John Whitehurst: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Infobox person
| name = John Whitehurst
| image = Whitehurst John by Wright of Derby.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = John Whitehurst dilukis oleh [[Joseph Wright]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 10 April 1713
| birth_place = [[Congleton]]
| death_date = 18 Februari 1788
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence = [[Cheshire]]
| other_names =
| known_for = ahli [[geologi]]
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = pembuat jam, ilmuwan
| title =
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| networth =
| height =
| weight =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| religion =
| spouse = Elizabeth Gretton
| partner =
| children = tidak ada
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| nationality = {{BRI}}
}}
'''John Whitehurst''' [[Royal Society|FRS]] ({{lahirmati|[[Congleton]], [[Cheshire]], [[Inggris]]|10|4|1713|[[Inggris]]|18|2|1788}}), dari [[Cheshire]], [[Inggris]], adalah seorang pembuat jam dan ilmuwan, juga memberikan kontribusi awal yang cukup berjasa pada ilmu [[geologi]]. Ia adalah anggota berpengaruh di [[Lunar Society]].
 
== Kehidupan dan pekerjaan ==
Whitehurst dilahirkan di [[Congleton]], [[Cheshire]], dipada masa tua menjadi [[pembuat jam]].<ref>{{en}} Banyak dari artikel ini diadaptasi dari sumber: [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Whitehurst,_John_%28DNB00%29 Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 61: Whitehurst, John by Edward Irving Carlyle]</ref> Hanya menerima sedikit pendidikan formal, Whitehurst muda dididik membuat jam oleh ayahnya, yang juga mendorong anaknya untuk mengejar pengetahuan. Pada usia dua puluh satu, ia mengunjungi Dublin untuk melihat pembuatan jam yang rumit yang ia dengar. Tahun 1722 ia menemukan "mesin pulsasi", sebuah perangkat pemompa air yang menjadi cikal bakal [[hydram]].<ref>{{en}} Lihat {{cite journal|author= Whitehurst, John|title=Account of a Machine for Raising Water, Executed at Oulton, in Cheshire, in 1772|journal=Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775)|volume=65|year=1775|pages=277–279|doi= 10.1098/rstl.1775.0026|jstor = 106195?}}</ref>
 
Sekitar 1736 Whitehurst memulai usaha sendiri di Derby, yang mana ia kemudian mendapat banyak pekerjaan, yang membedakan dirinya dari yang lain dengan membuat peralatan mekanik yang berbeda. Berbeda dengan pekerjaan lainnya ia membuat jam untuk balai kota, dan sebagai penghargaan ia mendapat gelar "burgess" pada 6 September 1737. Ia juga membuat [[termometer]], [[barometer]], dan beberapa peralatan ilmu pengetahuan lainnya, serta ia amat tertarik merancang peralatan yang berhubungan dengan air. Di hampir semua pekerjaan khusus di Derbyshire ia nyaris selalu terlibat sebagai konsultan, terutama terkait pekerjaan yang memerlukan keahlian [[mekanika]], [[pneumatik]], dan [[hidrolikhidraulik]].
 
Tahun 1774, Whitehurst mendapatkan posisi di [[Royal Mint]], [[London]]. Tahun 1775, pada proses pembuatan pengamanan yang lebih baik untuk uang koin emas, tanpa ada halangan ia ditunjuk untuk pembuatan mesin pencetak uang atas rekomendasi Adipati Newcastle.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title = Industrial Revolution: A Documentary History | url = http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/industrial_revolution/brief%20chronology.aspx | accessdate = 2008-04-25 |archive-date = 2010-03-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327164500/http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/industrial_revolution/brief%20chronology.aspx |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Whitehurst pindah ke London, dimanadi mana sisa hidupnya dilewati untuk mengejar ilmu pengetahuan, dan dimanadi mana rumahnya di Colt Court, Fleet Street (sebelumnya menjadi tempat tinggal [[James Ferguson (1710–1776)|James Ferguson]]) sering dikunjungi ilmuwan-ilmuwan terkenal.
 
Tahun 1778 Whitehurst mempublikasikan teori tentang strata geologi di ''Sebuah Penelitian dalam Bentuk Asli dan Formasi Bumi'' (''An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth''). Rencana semula untuk pekerjaan ini, yang sudah mulai dilakukan sejak ia tinggal di Derby, adalah untuk menyiapkan penemuan mineral berharga di bawah permukaan Bumi. Ia mengupayakan risetnya dengan terlalu bersemangat sehingga mempengaruhi kesehatannya.
 
13 Mei 1779 Whitehurst diangkat menjadi anggota [[Royal Society]], dan tahun 1783 ia diberangkatkan untuk mempelajari [[Giant's Causeway]] dan sisa-sisa gunung api di utara Irlandia, kemudian pengamatannya dimasukkan ke edisi kedua karyanya ''Inquiry''. Sekitar 1784 ia diminta membuat sistem penghawaan Rumah Sakit St. Thomas (lihat tulisan Bernan ''History and Art of Warming and Ventilation'', 1845, ii. 70). Tahun 1787 ia mempublikasikan ''An Attempt towards obtaining invariable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from the Mensuration of Time'' (London). Dimulai dengan asumsi bahwa posisi detik pada [[garis lintangbujur]] [[London]] adalah 39,2", ia membagi bahwa jumlah osilasi 42 kali semenit adalah 80", atau 1' 20". Jaraknya tepat 5'. Ia menemukan dari percobaaan bahwa perbedaan sebenarnya hanya 59,892" dari panjang pendulum sebenarnya, osilasi sekali per detik adalah 39,125". Ia menghitung dari data panjang pendulum, jarak ayunan, dan berbagai faktor dari gravitasi dan bentuk permukaan bumi yang perlu diperhitungkan (kaitan pendulum jam dan posisi koordinat bumi).
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39.2&nbsp;inches, he deduced that the length of one oscillating forty-two times a minute is eighty inches, while that of one oscillating twice as many times is twenty inches. The difference between these two lengths would therefore be exactly five feet. He found, however, upon experiment that the actual difference was only 59.892&nbsp;inches owing to the real length of the pendulum, oscillating once a second, being 39.125&nbsp;inches. He obtained roughly, however, data from which the true lengths of pendulums, the spaces through which heavy bodies fall in a given time, and many other particulars relating to the force of gravitation and the true figure of the earth, could be deduced.
 
