|
* Witty, Michael (December 2016) "Ancient Roman urine chemistry," ''Acta Archaeologica'', '''87''' (1) : 179–191. Witty speculates that the Romans obtained ammonia in concentrated form by adding wood ash (impure [[potassium carbonate]]) to urine that had been fermented for several hours. [[Struvite]] (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is thereby precipitated, and the yield of struvite can be increased by then treating the solution with [[bittern (salt)|bittern]], a magnesium-rich solution that is a byproduct of making salt from sea water. Roasting struvite releases ammonia vapors.</ref>
andDalam tobentuk thesal Europeanamoniak ''(نشادر, nushadir)'' amonia penting bagi [[ AlchemyAlkimia dan kimia pada zaman Islam pertengahan| alchemistsalkimiawan Muslim]] sincesejak theabad 13thke-8, centurypertama kali disebutkan oleh kimiawan Persia-Arab [[Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan|Jābir ibn Hayyān]], <ref beingname="Haq1995">{{cite mentionedbook|last=Haq|first=Syed Nomanul|title=Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan and His Kitab Al-Ahjar (Book of Stones)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=P-70YjP0nj8C|accessdate=22 June 2010|date=28 February 1995|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-3254-1}}</ref> dan para [[Alkimia|alkimiawan]] Eropa sejak abad ke-13, byoleh [[Albertus Magnus]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}} ItIni wasjuga alsodigunakan used byoleh [[ dyePewarna|tukang celup]] rs in thepada [[ MiddleAbad AgesPertengahan]] indalam the form of fermentedbentuk [[ urineurin]] toyang alterdifermentasi theuntuk colourmengubah ofwarna vegetablepewarna dyessayuran. InPada theabad 15th centuryke-15, [[Basilius Valentinus]] showedmenunjukkan thatbahwa ammoniaamonia coulddapat bediperoleh obtaineddengan by the action ofmenambahkan alkalisalkali onpada sal ammoniacamoniak.<ref>''Spiritus salis urinæ'' (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, ''Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini'' … [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine … ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), ''"Supplementum oder Zugabe"'' (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: ''"Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen."'' (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UlhcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false From p. 81:] ''"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, … Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch … "'' (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine’s] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter … Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus ([[alembic]])] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapors, which is atop the distillation flask] … )<br> ▼Dalam bentuk sal amoniak ''(نشادر, nushadir)'' amonia penting bagi [[Alkimia dan kimia pada zaman Islam pertengahan|alkimiawan Muslim]] sejak abad ke-8, pertama kali disebutkan oleh kimiawan Persia-Arab [[Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan|Jābir ibn Hayyān]],<ref name="Haq1995">{{cite book|last=Haq|first=Syed Nomanul|title=Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan and His Kitab Al-Ahjar (Book of Stones)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=P-70YjP0nj8C|accessdate=22 June 2010|date=28 February 1995|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-3254-1}}</ref>
▲ and to the European [[Alchemy|alchemists]] since the 13th century, being mentioned by [[Albertus Magnus]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}} It was also used by [[dye]]rs in the [[Middle Ages]] in the form of fermented [[urine]] to alter the colour of vegetable dyes. In the 15th century, [[Basilius Valentinus]] showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal ammoniac.<ref>''Spiritus salis urinæ'' (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, ''Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini'' … [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine … ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), ''"Supplementum oder Zugabe"'' (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: ''"Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen."'' (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UlhcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false From p. 81:] ''"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, … Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch … "'' (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine’s] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter … Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus ([[alembic]])] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapors, which is atop the distillation flask] … )<br>
See also: Kopp, Hermann, ''Geschichte der Chemie'' [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, [https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederche03unse#page/243/mode/2up p. 243.] [in German]
