John Whitehurst: Perbedaan antara revisi

| name = John Whitehurst

| image = Whitehurst John by Wright of Derby.jpg

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| caption = John Whitehurst dilukis oleh [[Joseph Wright]]

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| birth_date = 10 April 1713

| birth_place = [[Congleton]]

| death_date = 18 Februari 1788

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| residence = [[Cheshire]]

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| known_for = ahli [[geologi]]

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| occupation = pembuat jam, ilmuwan

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| spouse = Elizabeth Gretton

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| nationality = {{BRI}}

Whitehurst dilahirkan di [[Congleton]], [[Cheshire]], dipada masa tua menjadi [[pembuat jam]].<ref>{{en}} Banyak dari artikel ini diadaptasi dari sumber: [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Whitehurst,_John_%28DNB00%29 Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 61: Whitehurst, John by Edward Irving Carlyle]</ref> Hanya menerima sedikit pendidikan formal, Whitehurst muda dididik membuat jam oleh ayahnya, yang juga mendorong anaknya untuk mengejar pengetahuan. Pada usia dua puluh satu, ia mengunjungi Dublin untuk melihat pembuatan jam yang rumit yang ia dengar. Tahun 1722 ia menemukan "mesin pulsasi", sebuah perangkat pemompa air yang menjadi cikal bakal [[hydram]].<ref>{{en}} Lihat {{cite journal|author= Whitehurst, John|title=Account of a Machine for Raising Water, Executed at Oulton, in Cheshire, in 1772|journal=Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775)|volume=65|year=1775|pages=277–279|doi= 10.1098/rstl.1775.0026|jstor = 106195?}}</ref>

Sekitar 1736 Whitehurst memulai usaha sendiri di Derby, yang mana ia kemudian mendapat banyak pekerjaan, yang membedakan dirinya dari yang lain dengan membuat peralatan mekanik yang berbeda. Berbeda dengan pekerjaan lainnya ia membuat jam untuk balai kota, dan sebagai penghargaan ia mendapat gelar "burgess" pada 6 September 1737. Ia juga membuat [[termometer]], [[barometer]], dan beberapa peralatan ilmu pengetahuan lainnya, serta ia amat tertarik merancang peralatan yang berhubungan dengan air. Di hampir semua pekerjaan khusus di Derbyshire ia nyaris selalu terlibat sebagai konsultan, terutama terkait pekerjaan yang memerlukan keahlian [[mekanika]], [[pneumatik]], dan [[hidrolikhidraulik]].

Tahun 1774, Whitehurst mendapatkan posisi di [[Royal Mint]], [[London]]. Tahun 1775, pada proses pembuatan pengamanan yang lebih baik untuk uang koin emas, tanpa ada halangan ia ditunjuk untuk pembuatan mesin pencetak uang atas rekomendasi Adipati Newcastle.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title = Industrial Revolution: A Documentary History | url = http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/industrial_revolution/brief%20chronology.aspx | accessdate = 2008-04-25 |archive-date = 2010-03-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327164500/http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/industrial_revolution/brief%20chronology.aspx |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Whitehurst pindah ke London, dimanadi mana sisa hidupnya dilewati untuk mengejar ilmu pengetahuan, dan dimanadi mana rumahnya di Colt Court, Fleet Street (sebelumnya menjadi tempat tinggal [[James Ferguson (1710–1776)|James Ferguson]]) sering dikunjungi ilmuwan-ilmuwan terkenal.

Diperkirakan Whitehurst menjadi model pada lukisan [[Joseph Wright]] tentang filsuf yang mempelajari [[A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery|orrery]].<ref>{{en}} [http://www.bygonederbyshire.co.uk/stories/8203-1700s-patriot-links-Derby/article-1737506-detail/article.html Bygonederbyshire.co.uk:1700s: US patriot and his links to Derby]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} diakses 29 Mei 2011</ref>

* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Whitehurst, John | title = An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth | year = 1778 | publisher = J. Cooper | location = London | url = http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=1645 | isbn = 0405104650|access-date = 2011-05-27|archive-date = 2011-07-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724091457/http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=1645|dead-url = yes}}

* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Whitehurst, John | title = An Attempt Towards Obtaining Invariable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, From the Mensuration of Time, Independent of the Mechanical Operations Requisite to Ascertain the Center of Oscillation, or the True Length of Pendulums | year = 1787| publisher = W. Bent | location = London}}

* {{en}} {{cite journal book| author = FordCraven, Trevor D. Maxwell| title = John Whitehurst (1713–1788)of Derby: Philosopher, Geologist, HorologistClockmaker and EngineerScientist 1713-88| journal = Geology Today | year = 2002 1996| volumepublisher = 18 Ashbourne| pageslocation = 100&ndash;107 Derbyshire| doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.00342.x | issueisbn =3 0952327031}}

* {{en}} {{cite journal | author = GracianoFord, AndrewTrevor D. | title = "The Book of Nature is Open toJohn AllWhitehurst Men"(1713–1788): GeologyPhilosopher, Geologist, MiningHorologist and History in Joseph Wright’s Derbyshire LandscapesEngineer | journal = TheGeology Huntington Library QuarterlyToday | year = 20052002 | volume = 6818 | pages = 583–600100–107 | url = http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 | doi = 10.15251046/hlqj.20051365-2451.682002.400342.583x | issue =3 4}}

* {{en}} {{cite book | author = HuttonGraciano, C. Andrew| title = Visualising Thethe WorksUnseen, ofImagining Johnthe WhitehurstUnknown, F.R.S.,Perfecting withthe MemoirsNatural: ofArt hisand LifeScience in the 18th and Writings19th Centuries| locationyear = London 2008|publisher = W.Cambridge BentScholars Publishing| yearisbn = 17921847185428}} - [http://openlibrary.org/b/OL6534792M/works-of-John-Whitehurst%2C-F.R.S. Table of contents]

* {{en}} {{cite web | author = Dick, Malcolm | title = John Whitehurst: Clockmaker, Engineer and Geologist | url = http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=56&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=166&text=0&resource=3722 | accessdate = 2008-04-25 |archive-date = 2011-07-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724091511/http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=56&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault.asp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=166&text=0&resource=3722 |dead-url = yes }}

[[Kategori:Ahli geologiGeolog Inggris]]