Wikipedia

Vihara Drepung: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tjmoel (bicara | kontrib)
80.066 suntingan
+{{dari|en}}
 
HsfBot (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
1.172.010 suntingan
k v2.04b - Fixed using Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Cek Wikipedia (Tanda baca setelah kode "<nowiki></ref></nowiki>")
 
(31 revisi perantara oleh 16 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 2:
| nama = Vihara Drepung
| img = Drepung monastery.jpg
| nama_lain = [[Bahasa Tibet]]:འབྲས་སྤུངས་{{br}}[[Transliterasi Wylie|Wylie]]: ’bras spungs {{br}} [[Hanyu]]: 哲蚌寺 ; {{br}}[[Pinyin]]: Zhébàng Sì
| negara = [[Tibet]]
| kota = [[SichuanLhasa]]
| koordinat =
| tgl_pembangunan = [[1416]]
Baris 12:
| website =
}}
'''Vihara Drepung''' ([[Transliterasi Wylie|Wylie]]: 'bras spungs dgon <ref>{{en}} [http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq;jsessionid=E575742E22BB836CF96BA1377D325B11?RID=G108&wylie=n TBRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120914172741/http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq;jsessionid=E575742E22BB836CF96BA1377D325B11?RID=G108&wylie=n |date=2012-09-14 }}</ref>), yang secara harafiah berarti vihara “Lumbung Padi”,<ref>{{en}} ''Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History of a Lost Land''. Patrick French. (2003) Alfred A. Knopf. New York City, p.240 (in quote from 13th Dalai Lama).</ref><ref>{{en}} ''Dialogues Tibetan Dialogues Han. Hannue. Quoting a monk at Drepung. </ref>, berada dikaki [[Gunung Gephel]], satu dari vihara universitas [[Gelukpa]] "Tiga Agung" di [[Tibet]].
 
Kedua lainnya adalah [[Vihara Ganden|Ganden]] dan [[Vihara Sera|Sera]]. Drepung merupakan yang terbesar dari seluruh vihara-vihara di Tibet, dan sebagai puncaknya adalah sebagai vihara terbesar dari seluruh kepercayaan di dunia. Vihara ini didirikan pada tahun [[1416]] oleh [[Jamyang Chojey]],<ref>{{en}} [http://www.simhas.org/dalai.html#1 Other information: ''Gendun Drubpa founded two major monasteries: Drepung and Tashillhunpo.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016020413/http://www.simhas.org/dalai.html#1 |date=2008-10-16 }}</ref>, murid dari [[Je Tsongkhapa]], pendiri aliran Gelukpa. Berada di gunung Gambo Utse, 5 kilometer sebelah barat kota [[Lhasa]].
 
Setelah kunjungannya pada tahun 1936-1937 ke Tibet, [[Freddie Spencer Chapman]] melaporkan bahwa Drepung pada saat itu merupakan vihara terbesar di dunia, yang menjadi tempat tinggal 7.700 bhikkhu, "tapi seringkalisering kali mencapai jumlah 10.000 bhikkhu."<ref>{{en}} Chapman F. Spencer. ''Lhasa the Holy City'', p. 195. Readers Union Ltd., London.</ref>
 
== Sejarah ==
Drepung dikenal oleh taraf pengajaran akademisnya yang tinggi, dan disebut sebagai [[Nalanda]] dari Tibet, sebuah referensi kepada universitas Buddhis terbesar di [[India]].
Drepung dikenal oleh
<!--
==History==
Drepung was known for the high standards of its academic study, and was called the [[Nalanda]] of Tibet, a reference to the great Buddhist monastic university of India.
 