</ref> AtPada aperiode later periodselanjutnya, whenketika sal ammoniacamoniak wasdiperoleh obtaineddengan bymendistilasi distillingkuku thedan hoovestanduk andsapi hornsdan ofmenetralkan oxenkarbonat andyang neutralizingdihasilkan the resulting carbonate withdengan [[hydrochloricasam acidklorida]], theamonia namemendapat julukan "''roh tanduk rusa (spirit of hartshorn)''" was applied to ammonia.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kwQQaltqByAC&pg=PA72|page=72|title=Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry|author=Maurice P. Crosland|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=2004|isbn=978-0-486-43802-3}}</ref>
GaseousAmonia ammoniagas waspertama firstkali isolateddiisolasi byoleh [[Joseph Black]] inpada tahun 1756 bydengan reactingmereaksikan ''sal ammoniac''amoniak ([[Ammoniumamonium Chlorideklorida]]) with ''calcineddengan magnesia'' yang dikalsinasi ([[Magnesiummagnesium Oxideoksida]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/b21730738|title=Experiments upon magnesia alba, quick-lime, and other alcaline substances|last=Black|first=Joseph|date=1893|publisher=W.F. Clay|others=|isbn=|location=Edinburgh|pages=|orig-year=1755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UeGlmU2F8_8C&pg=PA14&dq=Ammonia+Joseph+Black#v=onepage&q=Ammonia%20Joseph%20Black&f=false|title=Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions|last=Jacobson|first=Mark Z.|date=2012-04-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107691155|language=en}}</ref> ItIa wasdiisolasi isolatedlagi again byoleh [[Peter Woulfe]] inpada tahun 1767,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/woulfes-bottle/2500114.article|title=Woulfe’s bottle|work=Chemistry World|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woulfe|first=Peter|date=1767-01-01|title=Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, &c. Shewing How They May be Condensed without Loss, and How Thereby We May Avoid Disagreeable and Noxious Fumes: In a Letter from Mr. Peter Woulfe, F. R. S. to John Ellis, Esq; F. R. S.|url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/57/517|journal=Philosophical Transactions|language=en|volume=57|pages=517–536|doi=10.1098/rstl.1767.0052|issn=0261-0523}}</ref> byoleh [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] inpada tahun 1770<ref>https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/28946/Pictorial%20Life%20History_Scheele.pdf?sequence=1</ref> anddan byoleh [[Joseph Priestley]] inpada tahun 1773 and was termed bydan himdisebutnya "alkalineudara airalkali".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}}<ref>See:
* Priestley, Joseph (1773) [https://archive.org/stream/observationsetm02pari#page/388/mode/2up "Extrait d'une lettre de M. Priestley, en date du 14 Octobre 1773"] (Extract of a letter from Mr. Priestley, dated 14 October 1773), ''Observations sur la Physique'' …, '''2''' : 389.
* Priestley, Joseph, ''Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air'', vol. 1, 2nd ed. (London, England: 1775), [https://archive.org/stream/experimentsobser01prie#page/162/mode/2up Part 2, § 1: Observations on Alkaline Air, pp. 163–177.]
* Schofield, Robert E., ''The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804'' (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=qL9K2e4KIvsC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 93–94.]
* By 1775, Priestley had observed that electricity could decompose ammonia ("alkaline air"), yielding a flammable gas (hydrogen). See: Priestley, Joseph, ''Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air'', vol. 2 (London, England: J. Johnson, 1775), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 239–240.]</ref> ElevenSebelas yearstahun laterkemudian inpada tahun 1785, [[Claude Louis Berthollet]] ascertained itsmemastikan compositionkomposisinya.<ref>Berthollet (1785) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35847/f490.item.zoom "Analyse de l'alkali volatil"] (Analysis of volatile alkali), ''Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences'', 316–326.</ref>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}}
The [[ Haber–BoschProses processHaber|Proses Haber-Bosch]] tountuk producemenghasilkan ammoniaamonia from thedari nitrogen indi theudara airdikembangkan was developed byoleh [[Fritz Haber]] anddan [[Carl Bosch]] inpada tahun 1909 anddan patenteddipatenkan inpada tahun 1910. ItProses wasini firstpertama usedkali ondigunakan anpada industrialskala scaleindustri indi GermanyJerman duringselama [[ WorldPerang WarDunia I]],<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book|author=Max Appl |title=Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year= 2006|publisher= Wiley-VCH|location= Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2|chapter=Ammonia|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref> followingsetelah theblokade alliedsekutu blockadememotong thatpasokan cutnitrat off the supply of nitrates fromdari [[Chile]]. The ammonia wasAmonia useddigunakan tountuk producememproduksi explosivesbahan topeledak sustaindemi warkeberlangsungan effortsperang.<ref name="Conquering" >{{cite book|author=Smith, Roland|title=Conquering Chemistry|year=2001|isbn=978-0-07-470146-1|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Sydney}}</ref> ▼
Sebelum ketersediaan gas alam, hidrogen sebagai prekursor untuk [[produksi amonia]] diproduksi melalui [[elektrolisis]] air atau menggunakan [[proses kloralkali]].
