Wikipedia

Kolubrid: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
InternetArchiveBot (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
657.420 suntingan
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20211109)) #IABot (v2.0.8.2) (GreenC bot
 
(25 revisi perantara oleh 4 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{infobox spesies
{{Taxobox
| name = Colubridae
| image = Coluber caspius.jpg
| image_caption = [[Ular-pecut Kaspia]]<br>''Dolicophis caspius''
| fossil_range = [[Oligocene]] - kini
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Ular|Serpentes]]
| familia = '''Colubridae'''
| familia_authority=[[Nicolaus Michael Oppel|Oppel]], 1811
}}
'''Kolubrid''' atau '''Colubridae''' (dari bahasa latin, ''coluber''="ular") adalah nama familia [[ular]] yang terdiri lebih dari 1000 spesies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colubrid |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/colubrid |website=britannica.com |publisher=Britannica |accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref> Suku kolubrid tersebar luas di setiap benua di dunia, kecuali [[Antartika]].<ref name=EoR>{{cite book |editor=Cogger, H.G. |editor-link=Harold Cogger |editor2=Zweifel, R.G. |editor2-link=Richard G. Zweifel|author= [[:fr:Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer, Aaron M.]]|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_h2i0 |publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_h2i0/page/188 188]–195|isbn= 0-12-178560-2}}</ref>
'''Kolubrid''' atau '''Colubridae''', (dari bahasa latin, ''coluber''="ular") adalah keluarga [[ular]] yang terbanyak anggotanya. Hampir dua pertiga dari semua jenis-jenis ular termasuk ke dalam suku ini. Suku kolubrid bisa ditemui di semua benua, kecuali [[Antartika]]. Kelompok ular ini juga menjadi suku ular yang dominan di setiap benua, kecuali [[Eropa]] dan [[Australia]]. Suku kolubrid terdiri dari jenis-jenis ular tak berbisa (''non-venomous''), atau memiliki bisa yang lemah saja, dan pada umumnya tidak membahayakan manusia. Akan tetapi beberapa jenis misalnya dari marga ''[[Ular kucing|Boiga sp.]]'', ''[[Ular pucuk|Ahaetulla sp.]]'', dan ''[[Opheodrys|Opheodrys sp.]]'' gigitannya dapat berakibat serius. Bahkan gigitan ular [[Boomslang]] (''Dispholydus typus'') dan [[Ular ranting Afrika]] (''Thelotornis sp.'') dapat membunuh manusia. Namun, semua ular berbisa dalam suku ini memiliki taring yang terletak di rahang belakang, bukan di depan seperti suku [[Elapidae]] atau [[Viperidae]].
 
== Pengenalan ==
Sebagian besar spesies kolubrid adalah ular-ular yang tidak berbisa. Walau begitu, klasifikasi famili kolubrid juga mencakup jenis-jenis ular berbisa. Akan tetapi, ular-ular berbisa yang termasuk kedalam kolubrid adalah ular berbisa bertaring belakang (''rear-fanged'') di mana taring bisanya terletak di rahang atas bagian belakang, bukan di depan seperti pada familia [[Elapidae]] atau [[Viperidae]]. Sebagian besar kolubrid yang berbisa tidak sampai membahayakan manusia, tetapi beberapa spesies seperti ''Boiga dendrophila'' ([[Ular cincin-emas]]), gigitannya dapat berakibat serius. Bakhan sebagian spesies seperti ''Dispholidus typus'' ([[Boomslang]]) dan ''Thelotornis'' ([[Ular-ranting Afrika]]), gigitannya mampu membunuh manusia.<ref name="Bruna Azara 1995">{{cite journal | author = Bruna Azara, C. | year = 1995 | title = Animales venenosos. Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en España | url = http://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/BOLETIN_11/B11-009-032.pdf | journal = Boletín de la S.E.A. | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 32–40 }}</ref><ref name="Weinstein2011">{{cite book|last1=Weinstein|first1=S. A.|last2=Warrell|first2=D. A.|last3=White|first3=J.|last4=Keyler|first4=D. E.|title=Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier|location=London}}</ref>
 