Pada catatan terdahulu tertulis adanya dua pusat kekuatan di Drepung: yang disebut sebagai ruang bawah (Zimkhang 'og ma)<ref>gong ma 'og ma - tertinggi dan terendah, yang berada di atas dan yang berada di bawah</ref> berhubungan dengan Dalai-Lama -yang akan datang, ruang atas (Zimkhang gong ma) yang berhubungan dengan keturunan dari Sonam Drakpa, seorang guru terkenal yang meninggal dunia pada tahun [[1554]].<ref>{{en}}[http://www.tibet.com/dholgyal/CTA-book/chapter-5-3.html Mengapa Dalai Lama menolak Shugden (''Why the Dalai Lama Rejects Shugden'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819151944/http://www.tibet.com/dholgyal/CTA-book/chapter-5-3.html |date=2009-08-19 }}</ref> Tempat untuk para Dalai Lama di vihara Drepung disebut [[Ganden Phodrang]], dibangun pada tahun [[1518]] oleh Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (1476-1541), yang menurut silsilah dikenal dan dianggap sebagai [[Dalai Lama ke-2]].
Old records show that there were two centres of power in Drepung: the so-called lower chamber (Zimkhang 'og ma) <ref> gong ma 'og ma - the higher and the lower, the one above and the one under</ref>
associated with the Dalai Lamas-to-be, and the upper chamber (Zimkhang gong ma) associated with the descendants of Sonam Drakpa, an illustrious teacher who died in 1554. <ref>[http://www.tibet.com/dholgyal/CTA-book/chapter-5-3.html]</ref>. The estate of the Dalai Lamas at Drepung monastery, called [[Ganden Phodrang]], had been constructed in 1518 by Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (1476–1541), retrospectively named and counted as [[2nd Dalai Lama]].
 
PenchenGyatso SönamPalzangpo Drakpaatau (1478-1554dikenal CE)juga indengan 1535 succeededsebutan [[Gendun Gyatso|Gendün Gyatso]] (1476–15411476-1541) onditeruskan theoleh ThronePenchen ofPenchen Drepung,Sönam bothDrakpa of(1478-1554) thempada beingtahun major1535 figuressebagai inpemimpin theDrepung, historykeduanya ofmerupakan thefigur utama dari sejarah tradisi Geluk tradition. Pada Bysaat the timepenahbisan Sönam Drakpa was appointed to thesebagai ThronePimpinan ofdi Drepung (Drepung Tri), heia wassudah alreadymerupakan aseorang famousguru Geluk master.yang Heterkenal. hadIa alreadyjuga occupiedtelah thememimpin Throne ofdi [[Ganden]] ([[Ganden Tripa|Ganden Tri]]) anddan wasdianggap consideredsebagai thepemikir mostGeluk prolificyang andpenting importantdan Geluksarat thinkerilmu ofpada his timemasanya. His successor wasPenerusnya nonetidak otherlain thanadalah [[Sonam Gyatso|Sönam Gyatso]] (1543-1588 CE), theseorang lama[[Lama]] whoyang wouldakan receivemenerima thejabatan officialresmi title of the Thirdsebagai Dalai Lama ke-3 (Talé Lama Kutreng Sumpa).
 
BeforeSebelum hismeninggal deathdunia inpada tahun [[1554]], Sönam Drakpa establishedmendirikan histempat ownadministrasinya estatesendiri, theRuang Atas (''Upper Chamber'' - (Zimkhang Gongma), whichdiberi wasnama nameddemikian becausekarena oftempatnya itsdi locationbagian at the top ofatas Drepung, justdibawah belowhalaman thedebat Ngakpa debating courtyard "(Ngagpa Dratshang").
 