Dengan munculnya industri baja di abad ke-20, amonia menjadi produk sampingan dari produksi batubara.
==Penggunaan==
▲The [[Haber–Bosch process]] to produce ammonia from the nitrogen in the air was developed by [[Fritz Haber]] and [[Carl Bosch]] in 1909 and patented in 1910. It was first used on an industrial scale in Germany during [[World War I]],<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book|author=Max Appl |title=Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year= 2006|publisher= Wiley-VCH|location= Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2|chapter=Ammonia|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref> following the allied blockade that cut off the supply of nitrates from [[Chile]]. The ammonia was used to produce explosives to sustain war efforts.<ref name="Conquering" >{{cite book|author=Smith, Roland|title=Conquering Chemistry|year=2001|isbn=978-0-07-470146-1|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Sydney}}</ref>
===Pupuk===
Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to [[ammonia production]] was produced via the [[electrolysis]] of water or using the [[chloralkali process]].
GloballySecara global, approximatelysekitar 88% amonia ( as ofpada 2014) ofdigunakan ammoniasebagai is used as fertilizers eitherpupuk, asbaik itssebagai saltsgaramnya, solutionslarutannya oratau anhydrouslyanhidratnya.<ref name="USGS2016"/> WhenKetika appliedditerapkan topada soiltanah, itini helpsmembantu providepeningkatan increasedhasil yieldspanen ofseperti cropspada suchjagung as maize anddan wheatgandum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lassaletta|first1=Luis|last2=Billen|first2=Gilles|last3=Grizzetti|first3=Bruna|last4=Anglade|first4=Juliette|last5=Garnier|first5=Josette|title=50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=2014|volume=9|issue=10|pages=105011|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011|language=en|issn=1748-9326|bibcode=2014ERL.....9j5011L}}</ref> Sekitar 30% of agricultural nitrogen appliedpertanian inyang thedigunakan USAdi isAS inadalah thedalam formbentuk ofamonia anhydrousanhidrat ammoniadan and110 worldwidejuta 110ton milliondigunakan tonnesdi areseluruh applieddunia eachsetiap yeartahun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/anhydrous-ammonia-fertilizer-abundant-important-hazardous/2013/04/18/c2d4c69c-a85a-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|title=Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous|publisher=Washington Post|author=David Brown|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> ▼
===Prekursor senyawa-senyawa bernitrogen===
With the advent of the steel industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of coking coal.
AmmoniaAmonia issecara directlylangsung oratau indirectlytidak thelangsung precursormerupakan toprekursor mostbagi nitrogen-containingsebagian compounds.besar Virtuallysenyawa allyang syntheticmengandung nitrogen . compoundsHampir semua senyawa nitrogen aresintetik derivedberasal fromdari ammoniaamonia. AnTurunannya importantyang derivativepenting isadalah [[ nitricasam acidnitrat]]. ThisBahan keykunci materialini isdihasilkan generated via theoleh [[ Ostwaldproses processOstwald]] bymelalui [[ oxidationoksidasi]] ofamonia ammoniadengan withudara airdi overatas akatalis [[ platinumplatina]] catalyst atpada {{convert|700|–|850|°C}}, ~9 atm. [[ NitricNitrogen oxidemonoksida]] isadalah anproduk intermediateantara indalam thiskonversi conversionini:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Holleman, A. F. |author2=Wiberg, E. |title=Inorganic Chemistry|publisher=Academic Press|location= San Diego|year=2001|isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref> ▼: <chem>NH3 + 2 O2 -> HNO3 + H2O</chem>
Asam nitrat digunakan untuk produksi [[pupuk]], [[bahan peledak]], dan banyak senyawa organonitrogen.
