|
=Koin kuno di Indonesia=
=Piha kaetta=
[[File:MET 1998 544 238 1 18.jpeg|thumb|right|1 masa koin emas masing-masing 5 milimeter.]]
[[File:Knife (Piha Kaetta) with Sheath MET 20.138.2ab 003may2014.jpg|thumb|right|Piha kaetta, salah satu tradisional Sri Lanka. Piha kaetta ini memiliki gagang yang terbuat dari perak.]]
By the 10th-century, Java had the most complex economies in [[Southeast Asia]]. Despite the importance of rice farming which acts as a king of tax income for the Javanese courts, the influx of sea trade in Asia between the 10th and 13th centuries forced a more convenient currency to the Javanese economy. During the late 8th-century, a kind of ingots made of gold and silver were introduced. These are the '''Early Indonesian coins'''.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
'''Piha kaetta''' adalah sebuah pisau yang berasal dari pulau [[Sri Lanka]]. Piha kaetta memiliki pisau yang punggungnya lurus dan sisi tajamnya melengkung. Piha kaetta diasosiasikan dengan bangsawan Sri Lanka. Pada zaman dahulu, kebanyakan ''piha kaetta'' diproduksi di bengkel-bengkel milik kerajaan. Pisau piha kaetta sering kali ditoreh dengan tatahan perak dan memiliki sarung pedang yagn terbuat dari gading.
==Early development in Central Java==
==Pisau belati di Asia Selatan==
In Java, rice farming was still the main occupation of most households in the village. This continued to provide most of the tax income of the Javanese courts. Later in the period, the northern coasts of Java and Bali became the main center of an affluent export trade in local agricultural products and manufactures, as well as spices e.g. [[sandalwood]] from east of Indonesia. These trade brought shipping industry to distant markets e.g. China and India. The increasing intensity of trade called for a convenient currency in the Javanese society.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=98}}
Selama masa keemasan [[Kekaisaran Mughal]] di India antara abad-16 sampai awal abad ke-18, pedang-pedang untuk alat perang mulai diproduksi secara meluas. Belati ini dikenal dengan kualitasnya yang tinggi, hiasannya yang halus dan rumit, dan bentuknya yang elegan. Bentuk-bentuk elegan pada senjata perang Kekaisaran Mughal ditemukan pada banyak belati dan pisau selama periode tersebut. Bentuk-bentuk ini menunjukkan pengaruh dari dunia Islam yang kuat. Banyak dari belati-belati ini bersifat royal dan hanya dipakai oleh para pangeran atau bangsawan untuk membela diri, untuk berburu, atau untuk sekedar dipamerkan. Dalam pertempuran, mereka adalah senjata penting di pertempuran jarak dekat, dan mampu menusuk baju besi prajurit India.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=134}}
During the late 8th-century money took the form of ingots made of gold and silver. These are the earliest recorded coins in Indonesia. The currency in Indonesia is based on weight; the most common units were the ''[[catty|kati]]'' of {{convert|750|g|oz}}, ''[[tael|tahil]]'' of {{convert|38|g|oz}}, ''masa'' {{convert|2.4|g|oz}} and ''kupang'' {{convert|0.6|g|oz}}. These units were legal tender for tax payments. The ''kati'', ''tahil'', ''masa'' and ''kupang'' units remained in use up until the Dutch period. Several trade jargon were introduced in this period, e.g. the Javanese ''wli'', which became the modern Indonesian ''beli'' ("buy"), and the Sanskrit ''wyaya'', modern Indonesian term ''biaya'' ("expenses") appears in two inscriptions both dated 878 AD. The Javanese coins have no parallels with the style of Indian coins. Most of the Javanese coins were found within the Javanese [[Shailendra dynasty|kingdom of Shailendra]].{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
Antara akhir abad ke-17 sampai abad ke-18, Sri Lanka mulai memproduksi piha kaetta secara lokal. Piha kaetta adalah semacam pisau dengan tepi yang anggun yang didesain serupa dengan desain pisau-pisau lain yang ditemukan di anak benua [[India]]. Berbeda dengan pisau yang ditemukan di India yang dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan Mughal dan sering kali digunakan dalam pertempuran, pisau piha kaetta milik Sri Lanka lebih sering digunakan untuk pekerjaan sehari-hari seperti pekerjaan pertanian atau di hutan belantara. Piha kaetta dengan desain terbaik dibuat di "empat lokakarya" (''pattal-hatara''), sejenis pabrik kerajaan untuk kelompok pengrajin-pengrajin terpilih yang dipekerjaan khusus untuk istana kerajaan, atau untuk orang lain yang diberikan izin oleh raja. Nama "empat lokakarya" mengacu pada masing-masing lokakarya "permata", "mahkota", "pedang emas", dan "tahta". Di Sri Lanka, seni bangunan, seni lukis, seni ukiran gading, seni perhiasan, dan lain sebagainya berada di tangan sebuah persekutuan pengrajin atau kasta pengrajin yang secara turun menurun selalu menempati posisi yang terhormat.{{sfn|Wright|1907|pp=181-2}}
==Bentuk=Gold coins===
[[File:MET 1998 544 240.jpeg|thumb|right|A gold coin of probably the highest denomination of ''ka''.]]
