Laurie Baker: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Infobox Architect
|image = LBkr1Backer.JPGjpg
|caption = Laurie Baker
|name = Laurence Wilfred Baker
|nationality = [[India]], asal [[Britania]]
|birth_date = [[2 Maret]] [[1917]]
|birth_place = {{flagicon|Inggris}} [[Birmingham]], [[Inggris]]
|death_date = [[1 April]] [[2007]], usia 90
|death_place = {{flagicon|India}} [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|practice_name =
|significant_buildings =
|significant_projects =
|significant_design =
|awards =
}}
'''Laurence Wilfred "Laurie" Baker''' ({{lahirmati|[[2 MaretBirmingham]], [[Inggris]]|2|3|1917|[[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[1 AprilKerala]], [[2007India]]|1|4|2007}}) adalah seorang [[arsitek]] [[Inggris]] yang menerima berbagai penghargaan, terkenal karena inisiatifnya dalam membangun perumahan murah. Ia pergi ke India pada 1945 sebagian sebagai misionaris dan sejak itu ia menetap dan bekerja di [[India]] selama lebih dari 50 tahun. Pada [[1989]] ia memperoleh kewarganegaraan India dan tinggal di [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (Trivandrum), [[Kerala]]. Pada 1990, [[Pemerintah India]] menganugerahkan kepadanya [[Padma Shri]], penghargaan sipil keempat tertinggi, sebagai pengakuan atas jasa-jasanya dalam bidang arsitektur.
 
== Pendidikan dan karya misionaris ==
Baker belajar [[arsitektur]] di [[Birmingham, Inggris|Birmingham]] dan lulus pada 1937, dalam usia 20 tahun, pada saat-saat pergolakan politik di Eropa. Komitmen awalnya atas India membuat ia bekerja sebagai arsitek untuk sebuah lembaga misi internasional dan antar-denominasi yang mengabdikan diri pada pemeliharaan para penderita [[lepra]]. Karena obat-obatan baru untuk penyakit ini menjadi semakin banyak tersedia, tanggung jawabnya terpusat pada usaha mengubah atau menggantikan tempat-tempat tinggal penderita yang dulunya digunakan untuk menampung meeka yang dijauhi oleh masyarakat karena penyakitnya. Baker kemudian menyadari bahwa pendidikan konstruksinya di Inggris ternyata tidak memadai untuk jenis-jenis masalah dan bahan-bahan yang dihadapinya: [[rayap]] dan [[muson]] tahunan, serta [[laterit]], [[kotoran sapi]], dan dinding-dinding dari lumpur yang dikeringkan. Karena itu, mau tak mau Baker harus mengamati dan belajar dari metode dan praktik-praktik arsitektur masyarakat setempat. Ia segera paham bahwa arsitektur dan metode-metode masarakatmasyarakat di tempat-tempat ini ternyata adalah sarana satu-satunya yang ada untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah yang mulanya membuatnya hampir putus asa.
 
Diilhami oleh temuan-temuannya - yang dengan rendah hati diakuinya bahwa itu semua adalh 'temuan' baginya, sementara bagi mereka yang mengembangkan praktik-praktik yang diamatinya adalah pengetahuan umum - ia mulai mengembangkan gaya arsitekturnya hingga mendekati budaya dan kebutuhan sesungguhnya dari mereka yang kelak benar-benar menggunakan bagnunan-bangunannya, dan bukan sekadar mengikuti selera "modern-istik" para kliennya yang mampu membayar.<!--==Gandhian encouragement and initial work==
 
<!--==Gandhian encouragement and initial work==
After India had gained her independence and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (a personal acquaintance and powerful influence on Baker's building philosophy) had been assassinated, Baker lived in [[Kerala]] with
Doctor P.J. Chandy, from whom he received great encouragement and whose sister he would later wed. Herself a doctor, Elizabeth Chandy and Laurie were married
and moved to [[Pithoragarh]], a small village on the borders of [[Tibet]] and [[Nepal]] in the [[Himalayas]], where they lived and worked for 16 years. Elizabeth's medical training would be put to use aiding the afflicted in the village while Laurie continued his architectural work and research accommodating the medical needs of the community through his constructions of various hospitals and clinics. It is here that Baker would acquire and hone those skills from the local building community which had so fascinated him during his missionary work.
 
Baker sought to enrich the culture in which he participated by promoting simplicity and home-grown quality in his buildings. Seeing so many people living in poverty in the region and throughout India served also to amplify his emphasis on cost-conscious construction, one that encouraged local participation in development and craftsmanship - an ideal that the Mahatma expressed as the only means to revitalize and liberate an impoverished India. This drive for simplicity also stemmed from his [[Quaker]] upbringing and faith, one that saw indulging in a deceitful facade as a way to fool the 'Creator' as quite pointless. Instead, Baker sought to provide the 'right' space for his clients and to avoid anything pretentious.
 
