|
== Umum ==
[[Berkas:Kebun belakang rumah - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Canopy structure of a rural ''pekarangan''.]]
[[Pengguna:Dhio270599/Bak pasir/Pekarangan|Pekarangan]]
A '''''pekarangan''''' is, whatever.
== [[Wikipedia:EUforia Wiki4Climate|EUforia Wiki4Climate]] ==
== Interpretation and etymology ==
'''[[Pengguna:Dhio270599/Bak pasir/Climate1|1]]''', '''[[Pengguna:Dhio270599/Bak pasir/Climate2|2]]''', '''[[Pengguna:Dhio270599/Bak pasir/Climate3|3]]'''
''Pekarangan'' has been interpreted as ''pepek ing karang'' ("complete design") at times{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=6}}
== Elements ==
=== Plants ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width = 150
| image1 = Annona muricata 1.jpg
| alt1 = Soursop
| image2 = Leucaena leucocephala.jpg
| alt2 = White leadtree
| footer = Soursop and white leadtree, some of the plants that are specifically planted in village pekarangans.{{sfn|Arifin|Sakamoto|Chiba|1998|pp=99}}
}}
Pekarangans are known for its plant diversity. Usually, a pekarangan consists of annual and perennial plants combined. They can be harvested daily or seasonally. Some of the variations of pekarangan plants are not fully domistecated.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=140}}
Trees act as one of the main, common components. This contributes to the image of Indonesian countrysides - instead of houses, they are identified by its "dense, forest mimics".{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=5}}
Climatic conditions of Java enables the consistent growth of annual plants in its pekarangans, even in parts like eastern territory of East Java, where climate is drier. Plants are habitually grown near water sources such as fish ponds, open sewage ditches, and wells. Some perennials consistently produce leaves, such as ''melinjo'' (''Gnetum gnemon''). Some other perennials produce fruits all year round such as coconut, jackfruit, banana, salak. Other perennials' fruiting periods are limited. As examples, fruiting period of semarang guava (''Eugenia javanica'') is during April-June, while mangoes fruit during July-August, and durians (''Durio zitbethinus'') during June-September.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}}
<br />
=== Animals ===
[[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geitenhok ingericht voor de mestverzameling voor de groententuin Sindanglaja TMnr 10013517.jpg|thumb|left|A household's goat pen in colonial Dutch East Indies.]]Some owners of ''pekarangans'' possess livestocks and poultries, usually in a household pen. Some common livestocks and poultries in traditional pekarangans are chicken, goat, and sheep. They are usually allowed to roam around pekarangans, village areas, and market places to find food on their own. Then, they are penned at night, and usually given extra feed from their owners' pekarangans, river banks, or rice dikes. Other common domestic animals in pekarangans are fishes in its pond and songbirds (e.g. ''Geopelia strata'') in cages on bamboo poles. The economic status of pekarangan owners takes a part in livestock ownerships. Lower-class owners tend to own several chickens, middle-class owners might have a goat or a sheep, and the high-class owners may be identified by their possession of several cows or water buffaloes in their pekarangans. Their defecated waste often acts as an organic fertiliser for pekarangans (via composting), and sometimes a nutritional source for pond fishes.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=7}}{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
Productive fish ponds are a common thing in Sundanese traditional pekarangans.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=4}} Kitchen waste, supplemented by animal and human waste, acts as a partial nutritional sources for the fishes in traditional pekarangans. This might be the reason why villagers are avoiding the consumption of fish pond water and instead use water from higher-ground water pipes for domestic uses.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=2}}
== Usage ==
Pekarangans in villages acts more as food subsistence systems for families than an income source. In areas such as those in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, food-producing purpose of a pekarangan is more dominant due to the region's heavily eroded condition. However, in urban and suburban areas, major fruit production centres, and tourist destination regions, pekarangans tend to act as an income generator. Generated income from pekarangans is mostly aided from perennial crops.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=7}}
Products from pekarangans have multiple uses, e.g. a coconut tree (some of its products' uses are food, oil, rituals/ceremonies, fuel, and building material).{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=7}} Plants in pekarangans are known for its products' nutritional benefits and diversity. Pekarangans with bigger portion of perennial crops tend to create more calories and proteins. Meanwhile, pekarangans with more annual plants tend to create more portions of vitamian A. Lower-class families tend to consume more leafy vegetables than the upper-class ones, due to its consistent availability and its low-price.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}} Low-class families also favor bigger use of fuel sources from pekarangan.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=8}}