== Klasifikasi ==
=== Subfamilia [[Ahaetuliinae]] Figueroa, McKelvy, Grismer, Bell, and Lailvaux, 2016 ===
Sebelumnya, suku ini mencakup hampir seluruh anak suku ular di dunia, namun sekarang hanya terdapat 4 anak suku, yakni:
{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
* Genus ''[[Ahaetulla]]'' Link, 1807
* Genus ''[[Chrysopelea]]'' Boie, 1827
* Genus ''[[Dendrelaphis]]'' Boulenger, 1890
* Genus ''[[Dryophiops]]'' Boulenger, 1896
* Genus ''[[Proahaetulla antiqua|Proahaetulla]]'' Mallik, Achyuthan, Ganesh, Pal, Vijayakumar & Shanker, 2019
}}
 
=== Subfamilia [[Calamariinae]] (Bonaparte, 1838) ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
* ''[[Calamaria]]'' (60 spesies)
* Genus ''[[CalamorhabdiumCalamaria]]'' (2Boie, spesies)1827
* Genus ''[[Calamorhabdium]]'' Boettger, 1898
* ''[[Collorhabdium williamsoni|Collorhabdium]]''
* Genus ''[[Collorhabdium williamsoni|Collorhabdium]]'' Smedley, 1931
* ''[[Etheridgeum pulchrum|Etheridgeum]]''
* Genus ''[[Etheridgeum pulchrum|Etheridgeum]]'' Wallach, 1988
* ''[[Macrocalamus]]''
* Genus ''[[PseudorabdionMacrocalamus]]'' Günther, 1864
* Genus ''[[RabdionPseudorabdion]]'' Jan, 1862
* Genus ''[[Rabdion]]'' Duméril, 1853
}}
 