[[File:Dagger (Piha Kaetta) with Stylus and Sheath MET 32.75.251a-c 005june2014.jpg|thumb|left|Piha kaetta ini memiliki stylus yang dibawa didalam sarung pisaunya.]]
Most gold coins of 9th and early 10th century Java are stamped with the character ''ta'' in [[Nāgarī script|nagari script]] on one side, an abbreviation of ''tahil''. The same character remain on coins until the [[Kediri Kingdom]] period in the 12th-century.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}} Gold coins were usually made in the shape of cubes, carefully crafted and very uniform and size and gold content.
Piha kaetta memiliki pisau berat dengan tebal sekitar {{convert|0.5|inch|cm}} sampai {{convert|2|inch|cm}} dan panjang sekitar {{convert|5|inch|cm}} sampai {{convert|8|inch|cm}}. Piha kaetta memiliki panel yang bertatahkan logam mulia di bagian belakang pisanya, dan ujung lurus yang melengkung begitu mendekati tip nya. Nama ''Kaetta'' yang berarti "paruh burung", mungkin mengacu pada ujung melengkungnya.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=498}}
===Silver coins===
Piha kaetta yang paling sederhana biasanya terbuat dari baja dengan gagang yang terbuat dari kayu atau tanduk. Piha kaetta berkualitas tinggi selalu memiliki hiasan ornamen yang halus, biasanya di bagian belakang pisau dimana pada bagian tersebut pisau kaetta diukir dengan campuran panel hias perak dan kuningan; atau diukir dengan sangat dalam dan ditutupi dengan daun perak tipis yang tertempel didalam cekungan ukiran. Pegangan piha kaetta berkualitas tinggi biasanya terbuat dari kombinasi bermacam-macam bahan baku seperti logam mulia (emas, perak, kuningan, tembaga, batu kristal, gading, tanduk, baja atau kayu. Gagang ini dibentuk dengan bentuk-bentuk yang sangat khas, terkadang dibentuk seperti kepala sebuah makhluk dari mitologi atau dibentuk seperti ular naga.<ref name="alj">{{cite web |url=http://www.aljantiques.com/inventory/country-of-origin/ceylon/a-fine-sinhalese-knife-pihiya-with-sheath-sri-lanka-late-17th-early-18th-century.html |title=A Fine Sinhalese Knife Piha-Kaetta (Pihiya) with Sheath, Sri Lanka, Late 17th early 18th Century |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=ALJ Antiques |publisher=ALJ Antiques |access-date=November 13, 2017 |quote=}}</ref>{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=498}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Prent voorstellende door Engelse particulieren voor Sumatra geslagen munten TMnr 93-4-9.jpg|thumb|left|Sandalwood decoration or quatrefoil appeared in the silver ingot on the picture below.]]
Central Javanese silver coins have very different shape compared with the gold coins. Most silver coins are round and known as "sandalwood flower" coins referring to the four-petaled flower (quatrefoil) found on the reverse. The silver coins lasted from the early 9th until the 14th century. The same flower appears on one side of older silver ingots from central Java; the other side is stamped with a flowing vase design, which is never found on coins. The observe of the sandalwood flower coins are stamped with the nagiri character ''ma'' (abbreviation of ''masa'').{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
Unlike the gold coins, the silver coins changed rapidly. In only one century, the character ''ma'' degenerated very quickly, perhaps because it is different with the Javanese [[Kawi script|Kawi letter]] for ''ma''. The shape also changed; in the early 10th-century, the shape of one masa changed from a thick and flat coin, to a thin and cup-shaped coin. The silver coins were presumably served as small change. The silver coins were probably created by smiths in the market for use in market transactions.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
Seringkali terdapat stylus bertatahkan perak dibawa didalam sarung pisau piha kaetta.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=498}}
In Java, beginning at the end of the 10th-century and onwards, more and more Chinese copper coins were imported in greater quantities, as well as Chinese cash and local copies, known as ''pisis''. These coins began to displace the silver alloy coins as small denomination currency. By the mid-14th century, there were so many ''pisis'' in circulation, that the Javanese court recognized them as official currency for tax purposes.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
==Lihat juga==
{{commonscat|Piha Kaetta}}
==ReferensiSumatran coins==
In Sumatra, coins were first minted in the 11th-century. Similar sandalwood flower coins like those in Java were discovered in Sumatra, but more of these were made of gold, [[electrum]], and silver alloy. Several 11th-century sites in Sumatra including [[Barus]], [[Bengkulu]], and [[Muara Jambi]] were abundant of gold coins, while silver is rare. Similar coins were found also in [[South Thailand]]. The Sumatran silver alloy examples are very well made compared with the Javanese silver coins.
