi dan kuningan atau kuningan dan tembaga yang tergantung di dasar helm untuk melindungi leher, bahu, dan bait pada wajah. Terkadang, surat aventail meluas ke bawah untuk menutupi mata dan bahkan hidungnya. Ujung bawah aventail surat sering bekerja dalam bentuk lonjakan segitiga, sehingga bisa tetap terbungkus relatif di sisi depan dan belakang bahu pejuang. [4]
Batang hidung geser yang terbuat dari besi atau baja menempel pada bagian depan helm dengan braket dan dapat disesuaikan pada posisinya. Bila tidak digunakan, bar hidung bisa diikat dengan kaitan dan kait, atau kadang dengan sekrup set. Dua ujung bar hidung diperluas menjadi piring, membentuk semacam finial. Di beberapa helm India, ujung bawah batang hidung sangat membesar dalam bentuk bulan sabit sehingga menutupi sebagian besar wajah di bawah mata. Ada versi langka dari kulah khud dimana ada tiga besi hidung untuk melindungi hidung dan pipi. [4]
The kulah khud probably originated in Central Asia.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=170}} They were recorded to be worn by most Indo-Persians of the region, e.g. the [[Arabs]], [[Persian]]s, [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Indian people|Indian]]. They were usually made of steel. Kulah khud is bowl-shaped, either low and flat, or high and pointed. it may contain a spike socket at the top of the helmet, which resembles a spearhead with its cross-like section. Two (or three) plume holders are attached on either side of the skull, used to mount feathers such as the [[egret]].{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=268}}{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
The kulah khud's most striking feature is the iron-and-brass or brass-and-copper mail aventail that hung at the base of the helmet to protect the neck, shoulders, and the temple of the face. Sometimes, the mail aventail extends down to cover the eyes and even the nose. The low end of the mail aventail is often worked in a form of triangular spikes, so that they could stay relatively affixed on the front- and back-side of the warrior's shoulder.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
A sliding nasal bar made of iron or steel is attached to the front of the helmet with a bracket and can be adjusted in position. When not in use, the nasal bar could be fastened up by a link and hook, or sometimes by a set screw. The two ends of the nasal bar expanded into plates, forming a kind of finial. In some of the Indian helmets, the lower end of the nasal bar is enormously enlarged in a crescent form so that it cover most of face below the eyes. There is a rare version of the kulah khud where there are three nasal irons to protect the nose and the cheeks.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
==Decoration==
[[File:Helmet, Arm Guard, and Shield MET 36.25.64 006mar2015.jpg|thumb|left|A highly ornate top from 18th-century Mughal warrior.]]
The kulah khud has a relatively similar identifiable form, but their decoration greatly varies. Parts of the kulah khud, especially the skull and the nasal bar, were heavily decorated with patterned motifs of inlaid brass, silver or gold; or decorated with figural images. A Mughal top helmet features calligraphic inscriptions from [[Quran]], supposedly to protect the wearer from harm or to gain a speedy victory. A top discovered in [[Gwalior]], India, features a skull-and-crossed-bones motif, a sign of European influence. The upper and lower finial of the nasal bar is also the focus of artistic decoration in the kulah khud. One example is an image of the elephant-headed Hindu god [[Ganesha]] carved on the upper finial of the nasal bar of a Sikh top.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=268}}
Kulah khud memiliki bentuk pengenal yang relatif sama, namun dekorasi mereka sangat beragam. Bagian dari kulah khud, terutama tengkorak dan nasal bar, dihiasi dengan motif bermotif kuningan, perak atau emas bertatah; atau dihiasi dengan gambar figural. Helm top Mughal menampilkan prasasti kaligrafi dari Quran, yang seharusnya melindungi pemakainya dari bahaya atau untuk mendapatkan kemenangan yang cepat. Bagian atas yang ditemukan di Gwalior, India, menampilkan motif tengkorak dan lintang tulang, tanda pengaruh Eropa. Bagian atas dan bawah nasal bar juga merupakan fokus hiasan artistik di kulah khud. Salah satu contohnya adalah gambar dewa Hindu berkepala gajah Ganesha yang diukir di ujung atas batang hidung bagian atas Sikh.
==Revival==
Despite modernization of Iran’s military in the nineteenth century, traditional armor continued to be manufactured. They are often served only for military parades, as costume for religious or historic plays, or as souvernirs. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/25031 |title=Helmet (Khula Khud) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
Meskipun modernisasi militer Iran di abad kesembilan belas, armor tradisional terus diproduksi. Mereka sering dilayani hanya untuk parade militer, sebagai kostum untuk drama religius atau sejarah, atau sebagai souvernir.
==Lihat juga==
{{commonscat|Kulah khud}}
==Referensi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
[[Kategori:Perang]]
=Dao=
{{Infobox weapon
|name= Dao
| image= Sword (Dao) with Scabbard and Baldric MET 36.25.1630a b 001 Mar2017.jpg
| image_size = 300px
|caption= Assamese Dao with scabbard, 19th-century
|origin= [[India]], [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]
|type= Sword
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_bladed= Yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by= [[Naga people]]
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|weight={{convert|266.5|g|oz}}
|length= {{convert|45|cm|inch}}-{{convert|65|cm|inch}}
|part_length=
|width={{convert|5.1|cm|inch}}
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
|blade_type= Single edge
|hilt_type= wood, cane
|sheath_type= wood, cane
|head_type=steel
|haft_type=
}}
'''Dao''' is the national sword of the [[Naga people]] of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. The sword, with its wooden hilt, and unique square form is used for digging as well as for killing.{{sfn|Burton|1987}}
Dao adalah senjata nasional dari orang Naga di [[Assam]] dan [[Nagaland]] di India. Dao memiliki fungsi yang beragam, mulai dari untuk berburu atau untuk memggali.
