Laurie Baker: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Laurence Wilfred "Laurie" Baker''' ({{lahirmati|[[
== Pendidikan dan karya misionaris ==
Baker belajar [[arsitektur]] di [[Birmingham, Inggris|Birmingham]] dan lulus pada 1937, dalam usia 20 tahun, pada saat-saat pergolakan politik di Eropa. Komitmen awalnya atas India membuat ia bekerja sebagai arsitek untuk sebuah lembaga misi internasional dan antar-denominasi yang mengabdikan diri pada pemeliharaan para penderita [[lepra]]. Karena obat-obatan baru untuk penyakit ini menjadi semakin banyak tersedia, tanggung jawabnya terpusat pada usaha mengubah atau menggantikan tempat-tempat tinggal penderita yang dulunya digunakan untuk menampung meeka yang dijauhi oleh masyarakat karena penyakitnya. Baker kemudian menyadari bahwa pendidikan konstruksinya di Inggris ternyata tidak memadai untuk jenis-jenis masalah dan bahan-bahan yang dihadapinya: [[rayap]] dan [[muson]] tahunan, serta [[laterit]], [[kotoran sapi]], dan dinding-dinding dari lumpur yang dikeringkan. Karena itu, mau tak mau Baker harus mengamati dan belajar dari metode dan praktik-praktik arsitektur masyarakat setempat. Ia segera paham bahwa arsitektur dan metode-metode
Diilhami oleh temuan-temuannya - yang dengan rendah hati diakuinya bahwa itu semua adalh 'temuan' baginya, sementara bagi mereka yang mengembangkan praktik-praktik yang diamatinya adalah pengetahuan umum - ia mulai mengembangkan gaya arsitekturnya hingga mendekati budaya dan kebutuhan sesungguhnya dari mereka yang kelak benar-benar menggunakan bagnunan-bangunannya, dan bukan sekadar mengikuti selera "modern-istik" para kliennya yang mampu membayar.<!--==Gandhian encouragement and initial work==
After India had gained her independence and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (a personal acquaintance and powerful influence on Baker's building philosophy) had been assassinated, Baker lived in [[Kerala]] with
Doctor P.J. Chandy, from whom he received great encouragement and whose sister he would later wed. Herself a doctor, Elizabeth Chandy and Laurie were married
and moved to [[Pithoragarh]], a small village on the borders of [[Tibet]] and [[Nepal]] in the [[Himalayas]], where they lived and worked for 16 years. Elizabeth's medical training would be put to use aiding the afflicted in the village while Laurie continued his architectural work and research accommodating the medical needs of the community through his constructions of various hospitals and clinics. It is here that Baker would acquire and hone those skills from the local building community which had so fascinated him during his missionary work.
Baker sought to enrich the culture in which he participated by promoting simplicity and home-grown quality in his buildings. Seeing so many people living in poverty in the region and throughout India served also to amplify his emphasis on cost-conscious construction, one that encouraged local participation in development and craftsmanship - an ideal that the Mahatma expressed as the only means to revitalize and liberate an impoverished India. This drive for simplicity also stemmed from his [[Quaker]] upbringing and faith, one that saw indulging in a deceitful facade as a way to fool the 'Creator' as quite pointless. Instead, Baker sought to provide the 'right' space for his clients and to avoid anything pretentious.
Eventually, he was drawn back to work in India as more and more people began commissioning work from him in the area. The first client being Welthy Honsinger Fisher, an elderly American woman concerned with adult illiteracy throughout India, who sought to set up a 'Literacy Village' in which she intended to use puppetry, music and art as teaching methods to help illiterate and newly-literate adults add to their skills. An aging woman who risked her health to visit Laurie, refused to leave until she received plans for the village. More and more hospital commissions were received as medical professionals realized that the surroundings for their patients were as much a part of the healing process as any other form of treatment, and that Baker seemed the only architect who cared enough to become familiarized with how to build what made Indian patients comfortable with those surroundings. His presence would also soon be required on-site at Ms. Fisher's "Village," and he became well known for his constant presence on the construction sites of all his projects, often finalizing designs through hand-drawn instructions to masons and laborers on how to achieve certain design solutions.
