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Dengan munculnya industri baja di abad ke-20, amonia menjadi produk sampingan dari produksi batubara.
==UsesPenggunaan==
===FertilizerPupuk===
GloballySecara global, approximatelysekitar 88% amonia (as ofpada 2014) ofdigunakan ammoniasebagai is used as fertilizers eitherpupuk, asbaik itssebagai saltsgaramnya, solutionslarutannya oratau anhydrouslyanhidratnya.<ref name="USGS2016"/> WhenKetika appliedditerapkan topada soiltanah, itini helpsmembantu providepeningkatan increasedhasil yieldspanen ofseperti cropspada suchjagung as maize anddan wheatgandum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lassaletta|first1=Luis|last2=Billen|first2=Gilles|last3=Grizzetti|first3=Bruna|last4=Anglade|first4=Juliette|last5=Garnier|first5=Josette|title=50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland|journal=Environmental Research Letters|date=2014|volume=9|issue=10|pages=105011|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011|language=en|issn=1748-9326|bibcode=2014ERL.....9j5011L}}</ref> Sekitar 30% of agricultural nitrogen appliedpertanian inyang thedigunakan USAdi isAS inadalah thedalam formbentuk ofamonia anhydrousanhidrat ammoniadan and110 worldwidejuta 110ton milliondigunakan tonnesdi areseluruh applieddunia eachsetiap yeartahun.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/anhydrous-ammonia-fertilizer-abundant-important-hazardous/2013/04/18/c2d4c69c-a85a-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|title=Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous|publisher=Washington Post|author=David Brown|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>
===Prekursor senyawa-senyawa bernitrogen===
===Precursor to nitrogenous compounds===
AmmoniaAmonia issecara directlylangsung oratau indirectlytidak thelangsung precursormerupakan toprekursor mostbagi nitrogen-containingsebagian compounds.besar Virtuallysenyawa allyang syntheticmengandung nitrogen. compoundsHampir semua senyawa nitrogen aresintetik derivedberasal fromdari ammoniaamonia. AnTurunannya importantyang derivativepenting isadalah [[nitricasam acidnitrat]]. ThisBahan keykunci materialini isdihasilkan generated via theoleh [[Ostwaldproses processOstwald]] bymelalui [[oxidationoksidasi]] ofamonia ammoniadengan withudara airdi overatas akatalis [[platinumplatina]] catalyst atpada {{convert|700|–|850|°C}}, ~9 atm. [[NitricNitrogen oxidemonoksida]] isadalah anproduk intermediateantara indalam thiskonversi conversionini:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Holleman, A. F. |author2=Wiberg, E. |title=Inorganic Chemistry|publisher=Academic Press|location= San Diego|year=2001|isbn=978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref>
: NH<sub>3</subchem>NH3 + 2 O<sub>2</subO2 -> → HNO<sub>3</sub>HNO3 + H<sub>2H2O</subchem>O
Asam nitrat digunakan untuk produksi [[pupuk]], [[bahan peledak]], dan banyak senyawa organonitrogen.
Nitric acid is used for the production of [[fertilizer]]s, [[explosive]]s, and many organonitrogen compounds.
Amonia juga digunakan untuk membuat senyawa berikut:
Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds:
* [[HydrazineHidrazin]], in thedalam [[proses Olin Raschig process]] and thedan [[peroxideproses processperoksida]]
* [[HydrogenHidrogen cyanidesianida]], in thedalam [[proses BMA process]] and thedan [[proses Andrussow process]]
* [[HydroxylamineHidroksilamina]] anddan [[ammoniumamonium carbonatekarbonat]], in thedalam [[proses Raschig process]]
* [[PhenolFenol]], in thedalam [[Raschig–Hookerproses Raschig – processHooker]]
* [[Urea]], in thedalam [[Bosch–Meiserproses urea processBosch – Meiser]] anddan indalam [[Wöhlersintesis synthesisWöhler]]
* [[AminoAsam acidamino]]s, usingmenggunakan [[StreckerSintesis asam amino-acid synthesisStrecker]]
* [[AcrylonitrileAkrilonitril]], in thedalam [[proses Sohio process]]
AmmoniaAmonia canjuga alsodapat bedigunakan useduntuk tomembuat makesenyawa compoundsdalam inreaksi reactionsyang whichtidak aredisebutkan notnamanya specificallysecara namedspesifik. ExamplesContoh-contoh ofsenyawa suchtersebut compounds includemeliputi: [[ammoniumamonium perchlorateperklorat]], [[ammoniumamonium nitratenitrat]], [[formamideformamida]], [[dinitrogen tetroxidetetroksida]], [[alprazolam]], [[ethanolamineetanolamina]], [[ethyletil carbamatekarbamat]], [[hexamethylenetetramineheksametilenatetramina]], anddan [[ammoniumamonium bicarbonatebikarbonat]].
