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=Batu Goa=
=Temuan Tell Asmar=
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Tell Asmar Hoard
| image = Standing male worshiper MET DT850.jpg
| caption = [[Sumer]]ian male worshiper, Alabaster with shell eyes. One of the twelve statues in the hoard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323735|title=Standing male worshiper {{!}} Sumerian {{!}} Early Dynastic I-II {{!}} The Met|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
| material =[[Gypsum]], [[Limestone]], [[Alabaster]]
| created =[[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic I-II]], ca. 2900–2550 B.C.
| discovered =[[Eshnunna|Tell Asmar]], [[Iraq]]
| location =[[Metropolitan Museum]], New York, [[National Museum of Iraq]], [[University of Chicago Oriental Institute|Oriental Institute]], Chicago,
}}
[[File:Oriental Institute Museum. God with ax attacks eagle while Shamash and Worshipper stand behind (5948336437).jpg|thumb|250px|Gray limestone, Tell Asmar, Northern Palace, Akkadian (2350-2150 BC)]]
The twelve statues known collectively as the '''Tell Asmar Hoard''' ([[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic I-II]], ca. 2900–2550 BC) were unearthed in 1933 at [[Eshnunna]] (modern Tell Asmar) in the [[Diyala Region]] of [[Iraq]]. Despite subsequent finds at this site and others throughout the Greater Mesopotamian area they remain the definitive example of the abstract style of [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic]] temple sculpture (2900 BC–2350 BC).
== Discovery ==
In the late 1920s antique dealers in [[Baghdad]] were acquiring large quantities of unusual, high quality artifacts from the desert east of the [[Diyala River]], just north of its confluence with the [[Tigris]].<ref name="Karen">Karen L. Wilson, ''Excavations in the Diyala Region'', in [http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/189351 ''Art Of The First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus''], ed. Joan Aruz (New York and London: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press, 2003), 58.</ref> In 1929 the [[Oriental Institute, Chicago|Oriental Institute]] at the [[University of Chicago]] obtained a concession to excavate the area.<ref name="Karen"/> [[James Henry Breasted]] (1865–1935), the founder of the institute, invited the Dutch Archeologist [[Henri Frankfort]] (1897–1954) to lead the expedition. Between 1930 and 1937 Frankfort and his team conducted extensive horizontal and vertical excavations on four mounds: [[Khafajah]], [[Tell Asmar]] (ancient Eshnunna), [[Tell Agrab]], and [[Ishchali]].<ref name="Karen"/> They uncovered temples, palaces, administrative buildings, and houses ranging in date from about 3100 to 1750 B.C. The hundreds of artifacts recovered from the stratified ruins of these ancient civic structures greatly enhanced understanding of Early Dynastic periodization.<ref name="Jean">Jean M. Evans, "The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction on Early Dynastic Mesopotamia ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E.", ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 11 (2007): 600.</ref>
Among the most well-known and best preserved objects are the twelve statues known collectively as the Tell Asmar Hoard. The hoard was found during the 1933-34 excavation season at Tell Asmar beneath the floor of a temple dedicated to the god [[Abu (god)|Abu]]. The statues were neatly stacked in an oblong cavity beside an altar in the sanctuary. The careful placement suggests that they were buried intentionally. However, the reason for the burial and person(s) responsible for doing so remains unclear. Frankfort, who wrote extensively on the subject, suggests that a priest periodically buried old or badly damaged statues in order to make room in the temple for their replacements.<ref name="HenriFrankfort">Henri Frankfort, ''Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafãjah" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939).</ref>{{rp|16}}
== The statues ==
The statues of the Tell Asmar Hoard range in height from 21 cm (8.2 in.) to 72 cm (28.3 in.). Of the twelve statues found ten are male and two are female. Eight of the figures are made from Gypsum, two from limestone, and one (the smallest) from alabaster.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|57–59}} All the figures, with the exception of one that is kneeling, are rendered in a standing position. Thin circular bases were used as supports and large wedge shaped feet provided the larger statues with added durability. The males wear kilts with a patterned hem that covers the midsection and thighs. Their broad shoulders and thick, circular arms frame the bare chest, which is partially covered by a black, stylized beard. All the males, with the exception of one that is bald and clean shaven, have long hair rendered in two symmetrical halves that frames the smooth surfaces of the cheeks and forehead. The large eyes, which are undoubtedly the most striking stylistic feature that the statues share in common, are made from inlays of white shell and black limestone; one figure has pupils of [[lapis lazuli]].<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|57–59}} These materials are secured to the head with bitumen, which was also used as a pigment to give the beard and hair its characteristic black color. Both the hair and the clothing, though abstracted, accurately reflect [[Sumer]]ian styles of the Early Dynastic period.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|49–52}}
The hoard was discovered in a temple dedicated to Abu, the ancient Near Eastern god of fertility. Evidence from Early Dynastic ruins at [[Khafajah]] suggests that the statues may have been arranged along the walls of the sanctuary either on the floor or on a low mud brick bench before they were buried.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|10}} Some of the statues are inscribed on the back and bottom with a name and personalized supplicatory message, while others simply state “one who offers prayers.” These inscriptions indicate that the statues functioned as a surrogate for male and female worshipers who wished to leave their prayers with the god. In the 3rd millennium B.C. the price for a votive statue likely depended on its size, and possibly what stone was used.
