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{{Infobox Person
| name = William Martin
| image =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1767
| birth_place = [[Mansfield]]
| death_date = 31 Mei {{Death year and age|1810|1767}}
| death_place = [[Macclesfield]]
| death_cause =
| residence =
| other_names =
| known_for = palaeontologpaleontolog yang mempublikasikan pertama kali karya penelitian fosil di Inggrs<ref name="odnb">{{en}} H. S. Torrens, ‘Martin, William (1767–1810)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18216, diakses 13 Feb 2011]</ref>
| education =
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| occupation = guru
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| spouse =
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| children =[[William Charles Linnaeus Martin]] dan 5 lainnya.
| parents =
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}}
'''William Martin''' (1767 – 31 Mei 1810) adalah seorang naturalis dan palaeontolog yang mengusulkan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan harus menggunakan [[fosil]] sebagai bukti untuk mendukung penelitian [[sejarah alam]].<ref name=revplayers>{{en}} {{cite web|last=Dick|first=Malcolm|title=John Whitehurst and 18th Century Geology|url=http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?txtKeywords=william+martin&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=%2Fengine%2Fsearch%2Fdefault%5Fhndlr%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=2423&text=0&resource=1645|publisher=http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/|accessdate=12 February 2011|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091634/http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?txtKeywords=william+martin&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=%2Fengine%2Fsearch%2Fdefault_hndlr.asp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=2423&text=0&resource=1645|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Martin mempublikasikan gambar-gambar fosil pertama dan ilmu pengetahuan tentang fosil dalam [[bahasa Inggris]].
 
== Biografi ==
Martin dilahirkan di [[Mansfield]] tahun 1767. Ayahnya bekerja di usaha pakaian dalam, namuntetapi ia meninggalkannya dan menjadi aktor di Irlandia dengan pertunjukan bernama ''Joseph Booth''. Ayahnya juga seorang penemu dan pelukis [[potret]] yang meninggal di London tahun 1797.<ref name="odnb" /> Ibu Martin yang disia-siakan bernama Mallatratt, juga seorang aktris.<ref name="highfill">{{en}} {{cite book|last=Highfill|first=Philip H.|title=Belfort to Byz and|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cS6x-tsbNZEC&|year=1973|pages=487|coauthors=Kalman A. Burnim, Edward A. Langhans|accessdate=12 February 2011|pages=232–3}}</ref>
[[FileBerkas:Petrificata derbiensia Erismolithus.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|Erismolithus – sebuah gambar berwarna dari publikasinya tahun 1809 ''Petrificata derbiensia''<ref name="derbi">{{en}} [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5EIAAAAAQAAJ&ots=5020cBeiDI&dq=petrificata%20derbiensia&pg=PR81#v=onepage&q&f=false Petrificata Derbiensia], William Martin, 1809, diakses 15 Februari 2011</ref>]]
 