Pusat Penelitian Buddhisme di Tibet memberikan ''ubahan reputasi'' berikut kepada Penchen Sönam Drakpa: "bsod nams grags pa [ namaUtama ], paN chen bsod nams grags pa [ gelar ], khri 15 bsod nams grags pa [ gelarUtama ], rtses thang paN chen bsod nams grags pa [ gelar ], gzims khang gong ma 01 bsod nams grags pa [ titlegelar ], thisyang lastterakhir oneini referringmerujuk tokepada theTempat Seatdi ofRuang theAtas Upperyang Chamberdidirikan establishedpada intahun 1554.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P101 TBRC]</ref>.{{Pranala Accordingmati|date=Mei to2021 tbrc|bot=InternetArchiveBot his|fix-attempted=yes successors}}</ref> referringMenurut toTBRC, thepenerusnya estatemerujuk ofkepada kediaman thedari ZimkhangZimkang Gongma wereadalah Sonam Yeshe Wangpo (1556-921592),<ref>,{{en}} [http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P1000 TBRC bsod nams ye shes dbang po (gzims khang gong ma 02)]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, Sonam Gelek Palzang (1594-1615)<ref>{{en}} [http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P5585 TBRC bsod nams dge legs dpal bzang (gzims khang gong ma 03)]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> anddan [[Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen]] (1619-1656)<ref>{{en}} [http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P1729 TBRC grags pa rgyal mtshan (gzims khang gong ma 04)]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> - closelyberhubungan connectederat todengan thecerita famousterkenal story ofakan [[Dorje Shugden]]. (SomeSebagian saymengatakan thatbahwa Drakpa Gyeltsen wasadalah Sönamreinkarnasi Drakpa’skedua seconddari reincarnationSönam Drakpa,<ref>[http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=/collections/cultgeo/mons/drepung/essays/drepung-intro.xml&l=d1e2390&v=p Drepung: An Introduction by Georges Dreyfus (April 10, 2006)]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, buttetapi usuallybiasanya heia isdianggap consideredsebagai toinkarnasi be theke-4 4th incarnation ofdari Panchen Sonam Dragpa <ref>[http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/study/history_buddhism/buddhism_tibet/gelug/brief_history_ganden_monastery.html Brief History of Ganden]</ref>). ItSudah seemssecara toumum bediterima commonly accepted thatbahwa Dragpa Gyaltsen wasadalah thepemegang fourthgaris holder of theinkarnasi ''gzims khang gong ma'' incarnationke lineempat. According toMenurut TibetanPusat BuddhistPenelitian ResourceBuddhisme CenterTibet ''gzims khang gong ma 04 grags pa rgyal mtshan'' has been hismerupakan "primaryTitlegelarUtama"-nya.<ref>[http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P1729 TBRC]</ref>.{{Pranala Sincemati|date=Mei the2021 search|bot=InternetArchiveBot for|fix-attempted=yes his}}</ref> reincarnationKarena haspencarian beenreinkarnasinya bannedtelah dilarang, he has beenia themerupakan lastyang oneterakhir.▼
Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center attributes the following ''Name variants'' to Penchen Sönam Drakpa: "bsod nams grags pa [ primaryName ], paN chen bsod nams grags pa [ title ], khri 15 bsod nams grags pa [ primaryTitle ], rtses thang paN chen bsod nams grags pa [ title ],
▲gzims khang gong ma 01 bsod nams grags pa [ title ], this last one referring to the Seat of the Upper Chamber established in 1554<ref>[http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P101 TBRC]</ref>. According to tbrc his successors referring to the estate of the Zimkhang Gongma were Sonam Yeshe Wangpo (1556-92)<ref>, [http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P1000 TBRC bsod nams ye shes dbang po (gzims khang gong ma 02)]</ref>, Sonam Gelek Palzang (1594-1615)<ref>[http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P5585 TBRC bsod nams dge legs dpal bzang (gzims khang gong ma 03)]</ref> and [[Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen]] (1619-1656)<ref>[http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P1729 TBRC grags pa rgyal mtshan (gzims khang gong ma 04)]</ref> - closely connected to the famous story of [[Dorje Shugden]]. (Some say that Drakpa Gyeltsen was Sönam Drakpa’s second reincarnation <ref>[http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=/collections/cultgeo/mons/drepung/essays/drepung-intro.xml&l=d1e2390&v=p Drepung: An Introduction by Georges Dreyfus (April 10, 2006)]</ref>, but usually he is considered to be the 4th incarnation of Panchen Sonam Dragpa <ref>[http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/study/history_buddhism/buddhism_tibet/gelug/brief_history_ganden_monastery.html Brief History of Ganden]</ref>). It seems to be commonly accepted that Dragpa Gyaltsen was the fourth holder of the ''gzims khang gong ma'' incarnation line. According to Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center ''gzims khang gong ma 04 grags pa rgyal mtshan'' has been his "primaryTitle".<ref>[http://www.tbrc.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq?RID=P1729 TBRC]</ref>. Since the search for his reincarnation has been banned, he has been the last one.
[[Image:Young monks of Drepung.jpg|thumb|right|Young monks at Drepung]]▼
 