Pekarangans are also beneficial in fostering social interaction. The buruan (Sundanese for "front yard") is used for children play area and adults' gathering places.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=8}}
Pekarangans also function as aesthetic ornaments of a house, mainly in the front yard. This especially happens in urban areas.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=8}}
== Ecology ==
Pekarangans are known for its genetic diversity.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=6}}
Pekarangans use solar power, human labor power, and internal cycle of minerals (supported by a low level of soil erosion) to be highly sustainable.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=9}}
A pekarangan whose size is below 100m<sup>2</sup> is considered an insufficient platform of plant diversity and crop production.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=313}}
:
=== Natural factors ===
Pekarangans with higher altitude tend to have smaller size, increased density of plants, and smaller range of diversity. Coconuts and fruit trees tend to develop better in lower-altitude pekarangans, while vegetables tend to grow at higher altitudes.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=6}}
Pekarangans with better access to water (either by climate or by proximity to water resources) are able to facilitate annual crops' cultivation.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=9}}
Pekarangans tend to have higher diversity due to Indonesia's tropical climate cycle{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=6}}
Pekarangans are also supported by genetic diversity that supports its protection from pest and plant disease effects.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=9}} The abundance of insectivore birds in pekarangans helped as a control to pests, despite the pests' abundance.{{sfn|Torquebiau|1992|pp=195}}
Pekarangans' biodiversity is considered an advantage to their carbon sequestration.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=139-141|Nakagoshi|2014}}
Soil sustainability in pekarangans is supported of several factors. Canopy in pekarangans function as a protection from vertical forces, such as raindrops. This is supported by its canopy's low level (most of its plants' heights are less than a meter) that significantly reduces the raindrops' forces.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=9}} Another factor that aids its soil sustainability is its organic litter layer. The plant canopies' importance in aiding consistent addition of organic litter is even believed to be more important than their direct effect towards erosion (by reducing raindrops' force). Despite that, pekarangans still stands behind natural forests when it comes to their effectiveness on erosion reduction{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=9-10}}
Alongside temperature, precipitation is quite an important factor to plant diversity. Pekarangans in West Java, when observed, perform better in accommodating plant diversity when the wet season occurs than in the dry season.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=300-301}}
=== Anthropological factors ===
Pekarangan owners, when asked about the purpose of preserving said diversity (even the seemingly "unused" ones), answers that they might need them in the future.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=6}}
Commercialization, fragmentation, and urbanization are considered as major hazards to pekarangans' plant diversity. These change the organic cycles within the pekarangans, thus threatens its ecological sustainability.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=313}} Commercialization of pekarangans require a systemic change of its crop planting. In order to optimize and produce more crops, a pekarangan's owner must specialize its crops, thus making a small number of crops dominate over a pekarangan. Some owners even went as far as making their pekarangan a monoculture.{{sfn|Abdoellah|Parikesit|Gunawan|Hadikusumah|2001|p=142}} Fragmentation of pekarangans stems from the traditional system of inheritance.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=313}} Despite urbanization's negative effect in reducing pekarangans' plant diversity, it increases that of the ornamental plants.{{sfn|Kehlenbeck|Arifin|Maass|2007|pp=312}}
== Social and cultural context ==
Pekarangans are mainly developed by women. Therefore, forms of pekarangan in matriarchal tribes and societies (e.g. Minangkabau, Aceh, and communities in the 60s Central Java) are more developed than other tribes that tend to be patriarchal (e.g. Batak). For the same reason, matriarchal culture around pekarangans started to develop, such as the permission of a landowner's wife that is culturally required before selling a plot of pekarangan that they own - this happens in cities like Tegal, West Java.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=5}} Despite that, a pekarangan is considered a responsibility of the entire family, including their offsprings and their own families.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=10}}