Ketika masih kecil ia tampil di panggung, sebagai penari berusia 5 tahun, kemudian sebagai pembaca deklamasi. Kemudian Martin belajar menggambar menggunakan mistar gambar dengan [[James Bolton]] di [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]]. Dari tahun 1782 sampai 1785 ia bersama rombongan drama Derbyshire ketika ia bertemu [[White Watson]] dimanadi mana ia kemudian bekerjasama dalam pekerjaan fosil Derbyshire.<ref name="odnb"/> Pekerjaannya dengan fosil dan sejarah alam kemudian mengarahkannya untuk diangkat menjadi anggota [[Linnaean Society]]. Seperti halnya Watson, Martin dipengaruhi oleh karya geolog Derbyshire, [[John Whitehurst]]. Whitehurst mempublikasikan ''An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth'' tahun 1778 yang mempunyai daftar isi penting terkait ''General Observations on the Strata in Derbyshire''.<ref name=revplayers /> Namun adalah [[Abraham Mills (geolog)|Abraham Mills]] FRS yang mempengaruhi Martin dari ilmu hewan (''zoology'') ke [[paleontologi]] pada suatu waktu sebelum tahun 1789.<ref name="odnb"/> Martin mempublikasikan ''Figures and Descriptions of Petrifications collected in Derbyshire'' tahun 1793.<ref name=cleevely>{{en}} {{cite book|last=Cleevely|first=R.J.|year=1983|pages=365|url=World palaeontological collections}}</ref>
[[FileBerkas:Fossil vegetable Phytolithus Derbyshire.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|AnotherSebuah ofilustrasi Martin's illustrations – [[Horn coralRugosa]]. These wereIni theadalah firstilustrasi colouredwarna illustrationspertama ofuntuk Britishfosil fossilsInggris.<ref name="odnb"/> ]]▼
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Martin workedbekerja withdengan [[White Watson]] tountuk createpublikasi joint publicationsbersama,<ref name=menofscience>{{en}} {{cite web|title=Derbyshire's Men of Science|url=http://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/images/Information%20sheet%20-%20Derbyshires%20Men%20of%20Science_tcm9-137751.pdf|publisher=Derbyshire.gov.uk|accessdate=13 February 2011}}</ref> butnamun thekerjasama partnershiptidak didberjalan notbaik work well withketika Watson claimingmenyatakan thatbahwa heia wastidak notmendapatkan receivingpenghargaan sufficientyang creditmencukupi. Martin laterkemudian publishedmempublikasikan somesebagian ofkarya Watson's worktentang onfosil fossilshanya usingmenggunakan onlynamanya histanpa ownmemberikan name and without giving creditpenghargaan topada Watson.<ref name=cooper>{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Michael P.|title=The Devonshire Mineral Collection of Chatsworth House|journal=Mineralogical Record|date=30 April 2005|url=http://www.blnz.com/news/2008/04/23/DEVONSHIRE_MINERAL_COLLECTION_Chatsworth_House_8972.html}}</ref> Martin hadmemperoleh sixenam childrenanak withdengan hisistri yang "unfortunatekurang beruntung, buttetapi interestingmenarik" wife<ref name="odnb"/> who,yang likeseperti hiskedua parents,orang hadtuanya beentampil ondi thedunia stagepanggung beforesebelum hermenikah secondyang marriagekedua todengan Martin intahun 1797.<ref name="highfill"/> InTahun 1798 theiranak sonmereka [[William Charles Linnaeus Martin]] was borndilahirkan. HeIa wasdiberi given the namenama Linnaeus inuntuk honourmengenang ofketertarikan Martin's interestdalam inhal theklasifikasi classificationmakhluk of living thingshidup. HisAnaknya son was to write numerous booksmenulis onbanyak naturalbuku historytentang aftersejarah becomingalam thesetelah scientificmenjadi officerpekerja toilmiah thedi [[Zoological Society]].<ref name=parker>{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Parker|first=J.|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|journal=The gentleman's magazine and historical review p.536|year=1864|volume=216|url=http://books.google.co.uk/?id=Qk5FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA536|accessdate=12 February 2011}}</ref> ▼
His work with fossils and natural history eventually led to Martin being elected a fellow of the [[Linnaean Society]]. Like Watson, Martin was influenced by the work of Derbyshire geologist, [[John Whitehurst]]. Whitehurst had published ''An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth'' in 1778 which contained an important appendix which concerned ''General Observations on the Strata in Derbyshire''.<ref name=revplayers /> However, it was [[Abraham Mills (geologist)|Abraham Mills]] FRS who switched Martin from zoology to paleontology at some time before 1789.<ref name="odnb"/> Martin published ''Figures and Descriptions of Petrifications collected in Derbyshire'' in 1793.<ref name=cleevely/>
▲[[File:Fossil vegetable Phytolithus Derbyshire.jpg|thumb|right|Another of Martin's illustrations – [[Horn coral]]. These were the first coloured illustrations of British fossils.<ref name="odnb"/> ]]
▲Martin worked with [[White Watson]] to create joint publications,<ref name=menofscience>{{cite web|title=Derbyshire's Men of Science|url=http://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/images/Information%20sheet%20-%20Derbyshires%20Men%20of%20Science_tcm9-137751.pdf|publisher=Derbyshire.gov.uk|accessdate=13 February 2011}}</ref> but the partnership did not work well with Watson claiming that he was not receiving sufficient credit. Martin later published some of Watson's work on fossils using only his own name and without giving credit to Watson.<ref name=cooper>{{cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Michael P.|title=The Devonshire Mineral Collection of Chatsworth House|journal=Mineralogical Record|date=30 April 2005|url=http://www.blnz.com/news/2008/04/23/DEVONSHIRE_MINERAL_COLLECTION_Chatsworth_House_8972.html}}</ref> Martin had six children with his "unfortunate, but interesting" wife<ref name="odnb"/> who, like his parents, had been on the stage before her second marriage to Martin in 1797.<ref name="highfill"/> In 1798 their son [[William Charles Linnaeus Martin]] was born. He was given the name Linnaeus in honour of Martin's interest in the classification of living things. His son was to write numerous books on natural history after becoming the scientific officer to the [[Zoological Society]].<ref name=parker>{{cite journal|last=Parker|first=J.|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|journal=The gentleman's magazine and historical review p.536|year=1864|volume=216|url=http://books.google.co.uk/?id=Qk5FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA536|accessdate=12 February 2011}}</ref>
 
Martin wasbekerja employedsebagai asguru a writing teacherpenulis, initiallyresminya workingbekerja atdi Burton-on-Trent intahun 1798, thenkemudian indi [[Buxton]]. Finally,Akhirnya intahun 1805, heia movedpindah toke Macclesfield, wheredi hemana taughtia atmengajar di [[MacclesfieldSekolah GrammarBahasa SchoolMacclesfield]].<ref name="odnb"/> Ketertarikan Martin's interestpada inalam naturetidak didsirna notdan diminishia andmengirim heartifak would send artifacts toke [[James Sowerby]] who wouldyang illustratekemudian themmembuat forilustrasi himbuatnya.<ref name="odnb"/>
 