▲[[ImageBerkas:Young monks of Drepung.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|Young monks at Drepung]]
Chapman reported that in the late 1930s Drepung was divided into four colleges, each housing monks from a different locality: "one being favoured by [[Khampa]]s, another by [[Mongolians]], and so on." Each college was presided over by an abbot who had been appointed by the late [[13th Dalai Lama]].<ref>Chapman F. Spencer. ''Lhasa the Holy City'', p. 198. Readers Union Ltd., London.</ref>
Freddie Spencer Chapman melaporkan bahwa pada akhir tahun 1930-an, Drepung telah dibagi menjadi empat sekolah, bhikkhu-bhikkhu dari masing-masing sekolah berasal dari berbagai daerah: "sebagian didukung oleh [[Khampa]], lainnya oleh [[Orang Mongolia]], dan seterusnya." Setiap sekolah diawasi oleh seorang bhikkhu kepala yang telah ditunjuk oleh [[Dalai Lama ke-13]].<ref>{{en}} Chapman F. Spencer. ''Lhasa the Holy City'', p. 198. Readers Union Ltd., London.</ref>
 
[[ImageBerkas:Repaired entrance, Drepung, 1993.JPG|thumbjmpl|The repaired entrance to Drepung]]
Drepung issekarang nowini dividedterbagi intomenjadi whattujuh aresekolah known as the seven great collegesbesar: Gomang (sGo-mang), Loseling (Blo-gsal gling), Deyang (bDe-dbyangs), Shagkor (Shag-skor), Gyelwa (rGyal-ba) oratau Tosamling (Thos-bsam gling), Dulwa (‘Dul-ba), and Ngagpa (sNgags-pa). Hal Itini canmerupakan beanalogi ayang somewhatberguna usefuluntuk analogy to think ofmelihat Drepung as a universitysebagai alongsebuah theuniversitas linessetara ofdengan [[Oxford]] oratau [[the Sorbonne]] in thepada [[MiddleAbad Agespertengahan]], thebermacam-macam varioussekolah collegesmemiliki havingpenekanan, differentaturan emphasespengajaran, teachingatau lineages,hubungan ortradisi traditionalgeografis geographicalyang affiliationsberbeda-beda.▼
 
Sekarang ini populasi di vihara yang berada di Tibet lebih sedikit dengan hampir beberapa ratus bhikkhu saja, yang disebabkan oleh pembatasan populasi oleh pemerintah Cinta. Akan tetapi, institusi ini terus melanjutkan tradisinya dalam pengungsian dengan kampus-kampus di India Selatan pada [[Karnataka]] yang diberikan kepada komunitas Tibet dalam pengungsian oleh Perdana Menteri [[Nehru]]. Vihara di India sekarang ini menampung lebih dari 5.000 bhikkhu selibat, dengan sekitar 3.000 pada [[Drepung Loseling]] dan sekitar 2.000 lainnya di [[Drepung Gomang]]. Ratusan bhikkhu baru mendaftar setiap tahunnya, yang sebagian besar mengungsi dari Tibet.
▲Drepung is now divided into what are known as the seven great colleges: Gomang (sGo-mang), Loseling (Blo-gsal gling), Deyang (bDe-dbyangs), Shagkor (Shag-skor), Gyelwa (rGyal-ba) or Tosamling (Thos-bsam gling), Dulwa (‘Dul-ba), and Ngagpa (sNgags-pa). It can be a somewhat useful analogy to think of Drepung as a university along the lines of [[Oxford]] or [[the Sorbonne]] in the [[Middle Ages]], the various colleges having different emphases, teaching lineages, or traditional geographical affiliations.
 
[[FileBerkas:Drepung Monastery.png|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|250px|Monks at the entrance to the Prayer Hall.]]▼
Today the population at the monastery located in Tibet is much smaller with merely a few hundred monks, due to population capping enforced by the Chinese government. However, the institution has continued its tradition in exile with campuses in South India on land in [[Karnataka]] given to the Tibetan community in exile by Prime Minister [[Nehru]]. The monastery in India today houses over 5,000 celibate monks, with around 3,000 at [[Drepung Loseling]] and some 2,000 at [[Drepung Gomang]]. Hundreds of new monks are admitted each year, many of them refugees from Tibet.
The [[Istana Ganden- Phodrang-Palace]] situatedberada atdi Vihara Drepung, Monastery was constructeddibangun by theoleh [[2nd Dalai Lama ke-2]] inpada 1518tahun [[1518]]<ref>{{de}} [http://books.google.de/books?id=bJPTTw4TtvAC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Ganden+Phodrang&source=bl&ots=P-miI5z883&sig=ik3MtDY8x69BbJbxIRDXjpeBxsE&hl=de&ei=pVesSaPiJ5HD_gaQjLHxDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA175,M1] (german)</ref> anddan declaredmenyatakan hissebagai chieftempat residence/governmentalkediaman palacekepemimpinan until/ thepemerintahan inaugurationhingga ofpenobatan [[PotalaIstana PalacePotala]] by the 5tholeh [[Dalai Lama. ke-5]]▼
 