Poor people might be allowed to build houses in pekarangans, but they must return the favor by doing work to their owners. However, pekarangans tend to have low demand of labor work, thus giving minimal labor opportunities.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=10}}
Rice-harvesting seasons (and its absence) influenced the usage of pekarangans in some ways. Production in pekarangans decreases during rice-harvesting seasons, but reaches high level during the rest of the entire year.{{sfn|Gliessman|1990|pp=163}} Lower-class villagers are benefitted from the consistent productivity of pekarangans throughout the year, especially on the gap times between rice harvest seasons where villagers are short on food, known as ''paceklik.''{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=3}}{{sfn|Ōta|2006|p=67}}
In Java, a pekarangan supports a household's income by 1-7% of its total income.{{sfn | Kehlenbeck | Arifin | Maass |2007| pp=298}}
=== Across ethnicities ===
The Javanese and Sundanese follows the culture of living harmoniously (''rukun''), thus using their own pekarangan as a medium of preserving such culture by offering its products to their neighbor. Events such as births, deaths, weddings, and cultural events like the Javanese new year and the Mawlid (observance of the birthday of Muhammad) become occasions where such offerings are given. Some offer its products to cure diseases or to protect owners from dangers. Pekarangan products are also given on an usual, daily life, especially in rural areas. A rural pekarangan owner usually allows others to enter it for any practical reason: taking dead wood for fuel, pulling water from a well for their own use, or even taking its crops. Despite that, such permission towards others might be restricted or denied if its owner have only a few pekarangan products left for his/her own consumption. Owners do never deny others' requests to take pekarangan products for religious or medicinal purposes. Some even believed that asking permission to take medicinal plants in a pekarangan is a taboo, thus fully allowing their stealing.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=10}}
Associations of the plants in Javanese pekarangans tend to be more complex than those of the Sundanese pekarangans. The Javanese ones also tend to cultivate medicinal plants (''jamu'') in their pekarangans, while the Sundanese tend to grow vegetables and ornamental plants.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=6}}
==== Javanese ====
==== Sundanese ====
The Sundanese has its own naming for each parts of a home yard, with their own functions:{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=13-14}}
*''Buruan'' (front yard), for garden shed, ornamental plants, fruit trees, kids' playground, benches, and space for crop-drying.
*''Pipir'' (side yard), for wood trees, crops, medicinal herbs, a fish pond, a well, a bathroom, and space for cloth-dying.
*''Kebon'' (back yard) for vegetable plants, spice plants, an animal pent, and industrial plants.
==== Balinese ====
The Balinese pekarangans are influenced by the wisdom of tri-hita-karana that divides spaces into parahyangan (top, head, pure), pawongan (middle, body, neutral), and palemahan (below, feet, impure). The parahyangan area of a Balinese pekarangan faces to Mount Agung as a sacred place (prajan) to pray (sanggah). Plants with flowers and leaves that are regularly picked and used for liturgical purposes are planted in the parahyangan area. The pawongan area, that is identical to human life, is identified with regular flowers, fruits, and leaves. The palemahan area is identified with fruits, stems, leaves, and tubers.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=15-16}}
Balinese back yards, known in Tabanan and Karangasem as teba, is significant in their importance as crops and livestocks, and are used for subsistence, commercial, and religious use (as offerings).{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=17}}
== History and development ==
{| style="float: right; margin:0.5em 0.5em"; class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |Distribution of pekarangan areas in Java
|-
!Province
!<100m<sup>2</sup>
!100m<sup>2</sup>-200m<sup>2</sup>
!200m<sup>2</sup>-300m<sup>2</sup>
!>300m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|West Java-Banten
|52,29%
|25,00%
|8,77%
|8,95%
|-
|Central Java
|27,50%
|27,57%
|13,20%
|31,73%
|-
|East Java
|34,52%
|25,83%
|13,33%
|31,73%
|-
|Special Region of Yogyakarta
|33,51%
|17,48%
|14,61%
|34,40%
|-
| colspan="5" |Source: Arifin, Kaswanto & Nakagoshi 2014{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=131|Nakagoshi|2014}}
|}
A record says that pekarangans in 1902 had already covered 378,000 hectares of land in Java, and the number increases to 1,417,000 hectares in 1937 and 1,612,568 hectares in 1986.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=5}} The number rises to about 1,736,000 hectares in 2000.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}}
Indonesia, as a whole, has 5,132,000 hectares of pekarangan of 2000.{{sfn|Arifin|Kaswanto|p=130|Nakagoshi|2014}} The number increases to about 10.3 million hectares in 2010.{{sfn|Arifin|2013|pp=2|p=}}