===AsSebagai a cleanerpembersih===
HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah istangga aadalah solution oflarutan {{chem|NH<sub>|3</sub>}} indalam waterair (i.e.,yaitu [[ammoniumamonium hydroxidehidroksida]]) usedyang asumumnya adigunakan generalsebagai purposepembersih cleanerpermukaan. forAmonia manymenghasilkan surfaces.kilau Becauseyang ammoniarelatif resultsbebas ingoresan, aoleh relatively streak-freekarena shineitu, onesalah ofsatu itskegunaannya mostyang commonpaling usesumum isadalah topembersih clean glasskaca, porcelainporselen, anddan stainlessbaja steelnirkarat. ItAmonia isjuga alsosering frequentlydigunakan useduntuk formembersihkan cleaningoven ovensdan andmerendam soakingbarang itemsuntuk tomelonggarkan loosenkotoran baked-onbekas grimememanggang. HouseholdAmonia ammoniarumah rangestangga inberada concentrationdalam bykisaran weight fromkonsentrasi 5 tohingga 10% ammoniaamonia, berdasarkan berat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/ammonia_tech.htm|title=The Facts About Ammonia|website=www.health.ny.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref> UnitedProdusen Statesproduk manufacturerspembersih ofAmerika cleaningSerikat productsdiharuskan are required to provide the product'smenyediakan [[material safetylembar data sheetkeselamatan bahan]] whichproduknya, yang listsmencantumkan thekonsentrasi concentrationyang useddigunakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.pdf|title=OSHA Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets|last=|first=|date=|website=OSHA|access-date=}}</ref>
===FermentationFermentasi===
Larutan amonia dalam rentang konsentrasi 16% hingga 25% digunakan dalam industri [[Fermentasi industri|fermentasi]] sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk mikroorganisme dan untuk menyesuaikan pH selama fermentasi.
Solutions of ammonia ranging from 16% to 25% are used in the [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]] industry as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to adjust pH during fermentation.
===Zat antimikroba untuk produk makanan===
===Antimicrobial agent for food products===
As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref> ▼Pada awal tahun 1895, diketahui bahwa amonia "[[antiseptik]] kuat ... dibutuhkan 1,4 gram per liter untuk mengawetkan [[Kaldu|kaldu sapi]]."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> Dalam sebuah penelitian, amonia anhidrat menghancurkan 99,999% [[Zoonosis|bakteri zoonosis]] pada 3 jenis [[Pakan|pakan hewan]], tetapi bukan [[silase]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Amonia anhidrat saat ini digunakan secara komersial untuk mengurangi atau menghilangkan kontaminasi mikroba daging sapi. [57] [58] Daging sapi tanpa lemak bertekstur halus di industri daging sapi terbuat dari hiasan daging sapi berlemak (sekitar 50-70% lemak) dengan menghilangkan lemak menggunakan panas dan sentrifugasi, kemudian memperlakukannya dengan amonia untuk membunuh E. coli. Proses itu dianggap efektif dan aman oleh Departemen Pertanian AS berdasarkan studi yang menemukan bahwa perawatan mengurangi E. coli ke tingkat yang tidak terdeteksi. [59] Ada masalah keamanan tentang proses tersebut serta keluhan konsumen tentang rasa dan bau daging sapi yang diolah pada tingkat amonia yang optimal. [60] Tingkat amonia dalam produk akhir apa pun belum mendekati tingkat toksik bagi manusia.
▲As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly [[antiseptic]] ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve [[beef tea]]." <ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft|title=Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of|author=Samuel Rideal|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company|place=London|year=1895|page=109}}</ref> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of [[zoonotic bacteria]] in 3 types of [[compound feed|animal feed]], but not [[silage]]. <ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040|title=Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study|author=Tajkarimi, Mehrdad|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology|volume=122|issue= 1–2|year=2008|pages=23–28|pmid=18155794|last2=Riemann|first2=H. P.|last3=Hajmeer|first3=M. N.|last4=Gomez|first4=E. L.|last5=Razavilar|first5=V.|last6=Cliver|first6=D. O.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JS |last2=Lee |first2=YY |last3=Kim |first3=TH |title=A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. |journal=Bioresource Technology |date=January 2016 |volume=199 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085 |pmid=26341010}}</ref> Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate [[microbial]] contamination of [[beef]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811220534/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2 Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef]", Jensen, Jean L ''et al.'', [[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers]] Annual Meeting 2009</ref><ref>''[http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef]'', Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, [[Texas A&M University]], May 2009, page 12</ref>
Lean finely textured beef in the beef industry is made from fatty [[beef trimmings]] (c. 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and [[centrifugation]], then treating it with ammonia to kill ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]''. The process was deemed effective and safe by the [[US Department of Agriculture]] based on a study that found that the treatment reduces ''E. coli'' to undetectable levels.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/health/04meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Burger That Shattered Her Life | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=3 October 2009}}</ref> There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef treated at optimal levels of ammonia.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/us/31meat.html | work=The New York Times | title=Safety of Beef Processing Method Is Questioned | first=Michael | last=Moss | date=31 December 2009}}</ref> The level of ammonia in any final product has not come close to toxic levels to humans.
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