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{{Infobox scientist
'''Birutė Marija Filomena Galdikas''' ({{lahirmati|[[Wiesbaden]], [[Jerman]]|10|5|1946}}), adalah ahli primata, aktivis pelestarian alam, dan penulis dari beberapa buku mengenai ancaman kepunahan [[orangutan]] khususnya Orangutan Kalimantan. Galdika dikenal sebagai tokoh pemimpin di area penelitian primata modern terutama orangutan .<ref name="NGS1075">{{Cite news
| lastname = Birutė Marija Filomena Galdikas-Brindamour
| image = Dr Birute Galdikas.jpg
| first = Birutė
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1946|5|10}}
| year = 1975
| birth_place = [[Wiesbaden]], [[Jerman]]
| month = October
| died_date =
| title = Orangutans, Indonesia's "People of the Forest"
| deathdate =
| periodical = [[National Geographic Magazine]]
|location=
| volume = 148
| issueresidence = 4
| known_for = Studi dan konservasi tentang [[orangutan]]
| pages = 444–473 }}</ref> Sebelum penelitianya, ilmuwan hanya mengetahui sangat sedikit mengenai spesies orang utan. <ref name="NYT 1.29.95">{{Cite news
| prizes = [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] (1997)
| last = de Waal
}}
| first = Frans
'''Birutė Marija Filomena Galdikas''' ({{lahirmati|[[Wiesbaden]], [[Jerman]]|10|5|1946}}), adalah ahli primatologi, aktivis pelestarian alam, dan penulis dari beberapa buku mengenai ancaman kepunahan [[orangutan]] khususnya orangutan Kalimantan. Galdikas dikenal sebagai tokoh pemimpin di area penelitian primata modern terutama orangutan. Prof. Dr. Birute Galdikas pernah mendapatkan penghargaan [[kalpataru]] dari Pemerintah Indonesia untuk usahanya di bidang pelestarian alam.<ref name="NGS1075">{{Cite news
| year = 1995
|last = Galdikas-Brindamour
| month = January
|first = Birutė
| title = The Loneliest of Apes
|year = 1975
| url = {{en}} [http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/29/books/the-loneliest-of-apes.html?scp=3&sq=galdikas%20fossey%20goodall&st=cse The New York Times]
|month = October
| periodical = [[The New York Times]]
|title = Orangutans, Indonesia's "People of the Forest"
| volume =
|periodical = [[National Geographic Magazine]]
| issue =
|volume = 148
| pages = }}</ref>
|issue = 4
|pages = 444–473 }}</ref> Sebelum penelitiannya, ilmuwan hanya mengetahui sangat sedikit mengenai spesies orangutan.<ref name="NYT 1.29.95">{{Cite news
|last = de Waal
|first = Frans
|year = 1995
|month = January
|title = The Loneliest of Apes
|url = {{en}} [http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/29/books/the-loneliest-of-apes.html?scp=3&sq=galdikas%20fossey%20goodall&st=cse The New York Times]
|periodical = [[The New York Times]]
|volume =
|issue =
|pages = }}</ref>
 
== Awal kehidupan dan Pendidikanpendidikan ==
Galdikas lahir pada tanggal 10 Mei 1946 di [[Wiesbaden]], Jerman. Orang tuanya, Antanas dan Filomena Galdikas, adalah pengungsi Lituania yang melarikan diri dari [[Pendudukan negara-negara Baltik|pengambilalihan Soviet]] setelah Perang Dunia II. Ketika Galdikas berusia dua tahun, keluarga tersebut pindah ke Kanada saat Antanas menandatangani kontrak untuk bekerja di pertambangan tembaga di [[Quebec]]. Tahun berikutnya, mereka pindah ke [[Toronto]], tempat Galdikas tumbuh. Ayahnya bekerja sebagai penambang dan kontraktor. Sebagai anak muda, kepala Galdikas dipenuhi dengan visi hutan yang jauh dan makhluk eksotis. Buku pertama yang dipinjamnya dari Perpustakaan Umum Toronto adalah sebuah cerita tentang seekor monyet kecil nakal bernama [[Curious George]]. Ketika dia bertambah tua, dia tersapu oleh petualangan ''National Geographic'' dari Jane Goodall dan Dian Fossey.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfeiff|first=Margo|year=1993|title=Mother to the Apes|url=|journal=Reader's Digest|volume=143 No 855|pages=127-132|via=}}</ref> Dia memiliki dua adik laki-laki dan seorang adik perempuan.<ref name=scienceca>{{cite web |url= http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=7&pg=3 |title= Profile: Biruté Galdikas |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 2015 |website= www.science.ca ||access-date= August 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gallardo|first= Evelyn |year=1993 |title= Among the Orangutans: The Birute Galdikas Story |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOsIGAljuGsC&pg=PA8&dq=%22Birute+Galdikas%22+lithuanian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEAQ6AEwB2oVChMIupDc0aqpxwIVBBw-Ch31XgDl#v=onepage&q=%22Birute%20Galdikas%22%20lithuanian&f=false |location= |publisher= Chronicle Books |page= 8–9|isbn= 0811804089 |access-date= August 14, 2015 }}</ref>
Galdikas lahir di [[Wiesbaden]], [[Jerman]] sebagai anak dari orang tua yang berasal dari [[Lithuania]]. Ia kemudian menjadi warga negara [[Kanada]] dan tumbuh besar di [[Toronto]], [[Kanada]].
 