Amonia juga digunakan untuk membuat senyawa berikut:
==Uses==
* [[Hidrazin]], dalam [[proses Olin Raschig]] dan [[proses peroksida]]
* [[Hidrogen sianida]], dalam [[proses BMA]] dan [[proses Andrussow]]
* [[Hidroksilamina]] dan [[amonium karbonat]], dalam [[proses Raschig]]
* [[Fenol]], dalam [[proses Raschig – Hooker]]
* [[Urea]], dalam [[proses urea Bosch – Meiser]] dan dalam [[sintesis Wöhler]]
* [[Asam amino]], menggunakan [[Sintesis asam amino Strecker]]
* [[Akrilonitril]], dalam [[proses Sohio]]
Amonia juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat senyawa dalam reaksi yang tidak disebutkan namanya secara spesifik. Contoh-contoh senyawa tersebut meliputi: [[amonium perklorat]], [[amonium nitrat]], [[formamida]], [[dinitrogen tetroksida]], [[alprazolam]], [[etanolamina]], [[etil karbamat]], [[heksametilenatetramina]], dan [[amonium bikarbonat]].
===Fertilizer===
▲Globally, approximately 88% (as of 2014) of ammonia is used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously.<ref name="USGS2016"/> When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lassaletta|first1=Luis|last2=Billen|first2=Gilles|last3=Grizzetti|first3=Bruna|last4=Anglade|first4=Juliette|last5=Garnier|first5=Josette|title=50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=2014|volume=9|issue=10|pages=105011|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011|language=en|issn=1748-9326|bibcode=2014ERL.....9j5011L}}</ref> 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the USA is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million tonnes are applied each year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/anhydrous-ammonia-fertilizer-abundant-important-hazardous/2013/04/18/c2d4c69c-a85a-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|title=Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous|publisher=Washington Post|author=David Brown|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>
===Sebagai pembersih===
===Precursor to nitrogenous compounds===
HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah istangga aadalah solution oflarutan {{chem|NH <sub>|3 </sub>}} indalam waterair ( i.e.,yaitu [[ ammoniumamonium hydroxidehidroksida]]) usedyang asumumnya adigunakan generalsebagai purposepembersih cleanerpermukaan. forAmonia manymenghasilkan surfaces.kilau Becauseyang ammoniarelatif resultsbebas ingoresan, aoleh relatively streak-freekarena shineitu, onesalah ofsatu itskegunaannya mostyang commonpaling usesumum isadalah topembersih clean glasskaca, porcelainporselen, anddan stainlessbaja steelnirkarat. ItAmonia isjuga alsosering frequentlydigunakan useduntuk formembersihkan cleaningoven ovensdan andmerendam soakingbarang itemsuntuk tomelonggarkan loosenkotoran baked-onbekas grimememanggang. HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah rangestangga inberada concentrationdalam bykisaran weight fromkonsentrasi 5 tohingga 10% ammoniaamonia, berdasarkan berat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm|title=The Facts About Ammonia|website=www.health.ny.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> UnitedProdusen Statesproduk manufacturerspembersih ofAmerika cleaningSerikat productsdiharuskan are required to provide the product'smenyediakan [[ material safetylembar data sheetkeselamatan bahan]] whichproduknya, yang listsmencantumkan thekonsentrasi concentrationyang useddigunakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf|title=OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets|last=|first=|date=|website=OSHA|access-date=}}</ref> ▼▲Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia. An important derivative is [[nitric acid]]. This key material is generated via the [[Ostwald process]] by [[oxidation]] of ammonia with air over a [[platinum]] catalyst at {{convert|700|–|850|°C}}, ~9 atm. [[Nitric oxide]] is an intermediate in this conversion:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Holleman, A. F. |author2=Wiberg, E. |title=Inorganic Chemistry|publisher=Academic Press|location= San Diego|year=2001|isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref>
: NH<sub>3</sub> + 2 O<sub>2</sub> → HNO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
Nitric acid is used for the production of [[fertilizer]]s, [[explosive]]s, and many organonitrogen compounds.
===Fermentasi===
Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds:
Larutan amonia dalam rentang konsentrasi 16% hingga 25% digunakan dalam industri [[Fermentasi industri|fermentasi]] sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk mikroorganisme dan untuk menyesuaikan pH selama fermentasi.