{{reflist|30em}}
Curiously, no coins have been found at Palembang, said to be the center of the Sriwijayan economy. This suggests that coins may have had a limited role in the early Sriwijayan economy. International trade might have been conducted either through the mechanism known as [[tributary trade]] or in other form known as administered trade. In administered trade system, equivalencies were established between commodities through diplomatic negotiations rather than bargaining.{{sfn|Christie|1996|p=99}}
==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Arnold|date=1907 |title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC |location=|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120613355|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
==Legacy==
[[Kategori:Pisau]]
The gold [[piloncitos]] of the Philippines are a late offshoot of the Indonesian gold coinage, while the bean-like silver "namo" series, of the Malay isthmus was presumably an offshoot of the silver and may have evolved into the bullet (Pod-Duang) coinage of [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]] in [[Thailand]].<ref>http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html</ref>
[[Kategori:Sri Lanka]]
==See also==
=Topi baja turban=
{{commonscat|Early Indonesian coins}}
[[File:Turban Helmet MET DP219400.jpg|thumb|right|Late 15th-century turban helmet in the style of Turkmen armor.]]
*[[Piloncito]]
Topi baja turban adalah sebuah tipe topi baja dari [[Turki]] yang berukuran besar dan dikenal dengan bentuknya yang seperti bawang dan lekukan nya yang seperti kain. Nama topi baha turban diambil dari cara pemakaiannya yang biasa dipakai di atas turban. Topi baja turban biasa ditemukan di daerah dimana Kekaisaran Ottoman pernah berkuasa.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=23}}
==Reference==
==Bentuk dan evolusi==
{{reflist|30em}}
Topi baja Turki paling awal berbentuk kerucut dengan plat, rantai atau bantalan pelindung leher. Sejak pertengahan abad ke-14 hingga kira-kira awal abad ke-16 ukuran topi baja Turki menjadi semakin besar dan sering kali dihiasi dengan ukiran-ukiran kompleks.{{sfn|Alexander|2015|p=70}} Topi baja [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] ini dikenakan oleh prajurit yang mengenakan kain turban di kepalanya, dan oleh karena itu topi baja ini diberi nama topi baja turban. Topi baja turban dikenal dengan bentuk lengkungannya yang berukuran besar. Beberapa contoh topi baja turban memiliki lekukan yang berbentuk spiral dan melandai kebawah, kemungkinan meniru lipatan-lipatan turban. Bentuk khas ini dihasilkan dengan cara menempat piringan besi atau baja tunggal langsung. Finial pada ujung atas topi baja turban dikerjakan secara terpisah. Tepi topi baja turban dipahat membentuk lekukan di atas mata. Selanjutnya pelindung elher yang terbuat dari logam dipasangkan ke bagian tepi topi turban yang kemudian diikat dengan menggunakan tali.{{sfn|Alexander|2015|p=70}} Elemen ''aventail'' topi baja turban, yaitu sebuah jala terbuat dari logam yang fleksibel, menutupi bagian wajah dan leher. Aventail biasanya dipasang dengan segel timbal yang diberi cap simbol yang biasa digunakan di keprajuritan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/50.87/ |title=Helmet with Aventail |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=November 13, 2017 |quote=}}</ref> Pada bagian depan topi baja turban terdapat batangan besi pelindung hidung yang bisa diatur posisinya. Batangan pelindung hidung ini dipasang ke topi baha turban dengan menggunakan sebuah braket logam yang dipasang di sisi depan topi baja, diantara bukaan untuk mata.{{sfn|Alexander|2015|p=69}}
==Dekorasi==
[[File:Turban Helmet MET DP147136.jpg|thumb|left|Topi baja turban dari akhir abad ke-15 yang bertahtakan perak dan emas.]]