Pada tahun 1962 keluarga Galdikas pindah lagi, pertama ke [[Vancouver]] dan kemudian ke California selatan. Galdikas mendaftar di [[University of California, Los Angeles]], di mana dia belajar [[psikologi]], [[arkeologi]], dan [[antropologi]]. Pada tahun 1966, dia mendapatkan [[gelar sarjana]] di bidang psikologi dan [[zoologi]], yang dianugerahi bersama oleh UCLA dan [[University of British Columbia]]. Dia mendapatkan gelar magister antropologi dari UCLA pada tahun 1969. Selama studi pascasarjana di UCLA, Galdikas bertemu dengan ahli paleoantropologi [[Louis Leakey]], yang dia dekati tentang mempelajari orangutan di habitat alami mereka. Leakey dan [[National Geographic Society]] sepakat untuk mendirikan fasilitas penelitian di [[Kalimantan]].<ref name=scienceca/><ref>{{cite book |last= Gallardo|first= Evelyn |year=1993 |title= Among the Orangutans: The Birute Galdikas Story |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DOsIGAljuGsC&pg=PA8&dq=%22Birute+Galdikas%22+lithuanian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEAQ6AEwB2oVChMIupDc0aqpxwIVBBw-Ch31XgDl#v=onepage&q=%22Birute%20Galdikas%22%20lithuanian&f=false |location= |publisher= Chronicle Books |page= 9–10|isbn= 0811804089 |access-date= August 14, 2015 }}</ref> Penelitiannya menjadi dasar studi doktoralnya, dan dia meraih gelar doktor dalam bidang antropologi dari UCLA pada tahun 1978.<ref name=scienceca/>
Pada mempelajari [[Psikologi]] saat kuliah dan [[biologi]]. Kemudian di tahun 1966 Galdikas lulus tingkat sarjana di bidang [[Psikologi]] dan [[Kehewanan]] yang diberikan oleh [[Universitas British Columbia]] dan [[Universitas California, Los Angeles]]. Gelas Masternya adalah dibidang [[antropologi]] dari UCLA diperoleh pada tahun 1969 dan gelar [[doktor]]nya juga pada bidang antropologi diperoleh dari UCLA di tahun 1978. <ref>{{en}} [http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=7&pg=3 Biruté Galdikas: Zoology, Animals, Physiology, Metabolism] </ref> Sebagai mahasiswa ia pertamakali bertemu mentornya [[Louis Leakey]] dan mengemukakan keinginannya untuk mempelajari orangutan di habitat alaminya (di hutan).
 