* [[Hydrazine]], in the [[Olin Raschig process]] and the [[peroxide process]]
* [[Hydrogen cyanide]], in the [[BMA process]] and the [[Andrussow process]]
* [[Hydroxylamine]] and [[ammonium carbonate]], in the [[Raschig process]]
* [[Phenol]], in the [[Raschig–Hooker process]]
* [[Urea]], in the [[Bosch–Meiser urea process]] and in [[Wöhler synthesis]]
* [[Amino acid]]s, using [[Strecker amino-acid synthesis]]
* [[Acrylonitrile]], in the [[Sohio process]]
===Zat antimikroba untuk produk makanan===
Ammonia can also be used to make compounds in reactions which are not specifically named. Examples of such compounds include: [[ammonium perchlorate]], [[ammonium nitrate]], [[formamide]], [[dinitrogen tetroxide]], [[alprazolam]], [[ethanolamine]], [[ethyl carbamate]], [[hexamethylenetetramine]], and [[ammonium bicarbonate]].
AsPada earlyawal as intahun 1895, itdiketahui wasbahwa known that ammonia wasamonia " strongly [[ antisepticantiseptik]] kuat ... it requiresdibutuhkan 1 .,4 gramsgram per litreliter tountuk preservemengawetkan [[ beefKaldu|kaldu teasapi]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> InDalam onesebuah studypenelitian, anhydrousamonia ammoniaanhidrat destroyedmenghancurkan 99 .,999% of [[ zoonoticZoonosis|bakteri bacteriazoonosis]] inpada 3 types ofjenis [[ compound feedPakan| animalpakan feedhewan]], buttetapi notbukan [[ silagesilase]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> AnhydrousAmonia ammoniaanhidrat issaat currentlyini useddigunakan commerciallysecara tokomersial reduceuntuk ormengurangi eliminateatau [[microbial]]menghilangkan contaminationkontaminasi ofmikroba daging sapi. [ 57] [ beef58] ].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 EvaluationDaging ofsapi Treatmenttanpa Methodslemak forbertekstur Reducinghalus Bacteriadi inindustri Textureddaging Beef]",sapi terbuat dari Jensenhiasan daging sapi berlemak (sekitar 50-70% lemak) dengan menghilangkan lemak menggunakan panas dan sentrifugasi, Jeankemudian Lmemperlakukannya dengan ''etamonia aluntuk membunuh E. '', [[Americancoli. SocietyProses ofitu Agriculturaldianggap andefektif Biologicaldan Engineers]]aman oleh Departemen AnnualPertanian MeetingAS 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpallianceberdasarkan studi yang menemukan bahwa perawatan mengurangi E. org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Referencecoli Document:ke Antimicrobialtingkat Interventionsyang fortidak terdeteksi. Beef[59] '', DawnaAda Winklermasalah andkeamanan Kerritentang B.proses Harris,tersebut Centerserta forkeluhan Foodkonsumen Safety,tentang Departmentrasa ofdan Animalbau Science,daging [[Texassapi A&Myang Universitydiolah pada tingkat amonia yang optimal. [60] ], MayTingkat 2009,amonia pagedalam produk akhir 12</ref>apa pun belum mendekati tingkat toksik bagi manusia.▼===As a cleaner===
▲Household ammonia is a solution of NH<sub>3</sub> in water (i.e., [[ammonium hydroxide]]) used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime. Household ammonia ranges in concentration by weight from 5 to 10% ammonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm|title=The Facts About Ammonia|website=www.health.ny.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> United States manufacturers of cleaning products are required to provide the product's [[material safety data sheet]] which lists the concentration used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf|title=OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets|last=|first=|date=|website=OSHA|access-date=}}</ref>
===Fermentation===
Solutions of ammonia ranging from 16% to 25% are used in the [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] industry as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to adjust pH during fermentation.
As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]." In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]]. Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref>
===Antimicrobial agent for food products===
▲As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref>
Lean finely textured beef in the beef industry is made from fatty [[beef trimmings]] (c. 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and [[centrifugation]], then treating it with ammonia to kill ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]''. The process was deemed effective and safe by the [[US Department of Agriculture]] based on a study that found that the treatment reduces ''E. coli'' to undetectable levels.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/health/04meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Burger That Shattered Her Life | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=3 October 2009}}</ref> There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef treated at optimal levels of ammonia.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/us/31meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=Safety of Beef Processing Method Is Questioned | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=31 December 2009}}</ref> The level of ammonia in any final product has not come close to toxic levels to humans.
|