Di Turki Utsmani, kelompok [[Dervish|darwis]] tertentu mengenakan turban yang dilipat dengan jumlah yang mengikuti sebuah peraturan, setiap lipatan mewakili sebuah angka mistis dalam dunia Persufian Islam. Kemungkinan lekukan-lekukan pada topi baja turban dimaksudkan untuk menjadi simbol bahwa perang yang dilakukan oleh prajurit Turki Utsmani tersebut adalah berhubungan dengan misi relijius. Simbolisme agama yang ada pada topi baja turban menunjukkan bahwa pemakainya adalah seorang pejuang dalam sebuah [[Perang Suci]]. Topi baja turban yang berukuran berat ini, bersama dengan baju zirah pengenanya, dimaksudkan untuk dikenakan oleh kavaleri berat.<ref name="holy">{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/21978 |title=Turban Helmet |date=2017 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=November 13, 2017 |quote=}}</ref>
Karena sifat religius dari helm turban, mereka sering kali topi baja turban tersebut memiliki tulisan kaligrafi Arab yang melambangkan kata-kata Allah yang diambil dari Quran. Tulisan-tulisan tersebut sering kali memuliakan penguasa yang diikuti oleh prajurit tersebut. Kata-kata atau doa-doa yang disadur dari Quram dipercaya dapat memberikan kekuatan tambahan kepada pemakainya atau meminta perlindungan kepada Allah. Tulisan-tulisan ini terkadang bertatahkan emas atau perak, dan dihiasi dengan motif-motif arabesque disekelilingnya. Tambahan tatahn logam mulia biasa dilakukan di kemudian hari ketika topi baja tersebut tidak digunakan dan menjadi semacam barang dekorasi yang dipamerkan. Beberapa topi baja turban berisi tulisan-tulisan yang mengajarkna kebajikan.<ref name="holy"/>
==Lihat juga==
{{commonscat|Turban helmets|Topi baja turban}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=AlexanderChristie |first=David G.Jan |date=20151996 |title=IslamicAncient Arms and Armor inHistory |chapter=The MetropolitanEarly MuseumIndonesian ofEconomy Art|editor-last=Miksic |urleditor-first=https://books.google.co.id/books?idJohn |url=QS-pCwAAQBAJ |location=New York CitySingapore |publisher=MetropolitanDidier Museum of ArtMillet |isbn=97815883957029813018267 |author-link= |ref=harv }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
{{Helmets}}
[[Kategori:Turki]]
[[Kategori:Topi]]
[[Category:Ancient currencies]]
=Rudus=
[[Category:Medieval currencies]]
{{Infobox weapon
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
|name= Rudus
| image= Sword (Rudus) and Scabbard MET DP701267.jpg
| image_size = 350
|caption= A rudus with a style distinctive to the region of northern Sumatra inhabited by the [[Acehnese people|Aceh]] and [[Pakpak people]].
|origin= [[Malay]] of [[Sumatra]]
|type= [[Sword]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_bladed= Yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by= [[Malay people]]
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|weight=
|length=
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
|blade_type=
|hilt_type= Wood
|sheath_type= Wood
|head_type=
|haft_type=
}}
A '''Rudus''' is a sword or cutlass associated with the [[Malay people|Malay culture of Sumatra]]. Together with the ''pemandap'', the rudus is among the largest swords of Malay people. Rudus is also a symbol of certain Malay state in the Island, e.g. the Province of [[Bengkulu]] in [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].{{sfn|Newbold|1839|p=212}}
=Batu Goa=
Rudus adalah senjata pedang atau golok yang diasosiasikan dengan kebudayaan [[Melayu]] di Sumatera. Bersama dengan pemandap, rudus termasuk kedalam senjata berukuran terbesar bangsa melayu.
[[File:Goa Stone and Gold Case MET DP116021.jpg|thumb|[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738 Goa Stone and container], probably from Goa, India, late 17th–early 18th century.]]
A '''Goa stone''' is a man-made [[Bezoar|bezoar]] that is considered to have medicinal and [[Talisman (disambiguation)|talismanic]] properties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Stone with Gold Case|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Goa stones were manufactured by [[Jesuits]] in the late [[Seventeenth century|seventeenth century]] in [[Goa]], [[India]], because naturally occurring bezoars were scarce.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bailly|first1=Muriel|title=Foolish Remedies: Goa Stone|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/foolish-remedies-goa-stone|website=Wellcome Collection|publisher=Wellcome Collection|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Their inventor was the Florentine lay brother Gaspar Antonio, and a Jesuit monopoly was confirmed by the Portuguese on March 6, 1691.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA317|title=An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa|last=Fonseca|first=José Nicolau da|date=1878|publisher=Thacker & Company, limited|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=317|language=en}}</ref> They were created by combining organic and inorganic materials including hair, shells, tusks, resin, and crushed gems, then shaping the materials into a ball and gilting it. Like [[bezoar]] stones, Goa stones were thought to prevent [[disease]] and cure [[poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bezoar Stone with Case and Stand|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/452963|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> They could be administered by shaving off small pieces into a drinkable beverage like [[water]], [[tea]], or [[wine]].