== The Trimate ==
==Leakey's Angels==
Galdikas mempelopori studi tentang orangutan, seekor [[kera besar]] yang berasal dari wilayah Indonesia dan Malaysia. Bertekad untuk mempelajari lebih jauh tentang kera merah, Galdikas meyakinkan Leakey untuk membantu mengorganisasi penelitiannya, walaupun Leaky awalnya tidak yakin. Pada tahun 1971, Galdikas bersama seorang fotografer bernama Rod Brindamour, yang kemudian menjadi suaminya, tiba di Cagar Alam [[Tanjung Puting]] di Provinsi [[Kalimantan Tengah]]. Dipilihnya Galdikas untuk mempelajari orangutan menjadikan Galdikas salah satu dari tiga wanita (trio) yang dipilih langsung oleh Leakey untuk mempelajari kerabat terdekat manusia, kera besar, di habitat langsung mereka. Trio ini dikenal juga sebagai "The Trimates"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/06/opinion/06galdikas.html?ex=1168750800&en=eb87fc08333eabee&ei=5070&emc=eta1 |title=The Vanishing Man of the Forest |publisher=Galdikas, Birute Mary, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 6, 2007 |accessdate=2013-12-14}}</ref> dua orang lainnya adalah [[Jane Goodall]], yang mempelajari simpanse, dan [[Dian Fossey]], yang mempelajari gorila gunung.<ref name="NYT 1.29.95"/>
The orangutan is an intelligent [[great ape]] native to [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], which has long arms and reddish, sometimes brown, hair. Determined to study and understand the world of the elusive "red ape", Galdikas convinced Leakey to help orchestrate her endeavor, despite his initial reservations.
In 1971, Galdikas and her then husband, photographer Rod Brindamour, arrived in one of the world's few remaining wild places, [[Tanjung Puting]] Reserve, in Indonesian Borneo. Galdikas thus become the third of a trio of women hand-picked by Leakey to study mankind's nearest relatives, the other great apes, in their natural habitat. Sometimes referred to as "The Trimates" or "[[Leakey's Angels]]", the other two were [[Jane Goodall]], who studied [[chimpanzees]], and [[Dian Fossey]], who studied [[mountain gorillas]].<ref name="NYT 1.29.95"/>
Leakey and the National Geographic Society helped Galdikas initially set up her research camp to conduct field study on orangutans in Borneo. Before Leakey's fortuitous decision to anoint Galdikas as the third of his "Angels", the orangutan was much less understood than the African great apes. Galdikas went on to further burnish Leakey's legacy by greatly expanding scientific knowledge of orangutan behavior, habitat and diet.
 
Leakey dan National Geographic Society membantu Galdikas mendirikan kamp penelitiannya untuk melakukan studi lapangan tentang orangutan di Kalimantan. Sebelum keputusan Leakey menunjuk Galdikas, orangutan kurang begitu dikenal daripada kera besar Afrika. Galdikas terus mengembangkan pengetahuan ilmiah tentang perilaku orangutan, habitat dan cara makannya.
==Research and advocacy==
At 25, Galdikas arrived in Borneo to begin her field studies of orangutans in a [[jungle]] environment extremely inhospitable to most Westerners. Galdikas proceeded to make many invaluable contributions to the scientific understanding of Indonesia's [[biodiversity]] and the [[rainforest]] as a whole, while also bringing the orangutan to the attention of the rest of the world.
 
== Riset dan advokasi ==
When she arrived in Borneo, Galdikas settled into a primitive bark and thatch hut, at a site she dubbed [[Camp Leakey]], near the edge of the [[Java Sea]].<ref name="NGS1075" /> Once there, she encountered numerous [[poacher (fish)|poachers]], legions of [[leech]]es, and swarms of carnivorous insects.<ref name="NGS1075" /> Yet she persevered through many travails, remaining there for over 30 years while becoming an outspoken [[advocate]] for orangutans and the preservation of their rainforest habitat, which is rapidly being devastated by [[logging industry|logger]]s, [[palm oil]] plantations, [[gold miner]]s, and unnatural [[conflagration]]s.<ref name="palmoil">{{cite news | title=Palm oil frenzy threatens to wipe out orangutans |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090118/ap_on_re_as/as_orangutan_s_last_stand | author=Robin McDowell | publisher=Associated Press | date=2009-01-18 | accessdate=2009-01-18}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
Pada usia 25 tahun, Galdikas tiba di Kalimantan untuk memulai studi lapangan tentang orangutan di lingkungan [[hutan]] yang sangat tidak ramah bagi kebanyakan orang Barat. Galdika terus menghasilkan banyak kontribusi yang tak ternilai bagi pemahaman ilmiah tentang keanekaragaman hayati [[Indonesia]] secara keseluruhan, sekaligus membawa orangutan ke perhatian seluruh dunia.
 