==Form==
Golok dao ditemukan di Assam dan Nagaland di timur laut India dimana orang-orang Naga tinggal. Dao memliki bentuk yang tebal dan berat, dengan panjabg bervariasi atara 45 hingga 65 centimeter. Bentuk dao unik karena ujungnya pedangnya melebar diujung dan mengecil di pangkal, sehingga bentuknya seperti kotak. Bentuk ini juga ditemukandi pedang dha, yang kemungkinan merupakan evolusi dari bentuk dha melalui kebudayaan Kachin di Burma.
Pedang dao berbentuk hampir lurus dengan lengkungan yang sangat tipis yang hanya dapat terlihat jika diobservasi lebih teliti. Pedang dao memiliki pinggir seperti dipahat. Bentuk uniknya adalah pedangnya menipis di pangkal dan melebar di ujung.
Pegangan dari dao terbuat dari kayu dan memiliki bentuk yang sangat sederhana, tanpa pelindung atau pangkal yang membesar. Akar bambu dianggap sebagai bahan baku paling baik untuk sebuah dao. Pegangan dao dililit dengan semacam anyaman untuk meyediakan pegangan yang kuat. Terkadang tutup perunggu ditempatkan dipangkal pegangan dao. Beberapa pegangan dao terbuat dari gading.
The dao broadsword can be found in the northeastern region of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] in [[India]] where the [[Naga people]] lives. The dao has a thick and heavy form, with length varies between {{convert|45|cm|inch}} to {{convert|65|cm|inch}}. The unique design of this long backsword is that instead of a point, the tip of the sword is a bevel, creating an appearance of a squarish shape. This form is also found in the Burmese [[dha (sword)|dha]] whose form is derived from the dao. The form of the dao was first adopted by the [[Kachin people]] who live along the Assam-Burma border and to the east, in the most mountainous regions of [[Upper Burma]]. From here the form would evolve to the more elongated dha.{{sfn|Greaves|Bowditch|Winston|2005}}
The blade of the Dao is almost straight, with a very minimal curve that can only be discerned upon close examination. The blade is heavy and chisel-edged. It has a unique form that it is narrowest at the hilt and the gradually broaden to the endpoint.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}}
The wooden hilt has a very simple shape, without a guard or without a distinguished pommel. Bamboo root is considered to be the best material for the hilt. The grip of the handle is sometimes wrapped with basketry. Sometimes the hilt is decorated with a bronze cap at the bottom.{{sfn|Greaves|Bowditch|Winston|2005}} The hilt may also be made of ivory, and occasionally can be well-carved.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}}
Dao is usually carried in an open-sided wooden scabbard which is fastened to a [[rattan]] belt hoop.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}} The scabbard is centrally hollowed out on one face.{{sfn|Greaves|Bowditch|Winston|2005}}
==Multi-function==
Dao mungkin merupakan satu-satu ya alat yang dipakai oleh orang Naga. Dao digunakan untuk bermacam-macam hal misalnya untuk membangun rumah, untuk menebang pohon, untuk menggali, untuk membuat anyaman, dwn untuk membuat perabot kayu. Dao juga digunakan sebagai senjata.
The dao is almost the only tool that was used by the Naga people. It is used for many purposes e.g. for building houses, to clear the forest, to dig the earth, to make the women's weaving tools, and to create any kind of wooden objects. The dao is also used as a weapon.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=The Book Of The Sword |last=Burton |first=Richard F. |publisher=Dover |year=1987 |location=London |isbn=0-486-25434-8 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.arscives.com/historysteel/continentalsea.article.htm |title=THE SWORDS OF CONTINENTAL SOUTHEAST ASIA |last1=Greaves |first1=Ian A. |last2=Bowditch |first2=Mark I. |last3=Winston |first3=Andrew Y. |date=2005 |website=Ars Cives Creativity |publisher=Ars Cives Creativity |access-date=November 15, 2017 |quote= |ref=harv}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.vikingsword.com/ethsword/nagadao/index.html |title=Sword-daos of the Hill Tribes of Assam and Nagaland (northeastern India) and of the Kachin Peoples (northern Burma (Myanmar)) |last=Jones |first=Lee A. |date=1999 |website=Viking Sword |publisher=Viking Sword |access-date=November 15, 2017 |quote= |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=van Zonneveld |first=Albert G. |date=2001 |title=Traditional Weapons of the Indonesian Archipelago |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DMneAAAAMAAJ |location=|publisher=C. Zwartenkot Art Books |isbn=9789054500049|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
== References ==
{{Swords by region}}
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. -->
{{reflist}}
[[Category:SoutheastHistory Asianof swordsmedicine in India]]
[[Category:BladeColonial weaponsGoa]]
[[Category:Jesuit Asia missions]]
[[Category:Containers]]
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