Goa stones were kept in ornate, solid [[gold]] or gilded cases that were believed to enhance the medicinal properties of the stones.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grundhauser|first1=Eric|title=The Man-Made Gut Stones Once Used to Thwart Assassination Attempts|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-manmade-gut-stones-once-used-to-thwart-assassination-attempts|website=Atlas Obscura|publisher=Atlas Obscura|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> The cases usually featured a busy network of [[filagree]], occasionally adorned with ornaments of animals, including [[monkeys]], [[unicorns]], [[dogs]], and [[parrots]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ekhtiar|first1=Maryam|title=Paradox|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4I_5H5EetEE|website=YouTube|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>
==Description==
The rudus is associated with the Islamic [[Malay culture]]. It is found to be more common in Sumatra than in the Malay peninsula. Together with the pemandap, the rudus is considered to be a symbol of the Sumatran Malay culture. The [[Acehnese people]] and the Malay of [[Bengkulu]] are recorded to have the rudus as their cultural identity. Rudus is also found in the Malay [[Banjar people]] of [[South Kalimantan]], where it was an official traditional weapon of the province of South Kalimantan, together with the [[kuduk]].{{sfn|Newbold|1839|p=212}}
Rudus diasosiasikan dengan kebudayaan melayu. Rudus lebih umum ditemukan di Sumatera daripada di tanjung melayu. Bersama dengan pemandap, rudus adalah simbol bangsa Melayu di Sumatera. Orang Aceh dan orang Melayu di Propinsi Bengkulu memasukkan rudus sebagai bagian dari identitas kebudayaannya. Rudus juga merupakan senjata tradisional orang-orang Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan, bersama dengan senjata kuduk.
In the Islamic period of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra was divided into multiple small sultanates that were at war with each other. The province of [[Bengkulu]] in South Sumatra alone had many sultanates, among the sultanates were the Sultanate of Sungai Serut, Selebar, Pat Petulai, Balai Buntar, Sungai Lemau, Sekiris, Gedung Agung and Marau Riang. These warring sultanate states would equip their warriors with weapons e.g. the [[badik]], rambai ayam and rudus. Rudus was also used in the ceremony of the election of the datuk, the chief of the [[adat]].<ref name="beng"/>
Selama masa periode Islam di Indonesia, pulau Sumatera terbagi atas kerajaan-kerajaan kecil yang saling berpernag satu sama lain. Masing-masong kerajaan ini memiliki prajuritnya masing-masing dan mengembangkan berbagai macam senjata perang seperti badik, rambai ayam, dan rudus. Selain sebagai senjata perang, rudus juga digunakan dalam upacara pengangkatan datuk.
During the colonial period, rudus was used by the natives as a form of resistance toward the colonial government. Because of this romanticized patriotic notion of using the rudus to rise against the oppressor, the rudus is featured in the seal of the [[Bengkulu]] province to symbolize heroism.<ref name="beng">{{cite web |url=http://www.kamerabudaya.com/2017/05/inilah-5-senjata-tradisional-dari-bengkulu.html |title=5 Senjata Tradisional Bengkulu |trans-title=Five Traditional Weapon of Bengkulu |language=Indonesian |publisher=Kamera Budaya |website=Kamera Budaya |ref=harv |date=2017}}</ref>
Selama masa kolonial, rudus digunakan oleh penduduk asli sebagai bentuk perlawanan terhadap pemerintah kolonial. Karena gagasan patriotik yang romantis ini dengan menggunakan rudus untuk bangkit melawan penindas, rudus ditampilkan di meterai provinsi Bengkulu untuk melambangkan kepahlawanan.
==Form==
[[File:Bengkulu_coa.png|thumb|120px|left|The seal of the province of [[Bengkulu]] features two rudus.]]
Rudus terdiri dari mata (secara harfiah "mata", mata pisau), ulu ("gagang"), dan sarung ("sarung"). [2]
Rudus sering ditulis dengan tulisan Jawi di bagian pedang, mis. pada pisau atau di gagangnya Skrip Jawi adalah sejenis alfabet Perso-Arab yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Melayu, terutama oleh orang Aceh, orang Banjar, dan Minangkabau. Pembuat pedang rudus akan mengukir tanggal selesainya pedang, serta namanya dan desa asalnya. Namun, dalam beberapa kasus, prasasti itu menunjukkan tanggal hiasan ulang pisau itu. Sebuah rudus yang disimpan di Metropolitan Museum of Art di New York City memiliki prasasti yang mengidentifikasi bahwa seniman tersebut berasal dari sebuah desa di Semenanjung Malaysia, namun bentuk hiasannya tidak endemik di Semenanjung Malaysia, namun lebih ke wilayah Sumatera utara yang dihuni oleh orang Aceh dan Batak Pakpak. Ini menunjukkan bahwa rudus dibuat di Sumatera dan kemudian didekorasi di negara tetangga Malaysia. [3]
Prasasti bisa ditulis di atas pisau atau di gagangnya. Contoh Museum Metropolitan Art memiliki prasasti bertatahkan emas. Beberapa memilih untuk mengukirnya di gagang kayu. [3]
Rudus dibawa tersandang di samping.
