El Chal: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''El Chal''' adalah sebuah situs arkeologi [[peradaban Maya]] dari zaman [[pra-Kolumbus]] yang terletak di lembah hulu [[Sungai San Juan (Guatemala)|Sungai San Juan]] di wilayah [[Cekungan Petén]] tenggara, [[Guatemala]]. Situs ini terletak sekitar 30  km di sebelah utara kota modern [[Dolores, Guatemala|Dolores]].

El Chal dihuni dari sekitar tahun 300 SM hingga 1300 M (dari zaman Praklasik Akhir hingga Pascaklasik Awal dalam [[kronologi Mesoamerika]]),<ref name="Suasnávar98354">Suasnávar 1998, hlm.354.</ref> walaupun tanda-tanda kegiatan dari zaman Praklasik Pertengahan telah ditemukan di akropolisnya.<ref name="Reyes08p255">Reyes 2008, hlm.255.</ref> Pada zaman Praklasik Akhir, penduduk di kota ini terpusat di sekitaran kompleks upacara [[Kelompok-kelompok E|Kelompok E]] sekitar 2 &nbsp;km di sebelah utara tempat yang kelak menjadi pusat situs ini.<ref>Quezada et al 1998, hlm. 3, 11-12.</ref> Situs ini memiliki jumlah penduduk yang besar pada zaman Klasik Akhir.<ref name="Laporte05212">Laporte 2005, hlm. 212.</ref> Salah satu struktur yang ada di situs ini adalah kompleks hunian besar berbentuk segi empat yang tidak lazim di wilayah dataran rendah Maya selatan, walaupun ada struktur yang mirip dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil di [[Machaquilá]].

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:{{cite web |author=Chocón, Jorge E. |year=2008 |title=Excavaciones en la Plaza Noroeste de El Chal, Dolores, Petén. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_06_-_EL_Chal,_Plaza_Noroeste_-_Chocon.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 22, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=400–412 |publisher=Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112021112/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_06_-_EL_Chal,_Plaza_Noroeste_-_Chocon.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite web |author=Corzo, Lilian A. |author2=Reyes, Mara A. |author3=Juan Pedro Laporte |year=2005 |title=Excavaciones en El Chal, Dolores: Ascenso hacia la Acrópolis y el Patio D. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_05_-_Plaza_D_El_Chal_-_Corzo.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=71–106 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112014924/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_05_-_Plaza_D_El_Chal_-_Corzo.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite book |author=Laporte, Juan Pedro |authorlink=Juan Pedro Laporte |year=2005 |chapter=Terminal Classic Settlement and Polity in the Mopan Valley, Petén, Guatemala |editor=Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation |url=https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth |location=Boulder |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |pages=195–230[https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth/page/195 195]–230 |isbn=0-87081-822-8 |oclc=61719499 }}

:{{cite web |author=Morales, Paulino I. |year=1993 |title=Reconocimiento en El Chal, Dolores. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/REP-7-03%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 7, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=14–35 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112013616/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/REP-7-03%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite web |author=Morales, Paulino I. |year=1995 |title=Patrón de asentamiento de El Chal, Petén: Resultados preliminares. |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/39.94_-_Paulino.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=VIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1994 (edited by J.P. Laporte and H. Escobedo) |pages=493–508 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-30 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102161110/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/39.94_-_Paulino.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-02 }}

:{{cite web |author=Morales, Paulino I. |author2=Manuel Colón |author3=Héctor Mejía |author4=Benito Burgos |author5=Leonel Paiz |author6=Carmen E. Ramos |author7= Juan A. Alonzo |year=1994 |title=Resultados preliminares de las excavaciones realizadas en El Chal, Petén. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/REP-8.17%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 8, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=366–393 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112020103/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/REP-8.17%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite web |author=Quezada, Heidy |author2=Jorge E. Chocón |author3=Mario Vásquez |author4= Juan Pedro Laporte |year=1998 |title=Nuevas exploraciones en El Chal, municipios de Dolores y Santa Ana. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/REP-12.01.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 12, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=1–53 |publisher=Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112013509/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/REP-12.01.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite web |author=Reyes, Mara A. |year=2008 |title=La Acrópolis de El Chal, Petén: Excavaciones en los Patios A y B. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_04_-_Acropolis_de_El_Chal.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 22, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=244–347 |publisher=Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112012844/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_04_-_Acropolis_de_El_Chal.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite web |author=Reyes, Mara A. |author2=Juan Pedro Laporte |year=2005a |title=Exploración en El Chal, Dolores: estructuras en las plazas este y oeste, y en dos grupos menores. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_04_-_Estructuras_Diversas__El_Chal_-_Mara.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=42–70 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112013130/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_04_-_Estructuras_Diversas__El_Chal_-_Mara.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite web |author=Reyes, Mara A. |author2=Juan Pedro Laporte |year=2005b |title=Excavaciones en El Chal, Dolores: La Estructura 4 de la Plaza Oeste. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_06_-_Estructura_Oeste_El_Chal_-_Mara.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=107–123 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112020109/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_06_-_Estructura_Oeste_El_Chal_-_Mara.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}

:{{cite book |author=Seibert, J. |year=2006 |chapter=The Form, Style, and Function of Structure 12A, Minanha, Belize |editor=Robertson, Elizabeth C. (ed.) |title=Space and spatial analysis in archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/spacespatialanal00robe_451 |location=Calgary, Canada |publisher=[[University of Calgary Press]] in conjunction with [[University of New Mexico Press]] |pages=107–114[https://archive.org/details/spacespatialanal00robe_451/page/n131 107]–114 |isbn=978-0-8263-4022-1 |oclc=60416224 }}

:{{cite web |author=Suasnávar, José S. |year=1998 |title=Investigaciones arqueológicas de la historia reciente de El Chal, Dolores, Petén. |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18.97_-_Suasnavar.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=XI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1997 (edited by J.P. Laporte and H. Escobedo) |pages=354–361 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-30 |language=es |archive-date=2011-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914175901/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18.97_-_Suasnavar.pdf |dead-url=yes }}

:{{cite web |author=Valle, Gendry |year=2008 |title=Excavaciones en los Patios C y F de la Acrópolis de El Chal, Petén. |url=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_05_-_Patios_C_y_F_de_El_Chal.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online publication |work=Reporte 22, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=348–399 |publisher=Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Guatemala |accessdate=2010-10-31 |language=es |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112021507/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_05_-_Patios_C_y_F_de_El_Chal.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-12 }}