Martin didmelakukan somebeberapa provincialperan actingpanggung biasa<ref name="highfill"/> untilsampai 1809, andia hememiliki ownedseperempat a quarter share insaham Buxton Theatre. InTahun 1809 heia publishedmempublikasikan ''Petrifacta Derbiensia'', whichyang heia dedicateddedikasikan tountuk [[Joseph Banks|Sir Joseph Banks]].<ref name="derbi"/> ''Petrifacta Derbiensia'' containedmengadung illustrationsilustrasi, theyang firstpertama inyang colourberwarna, which helpedmembantu Martin describemenjelaskan thefosil fossils anddan [[Carboniferousbatu kapur]] [[limestoneKarbon (periode)|karbon]] he hadyang studieddipelajarinya indi [[Derbyshire]]. IdentificationIdentifikasi wasmasih still uncertaindiragukan. The [[hornRugosal|Koral coraltanduk]], illustratedyang here,digambarkan wasdisitu thoughtkemungkinan toadalah possiblysalah besatu fromjenis a[[bambu]] typeyang oftidak undiscoveredditemukan [[bamboo]]pada masa kini.<ref name="derbi"/>
 
[[FileBerkas:CrocodileTailFossil.jpg|thumbjmpl|uprightlurus|Martin's illustrationmenggambarkan offosil adi fossilmana thatdianggap otherssebagai hadekor described as a crocodile tailbuaya.]]
''Petrifacta Derbiensia'' recordsmencatat anotherfosil fossillain whichyang dianggap Martin considered a type of straightenedsebagai [[Nautilus]] lurus. HeIa menceritakan recountsbahwa thatpaman [[White Watson]]'s uncledan andpara workerspekerjanya atdi thetambang [[AshfordMarmer BlackHitam MarbleAshford]] quarrymenyebut calledsebagian some of thefosil fossilssebagai "crocodileekor tailsbuaya" askarena theymereka hadmengira beenitu thoughtsebagai tosisa-sisa bekerangka thedari remainsekor of a small crocodilebuaya tailkecil. Martin thoughtberpikiran thatbahwa nonetidak ofada thefosil fossilsdi inbukunya theyang bookmerupakan weresisa thekerangka remains of crocodilesbuaya.<ref name=derbi2>{{en}} {{cite book|last=Martin|first=William|title=Petrificata Derbiensia p33-34|year=1809|url=http://books.google.co.uk/?id=5EIAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR81|accessdate=24 February 2011|quote=p39 Fig 4....A fossil shell. The original a nautilus ... The crocodile said to be found in the limestone of Ashford, appears to be just a large specimen of this or some other [[Orthoceras|Orthoceratite]]}}</ref>
 
Martin alsojuga publishedmempublikasikan ''Outlines of an Attempt to establish a Knowledge of Extraneous Fossils on Scientific Principles'' inpada tahun 1809.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/?id=GcMYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP1 Outlines of an Attempt to establish a Knowledge of Extraneous Fossils on Scientific Principles.], William Martin, Retrieveddiakses 15 FebruaryFebruari 2011</ref> Martin hadmempublikasikan publishedkarya thepenelitian firstilmiah scientictentang studyfosil of fossils anddan palaeontologypaleontologi indi EnglishInggris,<ref name="odnb"/><ref name=cleevely>{{cite book|last=Cleevely|first=R.J.|year=1983|pages=365|url=World palaeontological collections}}</ref> anddan heia metbertemu [[John Farey, Sr.|John Farey]] tountuk discussmendiskusikan thekemungkinan possibilitykerjasama ofuntuk amembuat jointpeta effort to create a geological map ofgeologi Derbyshire. Martin's terkena [[Tuberculosis|consumptiontuberkulosis]], however,sehingga preventedmenunda furthersemua planningrencana, andia hekemudian diedmeninggal indi Macclesfield atpada the end ofakhir MayMei 1810. HeIa wasdimakamkan buried indi [[Christ Church, Macclesfield|Christ Church]], Macclesfield and a collection was required todan carekoleksi-koleksinya fordipakai hisuntuk childrenmembiayai andanak-anak hisdan motheristrinya.<ref name="odnb"/>
-->
 
== Peninggalan ==
Pekerjaan Martin tentang [[brakiopoda]] mendapat penghargaan tahun 1844 ketika genus ''[[Martinia]]'' dinamakan atas namanya. Tujuh tahun kemudian ia dikenang ketika koral fosil Derbyshire ''[[Lithostrotion martini]]'' diberi nama.<ref name="odnb"/>
 
== Referensi ==
 
{{commonscat|William Martin (naturalist)}}
{{reflist}}
 
{{Museum Derby}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, William}}
Baris 70 ⟶ 72:
[[Kategori:Kematian 1810]]
[[Kategori:Naturalis Inggris]]
[[Kategori:PalaeontologPaleontolog Inggris]]
 
{{Persondata
|NAME=Martin, William
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=English naturalist
|DATE OF BIRTH=1767
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Mansfield]]
|DATE OF DEATH=1810
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Macclesfield]]
}}
 
[[be-x-old:Ўільям Мартын (прыродазнавец)]]
[[ca:William Martin (naturalista)]]
[[en:William Martin (naturalist)]]
[[fr:William Martin (naturaliste)]]
[[ru:Мартин, Уильям (натуралист)]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/William_Martin_(naturalis)"