Saat tiba di Kalimantan, Galdikas tinggal dalam kemah primitif yang sangat sederhana dan menamakan tempat tinggalnya sebagai "Kemah Leakey", dekat dengan [[Laut Jawa]].<ref name="NGS1075" /> Saat berada di sana ia menemukan berbagai serangga pemakan daging dan lintah penghisap darah.<ref name="NGS1075" /> Walaupun begitu ia tetap teguh menghadapi banyak cobaan dan tinggal disana selama 30 tahun sembari menjadi advokat yang vokal mengenai orangutan dan pelestarian hutan hujan tempat mereka tinggal, yang terus menerus digerus oleh industri kayu, penanaman kebun minyak sawit, tambang emas, dan lainnya.<ref name="palmoil">{{cite news|title=Palm oil frenzy threatens to wipe out orangutans|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090118/ap_on_re_as/as_orangutan_s_last_stand|author=Robin McDowell|publisher=Associated Press|date=2009-01-18|accessdate=2009-01-18|archive-date=2009-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120192430/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090118/ap_on_re_as/as_orangutan_s_last_stand|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Galdikas's [[conservation biology|conservation]] efforts have extended well beyond advocacy, largely focusing on [[rehabilitation (wildlife)|rehabilitation]] of the many orphaned orangutans turned over to her for care. Many of these orphans were once illegal pets, before becoming too smart and difficult for their owners to handle.<ref name="NGS1075" /> Galdikas's rehabilitation efforts through [[Orangutan Foundation International]] (OFI) also include the preservation of rainforest. Although one Canadian author in the late 1990s was critical of the rehabilitation methods, the ongoing birth of new orangutans among the formerly-rehabilitated adult orangutans at [[Camp Leakey]] is part of what makes it the longest continual study of a single species. The value of Dr. Galdikas's work has been acknowledged in television shows hosted by [[Steve Irwin]] as well as [[Jeff Corwin]] on [[Animal Planet]]. In addition, the importance of Dr. Galdikas's concern and work towards preserving Indonesian rain forest has been reinforced by the biofuel article of January 25, 2007, in ''[[The New York Times]]'' and the November 2008 article in ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' magazine, "Borneo's Moment of Truth." Galdikas's organization, O.F.I., is also involved in a reforestation project, planting native trees in previously destroyed areas of rain forest.
 
Upaya pelestarian Galdikas akhirnya melampaui advokasi dan menuju rehabilitasi untuk banyak orang utan yang kemudian menjadi yatim piatu dan dirawat olehnya. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak orang utan yang awalnya adalah binatang peliharaan ilegal menjadi terlalu pintar dan terlalu sulit untuk dirawat oleh pemiliknya.<ref name="NGS1075" />
==Legacy==
While campaigning actively on behalf of primate conservation and preservation of rain forest, Galdikas continues her field research, among the lengthiest continuous studies of a [[mammal]] ever conducted. Her husband, [[Pak Bohap]], was a [[Dayak people|Dayak]] rice farmer, [[tribe|tribal]] president, and co-director of the orangutan program in Borneo. She has also written several books, including a [[memoir]], written long after her fellow "Angels" published theirs, entitled ''[[Reflections of Eden]]''. In it, Galdikas describes her experiences at [[Camp Leakey]] and efforts to rehabilitate ex-captive orangutans and release them into the Borneo rainforest.
 
Pengabdian Dr. Galdikas telah diakui dalam acara televisi yang diselenggarakan oleh [[Steve Irwin]] serta [[Jeff Corwin]] di [[Animal Planet]]. Selain itu, pentingnya perhatian dan kerja Dr. Galdikas untuk melestarikan hutan hujan di Indonesia telah diperkuat oleh artikel biofuel pada tanggal 25 Januari 2007, di ''[[The New York Times]]'' dan artikel November 2008 di majalah ''[[National Geographic (majalah)|Majalah National Geographic]]'', "Borneo's Moment of Truth." Organisasi Galdikas, O.F.I., juga terlibat dalam proyek reboisasi, menanam pohon asli di daerah hutan hujan yang sebelumnya hancur.
Dr. Galdikas is currently a professor at [[Simon Fraser University]] in [[Burnaby, British Columbia]], and Professor Extraordinaire at [[University of Indonesia|Universitas Nasional]] in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. She is also president of the [[Orangutan Foundation International]] in [[Los Angeles, California]].
 
==Recognition Warisan ==
Selagi berkampanye secara aktif atas nama konservasi primata dan pelestarian hutan hujan, Galdikas melanjutkan penelitian lapangannya, di antara studi terus-menerus yang terus berlanjut tentang [[mamalia]] yang pernah dilakukan. Suaminya, [[Pak Bohap]] adalah seorang petani padi dari [[suku Dayak]], dan direktur program orangutan di Kalimantan. Dia juga telah menulis beberapa buku, termasuk sebuah [[memoar]], yang ditulis lama setelah rekan-rekannya "Angels" menerbitkan karya mereka yang berjudul ''[[Reflections of Eden]]''. Di dalamnya, Galdikas menggambarkan pengalamannya di [[Camp Leakey]] dan upaya untuk merehabilitasi orangutan bekas tawanan dan melepaskannya ke hutan hujan Kalimantan.
Galdikas has been featured in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''The [[Washington Post]]'', ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]'', numerous television [[Documentary film|documentaries]], and twice on the cover of ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''.<ref name="NGS1075" />
 
Dr. Galdikas saat ini adalah seorang profesor di [[Universitas Simon Fraser]] di [[Burnaby, British Columbia]], dan Profesor Luar Biasa di [[Universitas Indonesia|Universitas Nasional]] di [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. Dia juga presiden [[Orangutan Foundation International]] di [[Los Angeles, California]].
Galdikas, along with fellow "Angel" [[Jane Goodall]] and preeminent field biologist [[George Schaller]], became a recipient of the [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] in 1997 for her groundbreaking field research and lifetime contributions to the advancement of environmental science.
 