On 9 JanuaryJanuari 1745 Whitehurst marriedmenikah dengan Elizabeth Gretton, daughterputri ofdari George Gretton, rectorrektor ofdari Trusley anddan Dalbury indi Derbyshire. AfterSetelah Whitehurst diedmeninggal intahun 1788 atdi hisrumahnya house indi Bolt Court, Fleet Street, heia wasdimakamkan burieddisamping besidemakam hisistrinya wife indi St. Andrew's burying-grounddi inpemakaman Gray's Inn Koad. Mereka There were notidak survivingmemiliki childrenketurunan.
 
It has been suggested thatDiperkirakan Whitehurst is themenjadi model forpada lukisan [[Joseph Wright's]] picturetentang offilsuf ayang philosopher lecturing on themempelajari [[A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery|orrery]].<ref>{{en}} [http://www.bygonederbyshire.co.uk/articlesstories/8203-1700s:_US_patriot_and_his_links_to_Derby-patriot-links-Derby/article-1737506-detail/article.html Bygonederbyshire.co.uk:1700s: US patriot and his links to Derby]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} diakses 29 Mei 2011</ref>
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== Tulisan pilihan ==
 
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Whitehurst, John | title = An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth | year = 1778 | publisher = J. Cooper | location = London | url = http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=1645 | isbn = 0405104650|access-date = 2011-05-27|archive-date = 2011-07-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724091457/http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=1645|dead-url = yes}}
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Whitehurst, John | title = An Attempt Towards Obtaining Invariable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, From the Mensuration of Time, Independent of the Mechanical Operations Requisite to Ascertain the Center of Oscillation, or the True Length of Pendulums | year = 1787| publisher = W. Bent | location = London}}
 
== Referensi ==
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== Bacaan selanjutnya ==
 
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Craven, Maxwell | title = John Whitehurst of Derby: Clockmaker and Scientist 1713-88 | year = 1996 | publisher = Ashbourne | location = Derbyshire | isbn = 0952327031}}
* {{en}} {{cite journal book| author = FordCraven, Trevor D. Maxwell| title = John Whitehurst (1713–1788)of Derby: Philosopher, Geologist, HorologistClockmaker and EngineerScientist 1713-88| journal = Geology Today | year = 2002 1996| volumepublisher = 18 Ashbourne| pageslocation = 100&ndash;107 Derbyshire| doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.00342.x | issueisbn =3 0952327031}}
* {{en}} {{cite journal | author = GracianoFord, AndrewTrevor D. | title = "The Book of Nature is Open toJohn AllWhitehurst Men"(1713–1788): GeologyPhilosopher, Geologist, MiningHorologist and History in Joseph Wright’s Derbyshire LandscapesEngineer | journal = TheGeology Huntington Library QuarterlyToday | year = 20052002 | volume = 6818 | pages = 583–600100–107 | url = http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 | doi = 10.15251046/hlqj.20051365-2451.682002.400342.583x | issue =3 4}}
* {{en}} {{cite journal |author = Graciano, Andrew |title = "The Book of Nature is Open to All Men": Geology, Mining and History in Joseph Wright’s Derbyshire Landscapes |journal = The Huntington Library Quarterly |year = 2005 |volume = 68 |pages = 583–600 |url = http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 |doi = 10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 |issue = 4 |access-date = 2011-05-27 |archive-date = 2012-02-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120215203112/http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 |dead-url = yes }}
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Graciano, Andrew | title = Visualising the Unseen, Imagining the Unknown, Perfecting the Natural: Art and Science in the 18th and 19th Centuries | year = 2008 | publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing | isbn = 1847185428}}
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = HuttonGraciano, C. Andrew| title = Visualising Thethe WorksUnseen, ofImagining Johnthe WhitehurstUnknown, F.R.S.,Perfecting withthe MemoirsNatural: ofArt hisand LifeScience in the 18th and Writings19th Centuries| locationyear = London 2008|publisher = W.Cambridge BentScholars Publishing| yearisbn = 17921847185428}} - [http://openlibrary.org/b/OL6534792M/works-of-John-Whitehurst%2C-F.R.S. Table of contents]
* {{en}} {{cite book|author = Hutton, C.|title = The Works of John Whitehurst, F.R.S., with Memoirs of his Life and Writings|location = London|publisher = W. Bent|year = 1792}} - [http://openlibrary.org/b/OL6534792M/works-of-John-Whitehurst%2C-F.R.S. Table of contents]
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
* {{en}} {{cite web | author = Dick, Malcolm | title = John Whitehurst: Clockmaker, Engineer and Geologist | url = http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=56&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=166&text=0&resource=3722 | accessdate = 2008-04-25 |archive-date = 2011-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724091511/http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=56&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault.asp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=166&text=0&resource=3722 |dead-url = yes }}
 
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