Frankfort argued that the largest figure in the hoard is not an effigy of a human worshiper, but rather a representation of the patron deity Abu.<ref name="ThorkildJacobsen">Thorkild Jacobsen, "God of Worshipper". In ''Essays in Ancient Civilizations Presented to Helene J. Kantor'', (Chicago: Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1989) 125.</ref> He calls attention to a number of features that set this particular statue apart from the rest including: the size, the unnaturally large eyes, especially the pupils, and the emblematic carving of an eagle with outstretched wings flanked by two recumbent mountain goats carved on the base.<ref name="ThorkildJacobsen"/>
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
*[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic13.pdf] Henri Frankfort, Thorkild Jacobsen, and Conrad Preusser, ''Tell Asmar and Khafaje: The First Season Work in Eshnunna 1930/31'', Oriental Institute Publication 13, 1932
*[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic16.pdf] Henri Frankfort, Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad: Second Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition'', Oriental Institute Publication 16, 1933
*[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic17.pdf] Henri Frankfort, Iraq Excavations of the Oriental Institute 1932/33'': Third Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition, Oriental Institute Publication 17, 1934
*[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic19.pdf] Henri Frankfort with a chapter by Thorkild Jacobsen, ''Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933/34: Fourth Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition'', Oriental Institute Publication 19, 1935
*[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic20.pdf] Henri Frankfort, ''Progress of the Work of the Oriental Institute in Iraq, 1934/35: Fifth Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition'', Oriental Institute Publication 20, 1936
*[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip43.pdf] Henri Frankfort, Seton Lloyd, and Thorkild Jacobsen with a chapter by Günter Martiny, ''The Gimilsin Temple and the Palace of the Rulers at Tell Asmar'', Oriental Institute Publication 43, 1940
== Bibliography ==
*Evans, Jean. 2012. ''The Lives Of Sumerian Sculpture: An Archaeology of the Early Dynastic Temple''. Chicago: University of Chicago.
*Evans, Jean. 2007. The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E. ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 4: 599-632.
*Frankfort, Henri. 1939. ''Sculpture of the 3rd Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafajah''. The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications 60. Chicago.
*1943. ''More Sculpture from the Diyala Region''. The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications 60. Chicago.
*Jacobsen, Thorkild, "God or Worshipper", in ''Essays in Ancient Civilization'' Presented to Helene J. Kantor, edited by A. Leonard Jr. and B.B. Williams, p 125-30. Chicago. 1989.
[[Category:Alabaster]]
[[Category:Objects in the National Museum of Iraq]]
[[Category:Sculptures of the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
[[Category:Sumerian art and architecture]]
[[File:Goa Stone and Gold Case MET DP116021.jpg|thumb|[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738 Goa Stone and container], probably from Goa, India, late 17th–early 18th century.]]
A '''Goa stone''' is a man-made [[Bezoar|bezoar]] that is considered to have medicinal and [[Talisman (disambiguation)|talismanic]] properties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Stone with Gold Case|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Goa stones were manufactured by [[Jesuits]] in the late [[Seventeenth century|seventeenth century]] in [[Goa]], [[India]], because naturally occurring bezoars were scarce.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bailly|first1=Muriel|title=Foolish Remedies: Goa Stone|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/foolish-remedies-goa-stone|website=Wellcome Collection|publisher=Wellcome Collection|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Their inventor was the Florentine lay brother Gaspar Antonio, and a Jesuit monopoly was confirmed by the Portuguese on March 6, 1691.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA317|title=An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa|last=Fonseca|first=José Nicolau da|date=1878|publisher=Thacker & Company, limited|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=317|language=en}}</ref> They were created by combining organic and inorganic materials including hair, shells, tusks, resin, and crushed gems, then shaping the materials into a ball and gilting it. Like [[bezoar]] stones, Goa stones were thought to prevent [[disease]] and cure [[poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bezoar Stone with Case and Stand|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/452963|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> They could be administered by shaving off small pieces into a drinkable beverage like [[water]], [[tea]], or [[wine]].
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