The rudus consists of the ''mata'' (literally "eyes", the blade), the ''ulu'' ("hilt"), and the ''sarung'' ("sheath").<ref name="beng"/>
The rudus is often inscribed with [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi script]] at parts of the sword, e.g. at the blade or at the hilt. The Jawi script is a kind of Perso-Arabic alphabet that was used for writing the Malay language, especially by the [[Aceh people|Acehnese]], [[Banjar people|Banjarese]], and [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]. The maker of the rudus sword would carve the date of the completion of the sword, as well as his name and his village of origin. In some cases however, the inscription indicated the date of the re-decoration of the blade. A rudus kept in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]] has inscription which identifies that the artist came from a village in Peninsular Malaysia, however the shape of the decoration is not endemic to the Peninsular Malaysia, but more to the northern Sumatran region which is inhabited by the [[Aceh people|Aceh]] and [[Pakpak people|the Batak Pakpak people]]. This indicates that the rudus was made in Sumatra and then decorated in neighboring Malaysia.<ref name="met"/>
Inscriptions can be written on the blade or on the hilt. The Metropolitan Museum of Art example has the inscriptions inlaid with gold. Some chose to carve it on its wooden hilt.<ref name="met">{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/662961 |title=Sword (Rudus) and Scabbard |language=Indonesian |ref=harv |publisher= The Metropolitan Museum of Art |website= The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=2017}}</ref>
The rudus is carried slung at the side.
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Newbold |first=T.J. |date=1839 |title=Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=RMcNAAAAQAAJ |location= |publisher=Oxford University |page= |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
{{Indonesian Weapons}}
[[Category:Swords]]
[[Category:Blade weapons]]
[[Category:Weapons of Indonesia]]
=Kulah khud=
[[File:Helmet MET DP152944.jpg|thumb|right|A style of helmet known as top in India. This top came from the Deccan region.]]
A '''kulah khud''' (known in India as '''top''') is a type of helmet worn by warriors across much of Indo-Persian world from late medieval times onward. Characteristic features are the mail aventail veil, the spike holder on top, and two to three plume holders.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=23}}
Kulah khud (dikenal di India dengan nama top) adalah sebuah tipe topi baja yang digunakan oleh prajurit-prajurit di daerah Indo-Persia dimulai dRi Abad Pertengahan. Ciri-ciri kulah khud adalah pelindung rantai yang terpasang di bagian bawah helm, duri di atas, dan dua tempat bulu di sisi kiri dan kanan.
==Form and origin==
Kulah khud mungkin berasal dari Asia Tengah. [2] Mereka dicatat untuk dipakai sebagian besar orang Indo-Persia di wilayah ini, mis. orang Arab, Persia, Turki dan India. Mereka biasanya terbuat dari baja. Kulah khud berbentuk mangkuk, baik rendah maupun datar, atau tinggi dan runcing. Ini mungkin berisi soket spike di bagian atas helm, yang menyerupai ujung tombak dengan bagian seperti salib. Dua (atau tiga) pemegang plume dilekatkan pada kedua sisi tengkorak, digunakan untuk memasang bulu seperti egret. [3] [4]
Fitur kulah khud yang paling mencolok adalah aventail surat besi dan kuningan atau kuningan dan tembaga yang tergantung di dasar helm untuk melindungi leher, bahu, dan bait pada wajah. Terkadang, surat aventail meluas ke bawah untuk menutupi mata dan bahkan hidungnya. Ujung bawah aventail surat sering bekerja dalam bentuk lonjakan segitiga, sehingga bisa tetap terbungkus relatif di sisi depan dan belakang bahu pejuang. [4]
Batang hidung geser yang terbuat dari besi atau baja menempel pada bagian depan helm dengan braket dan dapat disesuaikan pada posisinya. Bila tidak digunakan, bar hidung bisa diikat dengan kaitan dan kait, atau kadang dengan sekrup set. Dua ujung bar hidung diperluas menjadi piring, membentuk semacam finial. Di beberapa helm India, ujung bawah batang hidung sangat membesar dalam bentuk bulan sabit sehingga menutupi sebagian besar wajah di bawah mata. Ada versi langka dari kulah khud dimana ada tiga besi hidung untuk melindungi hidung dan pipi. [4]
The kulah khud probably originated in Central Asia.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=170}} They were recorded to be worn by most Indo-Persians of the region, e.g. the [[Arabs]], [[Persian]]s, [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Indian people|Indian]]. They were usually made of steel. Kulah khud is bowl-shaped, either low and flat, or high and pointed. it may contain a spike socket at the top of the helmet, which resembles a spearhead with its cross-like section. Two (or three) plume holders are attached on either side of the skull, used to mount feathers such as the [[egret]].{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=268}}{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
The kulah khud's most striking feature is the iron-and-brass or brass-and-copper mail aventail that hung at the base of the helmet to protect the neck, shoulders, and the temple of the face. Sometimes, the mail aventail extends down to cover the eyes and even the nose. The low end of the mail aventail is often worked in a form of triangular spikes, so that they could stay relatively affixed on the front- and back-side of the warrior's shoulder.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
A sliding nasal bar made of iron or steel is attached to the front of the helmet with a bracket and can be adjusted in position. When not in use, the nasal bar could be fastened up by a link and hook, or sometimes by a set screw. The two ends of the nasal bar expanded into plates, forming a kind of finial. In some of the Indian helmets, the lower end of the nasal bar is enormously enlarged in a crescent form so that it cover most of face below the eyes. There is a rare version of the kulah khud where there are three nasal irons to protect the nose and the cheeks.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
==Decoration==
[[File:Helmet, Arm Guard, and Shield MET 36.25.64 006mar2015.jpg|thumb|left|A highly ornate top from 18th-century Mughal warrior.]]