== Pengakuan ==
Other honors bestowed upon Galdikas include the Indonesia’s Hero for the Earth Award (Kalpataru), Institute of Human Origins Science Award Officer, United Nations Global 500 Award (1993), Elizabeth II Commemorative Medal, the [[Eddie Bauer]] Hero of the Earth (1991), [[PETA]] Humanitarian Award (1990), and the [[Sierra Club]] [[Chico Mendes]] Award (1992).
Galdikas telah tampil di ''[[Life (majalah)|Life]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''The [[Washington Post]]'', ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]'', sejumlah [[film dokumenter]] televisi, dan dua kali tampil di sampul majalah ''[[National Geographic (majalah)|National Geographic]]''.<ref name="NGS1075" />
 
Pada tahun 1995, Galdikas diangkat sebagai Pejabat [[Orde Kanada]].
In 1995, she was made an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]]. In addition, Dr. Galdikas was awarded a key to the city of [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], in 2009 when she gave a presentation for the Anthropology Department at [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas|U.N.L.V.]]
 
Bersama dengan rekan Trimate [[Jane Goodall]] dan ahli biologi lapangan terkemuka [[George Schaller]], Galdikas menerima [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] pada tahun 1997 untuk penelitian lapangan dan kontribusi seumur hidupnya terhadap kemajuan ilmu lingkungan. Penghargaan lainnya termasuk Penghargaan [[Kalpataru]], Petugas Petugas Human Origins Science Award, Penghargaan Global 500 Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (1993), Medali Perayaan Elizabeth II, Hero of the Earth (1991) , [[PETA]] Humanitarian Award (1990), dan [[Sierra Club]] [[Chico Mendes]] Award (1992). Dia dianugerahi kunci kota [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], pada tahun 2009 saat dia memberikan presentasi untuk departemen antropologi di [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas|U.N.L.V.]]
==Controversy==
Galdikas was criticised in the late 1990s regarding her methods of rehabilitation. Primatologists debated the issue on the Internet mailing list Primate-Talk;<ref name="slate.com">http://www.slate.com/id/1637/</ref> the issue was further fueled by the publication of articles in [[Outside (magazine)|''Outside'' magazine]] (May 1998)<ref>http://outsideonline.com/outside/magazine/0598/index.html</ref> and ''[[Newsweek]]'' (June 1998).<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/id/92641</ref> As reported in both articles and summarised in the 1999 book ''The Follow'' by Canadian novelist [[Linda Spalding]], the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry - with whom Galdikas had clashed over logging policies - claimed that Galdikas held "a very large number of illegal orangutans ... in very poor conditions" at her Indonesian home, prompting the government to consider formal charges.<ref name="slate.com"/> Galdikas denied all such claims in a response to ''Newsweek'' in June 1999, remarking that allegations of mistreatment were "simply, wrong" and that the "outlandish" claims formed the basis of "a totally one-sided campaign against me."<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/id/92926</ref>
 
==Film andReferensi Television==
{{reflist}}
Galdikas stars in the feature documentary ''[[Born to Be Wild 3D]],'' released in April 2011. She has also appeared in the documentaries ''Nature'' (TV series documentary, 2005), ''Life and Times'' (TV series documentary, 1996), ''30 Years of National Geographic Specials'' (TV documentary, 1995), ''Orangutans: Grasping the Last Branch'' (documentary, 1989), and ''The Last Trimate'' (TV documentary, 2008).
 
==Rujukan Pranala luar ==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Pranala luar==
* [http://drbirute.com/ Dr. Galdikas' Official blog]
* [http://twitter.com/drbirute/ Dr. Birute Galdikas' twitter account]
* [http://www.birutegaldikas.lt International Birute Galdikas charity fund]
* [http://www.orangutan.org/ Orangutan.org] - [[Orangutan Foundation International]]
* [http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/152/ "Does an Orangutan find freedom in the gift of words? Do we?"] by{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723030320/http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/152/ |date=2014-07-23 }} by [[Susanne Antonetta]] (March 2005)
* [http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=7 Profile] at science.ca (April 20, 2004)
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/tylerprize/tyler1997.html Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808034758/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/tylerprize/tyler1997.html |date=2007-08-08 }}, awarded to Galdikas in 1997
 
{{lifetime|1946||Galdikas, Birute}}
 
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