=== Pre-colonial and colonial era ===
Pekarangan was firstly documented in a Javanese charter from year 860.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=4}}
Javanese pekarangans had already influenced West Java in the eighteenth century that it had partly substituted the ''talun'' system there.{{sfn | Wiersum | 2006 | pp=17}}
Under colonial Dutch, pekarangans are referred as ''erfcultuur''.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Soemarwato | Karyono | Soekartadiredja | 1985 | p=44}}
=== Post-independence ===
==== Effects of economic and population growth ====
Since the 1970s, Indonesians had observed the economic growth rooted in the Indonesian government's five-year development plans (Repelita) that is firstly launched in 1969. The plans helped pushing the numbers of middle-class and upper-class families upward, resulting in better life and higher demand of quality products, including fruits and vegetables. Pekarangans in urban, suburban, and main fruit production areas reacted with efforts to increase their products' qualities, but side effects, such as biological diversity reduction, happened on those pekarangans. This resulted in their increasing fragility toward pests and plant diseases. Some disease outbreaks in these kinds of pekarangans are documented in the 1980s and the 1990s, such as the citrus vein phloem degradation (CVPD) disease that damaged many mandarin orange trees, and the spread of ''Phyllosticta'' pathogen fungi that affected almost 20% of clove trees in West Java at that time. Such fragility that affected pekarangans also influenced their owner's economic and social condition in a bad way. Owners became more susceptible to debts, the sharing culture in traditional pekarangans vanished in the commercial ones, and the poor enjoyed less rights from pekarangans.{{sfn | Soemarwoto | Conway | 1992 | pp=11}}
==== Pekarangan programs ====
[[Berkas:Gub-Kwt-12.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The launch of the provincial KRPL development program in West Sumatra. Along with the launch, Irwan Prayitno, Governor of West Sumatra (second from right), symbolically gave a total of 2,22 billion rupiahs to 148 women farmer groups (15 million rupiahs/{{To USD|15000000|Indonesia}} US dollars per women farmer group), to aid the program.]]
Utilization of pekarangans were explicitly included in a program by the Indonesian government for the first time in 1991, under the program Diversifikasi Pangan dan Gizi (English: Food and Nutrition Diversification).{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=16}}. Despite included in a program by the government, a literature said that as of 2001, "the government [hadn’t] paid attention" on recommendations to include pekarangans in national strategies.{{sfn|IPGRI|2001|p=162}}
Since the early 2010s, the government have given a significant attention on a pekarangan development program, named "Percepatan Penganekaragaman Konsumsi Pangan" (abbreviated as P2KP, English: Acceleration on Food Diversification), based on a concept named Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (abbrievated as KRPL, English: Sustainable Food Houses Region{{sfn | Saptana | Sunarsih | Friyatno |2013| p=67}}). The program itself was made under the Indonesian Presidential Regulation No. 22 Year 2009. An urban women-focused program was made to aid P2KP, named "Gerakan Perempuan untuk Optimalisasi Pekarangan" (abbreviated as GPOP, English: Women Movement for Pekarangan Optimization).{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
Alongside that, some areas in Indonesia have implemented their own pekarangan utilization programs. The government of East Java launched their own program called Rumah Hijau (English: Green House) in 2010. The provincial government later collaborated with the Ministry of Agriculture to improve upon the Rumah Hijau Program based on KRPL prototypes in Pacitan, thus making a new program, named Rumah Hijau Plus-Plus.{{sfn | Ashari | Saptana | Purwantini |2016| p=17}}
== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
<div style="text-indent: -2em; padding-left:2em;">
{{cite conference | last=Abdoellah | first=Oekan S. | last2=Parikesit | last3=Gunawan | first3=Budhi | last4=Hadikusumah | first4=Herri | title=Home gardens in the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java: a challenge for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources |format=doc |conference=Proceedings of the Second International Home Gardens Workshop|pages=140-147|date=17-19 July 2001|location=Witzenhausen|url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/_migrated/uploads/tx_news/Home_gardens_and_in_situ_conservation_of_plant_genetic_resources_in_farming_systems_753.pdf |access-date=6 July 2019|ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Arifin | first=Hadi Susilo | title=Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar: Pekarangan Kampung untuk Konservasi Agro-Biodiversitas dalam Mendukung Penganekargaman dan Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia] | publisher=IPB Press | publication-place=Bogor | year=2013 | url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/f722f00x0a4fisl/2014-01-26%20Buku%20Orasi%20Hadi%20Susilo%20ARIFIN%20Final.pdf?dl=0|ref=harv}} {{id}}