The kulah khud has a relatively similar identifiable form, but their decoration greatly varies. Parts of the kulah khud, especially the skull and the nasal bar, were heavily decorated with patterned motifs of inlaid brass, silver or gold; or decorated with figural images. A Mughal top helmet features calligraphic inscriptions from [[Quran]], supposedly to protect the wearer from harm or to gain a speedy victory. A top discovered in [[Gwalior]], India, features a skull-and-crossed-bones motif, a sign of European influence. The upper and lower finial of the nasal bar is also the focus of artistic decoration in the kulah khud. One example is an image of the elephant-headed Hindu god [[Ganesha]] carved on the upper finial of the nasal bar of a Sikh top.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=268}}
Kulah khud memiliki bentuk pengenal yang relatif sama, namun dekorasi mereka sangat beragam. Bagian dari kulah khud, terutama tengkorak dan nasal bar, dihiasi dengan motif bermotif kuningan, perak atau emas bertatah; atau dihiasi dengan gambar figural. Helm top Mughal menampilkan prasasti kaligrafi dari Quran, yang seharusnya melindungi pemakainya dari bahaya atau untuk mendapatkan kemenangan yang cepat. Bagian atas yang ditemukan di Gwalior, India, menampilkan motif tengkorak dan lintang tulang, tanda pengaruh Eropa. Bagian atas dan bawah nasal bar juga merupakan fokus hiasan artistik di kulah khud. Salah satu contohnya adalah gambar dewa Hindu berkepala gajah Ganesha yang diukir di ujung atas batang hidung bagian atas Sikh.
==Revival==
Despite modernization of Iran’s military in the nineteenth century, traditional armor continued to be manufactured. They are often served only for military parades, as costume for religious or historic plays, or as souvernirs. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/25031 |title=Helmet (Khula Khud) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
Meskipun modernisasi militer Iran di abad kesembilan belas, armor tradisional terus diproduksi. Mereka sering dilayani hanya untuk parade militer, sebagai kostum untuk drama religius atau sejarah, atau sebagai souvernir.
==Lihat juga==
{{commonscat|Kulah khud}}
==Referensi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
[[Kategori:Perang]]
=Dao=
{{Infobox weapon
|name= Dao
| image= Sword (Dao) with Scabbard and Baldric MET 36.25.1630a b 001 Mar2017.jpg
| image_size = 300px
|caption= Assamese Dao with scabbard, 19th-century
|origin= [[India]], [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]
|type= Sword
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_bladed= Yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by= [[Naga people]]
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|unit_cost=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=
|weight={{convert|266.5|g|oz}}
|length= {{convert|45|cm|inch}}-{{convert|65|cm|inch}}
|part_length=
|width={{convert|5.1|cm|inch}}
|height=
|diameter=
|crew=
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
|blade_type= Single edge
|hilt_type= wood, cane
|sheath_type= wood, cane
|head_type=steel
|haft_type=
}}
'''Dao''' is the national sword of the [[Naga people]] of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. The sword, with its wooden hilt, and unique square form is used for digging as well as for killing.{{sfn|Burton|1987}}
Dao adalah senjata nasional dari orang Naga di [[Assam]] dan [[Nagaland]] di India. Dao memiliki fungsi yang beragam, mulai dari untuk berburu atau untuk memggali.
