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Baris 12: Di Romawi Kuno, agama adalah bagain integral dari pemerintahan sipil (lihat [[agama di Romawi kuno]]). Beberapa [[kultus kekaisaran (Romawi kuno)\|Kaisar diproklamasikan menjadi dewa atas Dunia]], dan dituntut agar disembah<ref name=lazare63>{{harvp\|Lazare\|1903\|p=63}}</ref> di seluruh [[Kekaisaran Romawi]]. Hal ini membuat kesulitan keagamaan bagi [[Yahudi]] monoteistik dan para penyembah [[Mithras]], [[Sabazius]] dan [[gereja perdana]].<ref name=lazare64>{{harvp\|Lazare\|1903\|p=64}}</ref> Yahudi dilarang oleh [[613 Mitzvot\|perintah-perintah kitab suci]] mereka untuk menyembah allah lain selain yang ada di [[Taurat]] (lihat [[Shema]], [[Allah dalam Yudaisme]], [[Berhala dalam Yudaisme]]). ''Krisis di bawah [[Caligula]]'' (37-41) telah ~~diproporsalkan~~diusulkan sebagai "perpecahan terbuka pertama antara Romawi dan Yahudi", bahkan melalui masalah-masalah yang menjadi ~~bgukti~~bukti pada masa [[Sensus Quirinius]] pada tahun 6 Masehi dan di bawah kepemimpinan [[Sejanus]] (sebelum tahun 31).{{efn\|"The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the [[Julio-Claudian]] empire. Until then – if one accepts [[Sejanus]]' heyday and the trouble caused by the [[Census of Quirinius\|census after Archelaus' banishment]] ~~—~~— there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the [[Herod's Temple\|Temple in Jerusalem]]. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire [[Eastern Roman Empire\|East]]."<ref>{{harvp\|Ben-Sasson\|1976\|pp=254–256}}, ''The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula''</ref>}} Setelah [[peperangan Yahudi-Romawi]] (66-135), [[Hadrian#Hadrian di Yudea\|Hadrian]] mengubah nama [[provinsi Iudaea]] menjadi ''[[Syria Palaestina]]'' dan [[Yerusalem dalam Yudaisme\|Yerusalem]] menjadi ''[[Aelia Capitolina]]'' dalam upaya menghapus [[sejarah Israel dan Yudea kuno pra-Romawi\|hubungan sejarah bangsa Yahudi dengan kawasan tersebut]].{{efn\|"In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."<ref name="H.H. Ben-Sasson, 1976, page 334">{{harvp\|Ben-Sasson\|1976\|p=334}}</ref>}} Selain itu, setelah tahun 70 Masehi, Yahudi dan [[Proselit]] Yahudihanya diijinkan mempraktikkan agama mereka jika mereka membayar [[Fiscus Judaicus\|pajak Yahudi]], dan setelah tahun 135 Masehi, Yerusalem disegel kecuali untuk hari [[Tisha B'Av]]. Baris 18: [[Titus Flavius Clemens (konsul)\|Flavius Clemens]] dihukum mati karena "hidup dalam kehidupan Yahudi" atau "mengikuti cara-cara Yahudi" pada tahun 95 Masehi, yang berkaitan dengan administrasi pajak Yahudi di bawah kepemimpinan [[Domitianus]].{{efn\|"...Domitian ordered the execution of Flavius Clemens ... for [[Judaizing]] tendencies..."<ref>Dio Cassius 67.14.1–2, 68.1.2; ''History of the Jewish People'', H.H. Ben-Sasson editor, page 322</ref>}} Kekaisaran Romawi mengadopsi agama Kristen sebagai [[agama negara]]-nya dengan [[~~Edik~~Maklumat Tesalonika]] pada 27 Februari 380, lihat [[Gereja negara Kekaisaran Romawi]]. ~~== Kristen anti-Yudaisme ==~~ == Catatan == Baris 31 ⟶ 29: {{refbegin}} * Abulafia, Anna Sapir (ed)(1998). ''Christians and Jews in Dispute: Disputational Literature and the Rise of Anti-Judaism in the West (c. 1000-1150)'' (Variorum Collected Studies Series). Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. {{ISBN\|0-86078-661-7}}. * {{cite book \|last=Ben-Sasson \|first=H. H. \|year=1976 \|title=A History of the Jewish People \|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=0674397312 \|ref=harv}} * Langmuir, Gavin (1971). "Anti-Judaism as the necessary preparation for anti-Semitism". ''Viator'', '''2''': p. 383. * {{cite book \|first=Bernard \|last=Lazare \|authorlink=Bernard Lazare \|year=1903 \|title=Antisemitism: Its History and Causes \|url=https://archive.org/details/antisemitismits01lazagoog \|publisher=International Library \|location=New York \|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=Taylor \|first=Miriam S. \|year=1995 \|title=Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity: A Critique of the Scholarly Consensus \|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers \|location=Leiden, New York, Köln \|isbn=9004021353 \|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Pranala luar == * [http://www.chrysostom.org/jews.html Was St. John Chrysostom Anti-Semitic?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001206174000/http://www.chrysostom.org/jews.html \|date=2000-12-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060519213922/http://www.icjs.org/scholars/bachfred.html The Gospel of John and Christian Anti-Judaism] * [http://spanish-inquisition.cuqr.com/spanish-inquisition/ The Spanish Inquisition - Presentation with images and videos] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028160859/http://spanish-inquisition.cuqr.com/spanish-inquisition/ \|date=2007-10-28 }} [[Kategori:Kritikan terhadap agama]]