==Architectural style==
[[
Throughout his practice, Baker became well known for designing and building low cost, high quality homes, with a great portion of his work suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients. His buildings tend to emphasize prolific - at times virtuosic - masonry construction, instilling privacy and evoking history with brick ''jali'' walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow. Another significant Baker feature is irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind. Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and [[terracotta]] [[Mangalore]] tile shingling with [[gable]]s and vents allowing rising hot air to escape. Curved walls enter Baker's architectural vocabulary as a means to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls, and for Laurie, "building [became] more fun with the circle." A testament to his frugality, Baker was often seen rummaging through salvage heaps looking for suitable building materials, door and window frames, sometimes hitting a stroke of luck as evidenced by the intricately carved entry to the [[Chitralekha Film Studio]] (Aakulam, Trivandrum, 1974-76): a capricious architectural element found in a junk heap.
[[
Baker's architectural method is one of improvisation, in which initial drawings have only an idealistic link to the final construction, with most of the accommodations and design choices being made on-site by the architect himself. Compartments for milk bottles near the doorstep, windowsills that double as bench surfaces, and a heavy emphasis on taking cues from the natural condition of the site are just some examples. His Quaker-instilled respect for nature lead him to let the idiosyncrasies of a site inform his architectural improvisations, rarely is a topography line marred or a tree uprooted. This saves construction cost as well, since working around difficult site conditions is much more cost-effective than clear-cutting. ("I think it's a waste of money to level a well-moulded site") Resistant to "high-technology" that addresses building environment issues by ignoring natural environment, at the [[Centre for Development Studies]] (Trivandrum, 1971) Baker created a cooling system by placing a high, latticed, brick wall near a pond that uses air pressure differences to draw cool air through the building. His responsiveness to never-identical site conditions quite obviously allowed for the variegation that permeates his work.-->
== Kematian ==
[[Berkas:Hamlet baker.png|
Laurie Baker meninggal dunia pada pk. 7.30 pagi pada [[1 April]] [[2007]], pada usia 90 tahun. Hingga akhir hayatnya, ia terus bekerja di dan di sekitar rumahnya di [[Trivandrum]], meskipun kondisinya kesehatannya telah membuat kehadiran fisiknya di proyek pembangunannya menjadi minimal. Rancangan dan tulisannya dilakukannya kebanyakan di rumahnya. Penekatannya terhadap arsitektur pelan-pelan mendapatkan penghargaan ketika kecenderungan arsitektur mengarah kepada pembangunan tempat, dan bukan modernisasi atau stilisasi. Namun, sebagai akibat dari penerimaan yang meluas ini, rumah "Gaya Baker" menjadi semakin populer, dan hal ini justru membuat gundah Baker, karena ia merasa bahwa 'gaya' yang dijadikan
== Penghargaan ==
*
* 1989: Medali
* 1990: Penghargaan Grand Masters - Arsiten Tahun Ini.
* 1991: Pemerintah India - Padmashree
* 1991: Medali Institut Arsitek India - Arsitek Luar Biasa. *
*
*
== Beberapa buku tentang Laurie Baker ==
* Bhatia, G., ''Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings'' ([[Viking Press]])
* Bhatia, G., ''Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings'' ([[Penguin Books]], [[1994]]).
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.
* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9908/99080300.htm ''Of Architectural Truths and Lies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420003252/http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9908/99080300.htm |date=2007-04-20 }}
* [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2005/stories/20030314000107000.htm ''Architecture for the People'']
* [http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/30/stories/2003113004960400.htm Penghargan D.Litt kepada Laurie Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313132423/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/30/stories/2003113004960400.htm |date=2007-03-13 }}
* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000906400.htm Perjalanan kreatif Laurie Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229133423/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000906400.htm |date=2008-12-29 }} Frontline - oleh Joginder Singh dan Shrinivas Warkhandkar
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[[Kategori:Penerima penghargaan Padma Shri]]
[[Kategori:Arsitek Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Arsitek India]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Trivandrum]]
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