Eventually, he was drawn back to work in India as more and more people began commissioning work from him in the area. The first client being Welthy Honsinger Fisher, an elderly American woman concerned with adult illiteracy throughout India, who sought to set up a 'Literacy Village' in which she intended to use puppetry, music and art as teaching methods to help illiterate and newly-literate adults add to their skills. An aging woman who risked her health to visit Laurie, refused to leave until she received plans for the village. More and more hospital commissions were received as medical professionals realized that the surroundings for their patients were as much a part of the healing process as any other form of treatment, and that Baker seemed the only architect who cared enough to become familiarized with how to build what made Indian patients comfortable with those surroundings. His presence would also soon be required on-site at Ms. Fisher's "Village," and he became well known for his constant presence on the construction sites of all his projects, often finalizing designs through hand-drawn instructions to masons and laborers on how to achieve certain design solutions.
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[[Berkas:Dolas house.png|left|thumb|Baker's works, such as this house, blend seamlessly into the natural settings.]]
Baker's architectural method is one of improvisation, in which initial drawings have only an idealistic link to the final construction, with most of the accommodations and design choices being made on-site by the architect himself. Compartments for milk bottles near the doorstep, windowsills that double as bench surfaces, and a heavy emphasis on taking cues from the natural condition of the site are just some examples. His Quaker-instilled respect for nature lead him to let the idiosyncrasies of a site inform his architectural improvisations, rarely is a topography line marred or a tree uprooted. This saves construction cost as well, since working around difficult site conditions is much more cost-effective than clear-cutting. ("I think it's a waste of money to level a well-moulded site") Resistant to "high-technology" that addresses building environment issues by ignoring natural environment, at the [[Centre for Development Studies]] (Trivandrum, 1971) Baker created a cooling system by placing a high, latticed, brick wall near a pond that uses air pressure differences to draw cool air through the building. His responsiveness to never-identical site conditions quite obviously allowed for the variegation that permeates his work.-->
 
== Kematian ==
[[Berkas:Hamlet ‍baker.png|thumbjmpl|''Kampung'' di [[Nalanchira]] dekat [[Thiruvananthapuram]], yang menjadi tempat tinggal Baker dan istrinya sejak 1970. Rumah ini, yang terletak di puncak bukit, dirancang oleh Baker.]]
Laurie Baker meninggal dunia pada pk. 7.30 pagi pada [[1 April]] [[2007]], pada usia 90 tahun. Hingga akhir hayatnya, ia terus bekerja di dan di sekitar rumahnya di [[Trivandrum]], meskipun kondisinya kesehatannya telah membuat kehadiran fisiknya di proyek pembangunannya menjadi minimal. Rancangan dan tulisannya dilakukannya kebanyakan di rumahnya. Penekatannya terhadap arsitektur pelan-pelan mendapatkan penghargaan ketika kecenderungan arsitektur mengarah kepada pembangunan tempat, dan bukan modernisasi atau stilisasi. Namun, sebagai akibat dari penerimaan yang meluas ini, rumah "Gaya Baker" menjadi semakin populer, dan hal ini justru membuat gundah Baker, karena ia merasa bahwa 'gaya' yang dijadikan komoditikomoditas itu semata-mata merupakan perwujudan dari dorongan budaya dan ekonomi wilayah tempat ia bekerja, dan bukan sebuah solusi yang dapat diterapkan begitu saja kepada situasi apapun juga di mana saja. Arsitektur Laurie Baker terfokus pada upaya mempertahankan sifat alamiah situsnya dan konstruksi masyarakat setempat yang mengutamakan pertimbangan ekonmois, serta integrasi yang utuh dengan budaya setempat yang telah menjadi sumber ilhamnya. Banyak dari tulisan-tulisan Laurie Baker diterbitkan dan dapat diperoleh lewat COSTFORD (Center Of Science and Technology For Rural Development - Pusat Sains dan Teknologi untuk Pembangunan Pedesaan), perusahaan yang kini menyelia banyak proyeknya, di mana ia menjadi Aristek Utamanya.
 
== Penghargaan ==
 
* 1987: Penghargaan Indian National Habitat.
* 1989: Medali Institut Arsitek India untuk Arsitek Terkemuka Tahun Ini.
* 1990: Penghargaan Grand Masters - Arsiten Tahun Ini.
* 1991: Pemerintah India - Padmashree
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== Beberapa buku tentang Laurie Baker ==
 
* Bhatia, G., ''Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings'' ([[Viking Press]])
* Bhatia, G., ''Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings'' ([[Penguin Books]], [[1994]]).
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
* [http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2000/07/brick_master.html News story - The Brick Master of Kerala].
* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9908/99080300.htm ''Of Architectural Truths and Lies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420003252/http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9908/99080300.htm |date=2007-04-20 }}
* [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2005/stories/20030314000107000.htm ''Architecture for the People'']
* [http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/30/stories/2003113004960400.htm Penghargan D.Litt kepada Laurie Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313132423/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/30/stories/2003113004960400.htm |date=2007-03-13 }}
* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000906400.htm Perjalanan kreatif Laurie Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229133423/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000906400.htm |date=2008-12-29 }} Frontline - oleh Joginder Singh dan Shrinivas Warkhandkar
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[[Kategori:Penerima penghargaan Padma Shri]]
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[[Kategori:Tokoh Trivandrum]]
 
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