{{cite book | last=Arifin | first=Hadi Susilo | last2=Kaswanto | first2=Regan Leonardus | last3=Nakagoshi | first3=Nobukazu | title=Ecological Research Monographs | chapter=Low Carbon Society Through Pekarangan, Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Java, Indonesia | publisher=Springer Japan | publication-place=Tokyo | year=2014 | isbn=978-4-431-54818-8 | issn=2191-0707 | doi=10.1007/978-4-431-54819-5_8 | ref=harv}}
{{cite journal | last=Arifin | first=Hadi Susilo | last2=Sakamoto | first2=Keiji | last3=Chiba | first3=Kyozo |title=Effects of Urbanization on the Vegetation Structure of Home Gardens in West Java, Indonesia| journal=Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture | publisher=Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture | volume=42 | issue=2 | year=1998 | issn=2185-0259 | doi=10.11248/jsta1957.42.94 | pages=94-102 | ref=harv}}
{{cite journal | last=Ashari | first=NFN | last2=Saptana | first2=NFN | last3=Purwantini | first3=Tri Bastuti | title=Potensi dan Prospek Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan | journal=Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi | publisher=Indonesian Agency For Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) | volume=30 | issue=1 | date=2016-08-11 | issn=2580-2674 | doi=10.21082/fae.v30n1.2012.13-30 | page=13 | ref=harv}} {{id}}
{{cite book | last=Gliessman | first=Stephen R. | title=Ecological Studies | chapter=Integrating Trees into Agriculture: The Home Garden Agroecosystem as an Example of Agroforestry in the Tropics | publisher=Springer New York | publication-place=New York, NY | year=1990 | isbn=978-1-4612-7934-1 | issn=0070-8356 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-3252-0_11 | ref=harv}}
{{cite conference|last=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute|title=Mainstreaming contributions from the project: follow-up actions and priorities for future work on managing home gardens’ agrobiodiversity for development |format=doc |conference=Proceedings of the Second International Home Gardens Workshop|pages=161-162|date=17-19 July 2001|location=Witzenhausen|url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/_migrated/uploads/tx_news/Home_gardens_and_in_situ_conservation_of_plant_genetic_resources_in_farming_systems_753.pdf |access-date=6 July 2019|ref={{sfnref|IPGRI|2001}}}}
{{cite book | last=Kehlenbeck | first=Katja | last2=Arifin | first2=Hadi Susilo | last3=Maass | first3=Brigitte L. | title=Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins | chapter=Plant diversity in homegardens in a socio-economic and agro-ecological context | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | year=2007 | isbn=978-3-540-30289-6 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-30290-2_15 | ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Ōta | first=Atsushi | title=Changes of Regime And Social Dynamics in West Java: Society, State And the Outer World of Banten, 1750-1830 | publisher=Brill | series=TANAP Monographs On The History Of The Asian-European Interaction | year=2006 | isbn=978-90-04-15091-1 | url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0gOMTC8I7s4C&pg=PA67 | ref=harv | access-date=2019-05-29}}
{{cite journal | last=Saptana | first=NFN | last2=Sunarsih | first2=NFN | last3=Friyatno | first3=Supena | title=Prospek Model-Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (M-KRPL) Dan Replikasi Pengembangan KRPL | journal=Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi | publisher=Indonesian Agency For Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) | volume=31 | issue=1 | date=2013-06-24 | issn=2580-2674 | doi=10.21082/fae.v31n1.2013.67-87 | page=67 | ref=harv}} {{id}}
{{cite journal | last=Soemarwoto | first=Otto | last2=Soemarwato | first2=I. | author3=Karyono | last4=Soekartadiredja | first4=E.M. | last5=Ramlan | first5=A. | title=The Javanese Home-Garden as an Integrated Agro-Ecosystem | journal=Food and nutrition bulletin | volume=7 | issue=3 | page=1-4 | date=1985 | issn=0379-5721 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-021948-6.50033-9 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281579298_The_Javanese_Home-Garden_as_an_Integrated_Agro-Ecosystem | ref=harv}}
{{cite journal | last=Soemarwoto | first=Otto | last2=Conway | first2=Gordon R. |title=The Javanese homegarden | journal=J Farming Syst Res Extn | volume=2 | year=1992 | url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/4070/The_Javanese_Homegarden.pdf?sequence=1|ref=harv}}
{{cite journal | last=Torquebiau | first=Emmanuel | title=Are tropical agroforestry home gardens sustainable? | journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=41 | issue=2 | year=1992 | issn=0167-8809 | doi=10.1016/0167-8809(92)90109-o | pages=189–207 | ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Wiersum | first=K.F. | title=Advances in Agroforestry | chapter=Diversity and change in homegarden cultivation in Indonesia | publisher=Springer Netherlands | publication-place=Dordrecht | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-4020-4947-7 | issn=1875-1199 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4948-4_2 | ref=harv}}
</div>
{{refend}}
| 