== Peristiwa terkini ==
▲[[File:Drepung Monastery.png|thumb|left|250px|Monks at the entrance to the Prayer Hall.]]
Vihara Drepung ditutup oleh [[polisi|pihak berwajib]] [[Cina]] pada tanggal [[14 Maret]] [[2008]], setelah protes yang dipimpin oleh para bhikkhu terhadap peraturan Cina berubah menjadi kekerasa dan tempat usaha, toko dan kendaraan bermotor dirampok dan dibakar. [[Pemerintah Rakyat Cina|Pemerintah Cina]] menyatakan sebanyak 22 orang terbunuh dalam keributan ini, tetapi sumber-sumber di Tibet menyatakan jumlah yang lebih besar lagi. Vihara ini telah dibuka kembali pada minggu terakhir bulan Agustus setelah ditutup selama lima bulan.<ref>{{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915213215/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/29/news/China-Tibet-Monastery.php Major Buddhist monastery reopens in Tibet. The Associated Press]</ref>
 
▲The [[Ganden-Phodrang-Palace]] situated at Drepung Monastery was constructed by the [[2nd Dalai Lama]] in 1518 <ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=bJPTTw4TtvAC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Ganden+Phodrang&source=bl&ots=P-miI5z883&sig=ik3MtDY8x69BbJbxIRDXjpeBxsE&hl=de&ei=pVesSaPiJ5HD_gaQjLHxDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA175,M1] (german)</ref> and declared his chief residence/governmental palace until the inauguration of [[Potala Palace]] by the 5th Dalai Lama.
 
==Recent events==
Drepung monastery was shut by Chinese authorities on 14 March 2008, after monk-led protests against Chinese rule turned violent and businesses, shops and vehicles were looted and torched. The [[PRC]] claims that 22 people were killed in the riots but Tibetan sources put the figure much higher. It was reopened in the last week of August after being shut for five months.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/29/news/China-Tibet-Monastery.php Major Buddhist monastery reopens in Tibet. The Associated Press]</ref>
-->
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
* Dowman, Keith. 1988. ''The Power-places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide''. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and New York. ISBN 0-7102-1370-0
 
== Lihat pula ==
{{Commonscat|Drepung Monastery}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=N+29+40+33+E+91+02+48 Google Map of Drepung]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77829/Bras-spungs Bras-spungs monastery, Tibet, China] Encyclopedia Britannica
* [http://www.thdl.org/collections/cultgeo/mons/drepung/ An multimedia guide to Drepung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226124334/http://thdl.org/collections/cultgeo/mons/drepung/ |date=2007-02-26 }}
* [http://www.drepung.org/ Drepung Loseling Institute in North America]
* [http://www.berzinarchives.com/history_buddhism/brief_history_drepung_monastery.html A Brief History of Drepung Monastery]
* [http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=/collections/cultgeo/mons/drepung/essays/drepung-intro.xml&l=d1e2390&v=p Drepung: An Introduction by Georges Dreyfus (April 10, 2006)]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.gomang.org/ The Gomang College home page]
 
<!--
[[Kategori:Vihara di Tibet|Drepung]]
{{buddhism2}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Bodhisattvas}}
{{Lhasa Prefecture}}
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Tibet]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Tibet]]
[[Category:1416 establishments]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1410s]]
[[Category:1410s architecture]]
[[Category:Lhasa Prefecture]]
[[Category:Gelug monasteries]]
-->
[[cs:Däpung]]
[[de:Drepung]]
[[et:Drepung]]
[[fr:Drepung]]
[[ko:드레펑 사원]]
[[it:Drepung (Tibet)]]
[[nl:Drepung]]
[[ja:デプン寺]]
[[pl:Drepung]]
[[ru:Дрепунг]]
[[tl:Monasteryo ng Drepung]]
[[zh:哲蚌寺]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Vihara_Drepung"