==Form==
Golok dao ditemukan di Assam dan Nagaland di timur laut India dimana orang-orang Naga tinggal. Dao memliki bentuk yang tebal dan berat, dengan panjabg bervariasi atara 45 hingga 65 centimeter. Bentuk dao unik karena ujungnya pedangnya melebar diujung dan mengecil di pangkal, sehingga bentuknya seperti kotak. Bentuk ini juga ditemukandi pedang dha, yang kemungkinan merupakan evolusi dari bentuk dha melalui kebudayaan Kachin di Burma.
Pedang dao berbentuk hampir lurus dengan lengkungan yang sangat tipis yang hanya dapat terlihat jika diobservasi lebih teliti. Pedang dao memiliki pinggir seperti dipahat. Bentuk uniknya adalah pedangnya menipis di pangkal dan melebar di ujung.
Pegangan dari dao terbuat dari kayu dan memiliki bentuk yang sangat sederhana, tanpa pelindung atau pangkal yang membesar. Akar bambu dianggap sebagai bahan baku paling baik untuk sebuah dao. Pegangan dao dililit dengan semacam anyaman untuk meyediakan pegangan yang kuat. Terkadang tutup perunggu ditempatkan dipangkal pegangan dao. Beberapa pegangan dao terbuat dari gading.
The dao broadsword can be found in the northeastern region of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] in [[India]] where the [[Naga people]] lives. The dao has a thick and heavy form, with length varies between {{convert|45|cm|inch}} to {{convert|65|cm|inch}}. The unique design of this long backsword is that instead of a point, the tip of the sword is a bevel, creating an appearance of a squarish shape. This form is also found in the Burmese [[dha (sword)|dha]] whose form is derived from the dao. The form of the dao was first adopted by the [[Kachin people]] who live along the Assam-Burma border and to the east, in the most mountainous regions of [[Upper Burma]]. From here the form would evolve to the more elongated dha.{{sfn|Greaves|Bowditch|Winston|2005}}
The blade of the Dao is almost straight, with a very minimal curve that can only be discerned upon close examination. The blade is heavy and chisel-edged. It has a unique form that it is narrowest at the hilt and the gradually broaden to the endpoint.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}}
The wooden hilt has a very simple shape, without a guard or without a distinguished pommel. Bamboo root is considered to be the best material for the hilt. The grip of the handle is sometimes wrapped with basketry. Sometimes the hilt is decorated with a bronze cap at the bottom.{{sfn|Greaves|Bowditch|Winston|2005}} The hilt may also be made of ivory, and occasionally can be well-carved.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}}
Dao is usually carried in an open-sided wooden scabbard which is fastened to a [[rattan]] belt hoop.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}} The scabbard is centrally hollowed out on one face.{{sfn|Greaves|Bowditch|Winston|2005}}
==Multi-function==
Dao mungkin merupakan satu-satu ya alat yang dipakai oleh orang Naga. Dao digunakan untuk bermacam-macam hal misalnya untuk membangun rumah, untuk menebang pohon, untuk menggali, untuk membuat anyaman, dwn untuk membuat perabot kayu. Dao juga digunakan sebagai senjata.
The dao is almost the only tool that was used by the Naga people. It is used for many purposes e.g. for building houses, to clear the forest, to dig the earth, to make the women's weaving tools, and to create any kind of wooden objects. The dao is also used as a weapon.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=203}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Cited works==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=The Book Of The Sword |last=Burton |first=Richard F. |publisher=Dover |year=1987 |location=London |isbn=0-486-25434-8 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.arscives.com/historysteel/continentalsea.article.htm |title=THE SWORDS OF CONTINENTAL SOUTHEAST ASIA |last1=Greaves |first1=Ian A. |last2=Bowditch |first2=Mark I. |last3=Winston |first3=Andrew Y. |date=2005 |website=Ars Cives Creativity |publisher=Ars Cives Creativity |access-date=November 15, 2017 |quote= |ref=harv}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.vikingsword.com/ethsword/nagadao/index.html |title=Sword-daos of the Hill Tribes of Assam and Nagaland (northeastern India) and of the Kachin Peoples (northern Burma (Myanmar)) |last=Jones |first=Lee A. |date=1999 |website=Viking Sword |publisher=Viking Sword |access-date=November 15, 2017 |quote= |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=van Zonneveld |first=Albert G. |date=2001 |title=Traditional Weapons of the Indonesian Archipelago |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DMneAAAAMAAJ |location=|publisher=C. Zwartenkot Art Books |isbn=9789054500049|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
== References ==
{{Swords by region}}
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. -->
{{reflist}}
[[Category:SoutheastHistory Asianof swordsmedicine in India]]
[[Category:BladeColonial weaponsGoa]]
[[Category:Jesuit Asia missions]]
[[Category:Containers]]
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