=== Subfamilia [[Colubrinae]] (Oppel, 1811) ===
[[Berkas:Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) (8387575202).jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|[[Ular-pohon cokelat]] (''Boiga irregularis'')]]
{{cols|2}}
[[Berkas:Coelognathus radiatus.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|[[Ular sapi]] (''Coelognathus radiatus'')]]
* ''[[Aeluroglena]]'' Boulenger, 1898
[[Berkas:Dasypeltis atra2.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|Ular pemakan-telur Afrika (''Dasypeltis Sp.'')]]
* ''Ahaetulla'' Link, 1807 - [[Ular pucuk]]
[[Berkas:Dispholidus typus.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px|[[Boomslang]] (''Dispholidus typus''), salah satu spesies kolubrid berbisa]]
* ''[[Aprosdoketophis]]'' Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010
{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
* ''[[Archelaphe]]'' Schulz, Böhme & Tillack, 2011
* Genus ''[[ArgyrogenaAeluroglena]]'' WernerBoulenger, 19241898
* Genus ''[[Aprosdoketophis]]'' Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010
* ''[[Arizona (genus)|Arizona]]'' Kennicott, 1859
* Genus ''[[BamanophisArchelaphe]]'' SchättiSchulz, Böhme & TrapeTillack, 20082011
* Genus ''[[BogertophisArgyrogena]]'' Dowling & PriceWerner, 19881924
* Genus ''[[Arizona (genus)|Arizona]]'' Kennicott, 1859
* ''Boiga'' Fitzinger, 1826 - [[Ular kucing]]
* Genus ''[[Bamanophis]]'' Schätti & Trape, 2008
* ''Cemophora'' Cope, 1860 - [[Ular belang bata]]
* Genus ''[[ChapinophisBogertophis]]'' CampbellDowling & SmithPrice, 19981988
* Genus ''[[ChilomeniscusBoiga]]'' CopeFitzinger, 18601826 - [[Ular kucing]]
* Genus ''[[ChionactisCemophora]]'' Cope, 1860
* Genus ''[[ChironiusChapinophis]]'' FitzingerCampbell & Smith, 18261998
* Genus ''[[Chironius]]'' Fitzinger, 1826
* ''Chrysopelea'' Boie, 1827 - [[Ular terbang]]
* Genus ''[[Coelognathus]]'' Fitzinger, 1843 - Ular tikus
* Genus ''[[Coluber]]'' Linnaeus, 1758 - Ular-cemeti Nearktika
* Genus ''[[Colubroelaps]]'' Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Thien Tao & Quang Truong, 2009
* Genus ''[[Conopsis]]'' Günther, 1858
* Genus ''[[Coronella]]'' Laurenti, 1768
* Genus ''[[Crotaphopeltis]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
* Genus ''[[Dasypeltis]]'' Wagler, 1830 - Ular pemakan-telur Afrika
* ''[[Cyclophiops]]'' Boulenger, 1888
* Genus ''[[Dendrophidion]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
* ''Dasypeltis'' Smith, 1830 - [[Ular pemakan telur Afrika]]
* Genus ''[[Dipsadoboa]]'' Günther, 1858
* ''Dendrelaphis'' Boulenger, 1890 - [[Ular tali]]
* Genus ''[[Dispholidus]]'' Fitzsimons & Brain, 1958 - [[Boomslang]]
* ''[[Dendrophidion]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
* Genus ''[[DipsadoboaDolichophis]]'' GüntherGistel, 18581868
* Genus ''[[Drymarchon]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
* ''Dispholidus'' Fitzsimons & Brain, 1958 - [[Boomslang]]
* Genus ''[[DolichophisDrymobius]]'' GistelFitzinger, 18681843
* Genus ''[[DrymarchonDrymoluber]]'' FitzingerAmaral, 1843 - Ular indigo Amerika1929
* Genus ''[[DrymobiusEirenis]]'' FitzingerJan, 18431862
* Genus ''[[Elaphe]]'' Fitzinger ''in'' Wagler, 1833 - [[Ular tikus]]
* ''[[Drymoluber]]'' Amaral, 1929
* Genus ''[[DryocalamusEuprepiophis]]'' GüntherFitzinger, 18581843
* Genus ''[[DryophiopsFicimia]]'' BoulengerGray, 18961849
* Genus ''[[EirenisGeagras]]'' JanCope, 18621876
* Genus ''[[ElachistodonGonyosoma]]'' ReinhardtWagler, 18631828 - Ular bajing
* Genus ''[[Gyalopion]]'' Cope, 1860
* ''[[Elaphe]]'' Fitzinger ''in'' Wagler, 1833 - Ular tikus lintang utara
* Genus ''[[EuprepiophisHapsidophrys]]'' FitzingerFischer, 18431856
* Genus ''[[FicimiaHemerophis]]'' GraySchätti & Utiger, 18492001
* Genus ''[[GeagrasHemorrhois]]'' CopeBoie, 18761826
* Genus ''[[GonyosomaHierophis]]'' WaglerFitzinger, 1828 - Ular bungka1843
* Genus ''[[GyalopionLampropeltis]]'' CopeFitzinger, 18601843
* Genus ''[[HapsidophrysLeptodrymus]]'' FischerAmaral, 18561927
* Genus ''[[HemerophisLeptophis]]'' Schätti & UtigerBell, 20011825
* Genus ''[[HemorrhoisLiopeltis]]'' BoieFitzinger, 18261843
* Genus ''[[HierophisLycodon]]'' Fitzinger, 18431826 - [[Ular serigala]]
* Genus ''[[LampropeltisLytorhynchus]]'' FitzingerPeters, 1843 - Ular raja Amerika1862
* Genus ''[[LeptodrymusMacroprotodon]]'' AmaralGuichenot, 19271850
* Genus ''[[LeptophisMasticophis]]'' BellBaird & Girard, 18251853
* Genus ''[[Mastigodryas]]'' Amaral, 1935
* ''[[Lepturophis albofuscus|Lepturophis]]'' Boulenger, 1900
* Genus ''[[LiopeltisMeizodon]]'' FitzingerFischer, 18431856
* Genus ''[[Mopanveldophis]]'' Figueroa, McKelvy, Grismer, Bell & Lailvaux, 2016
* ''[[Lycodon]]'' Fitzinger, 1826 - Ular bergigi serigala
* Genus ''[[Muhtarophis]]'' Avcı, Ilgaz, Rajabizadeh, Yılmaz, Üzüm, Adriaens, Kumlutaş & Olgun, 2015
* ''[[Lytorhynchus]]'' Peters, 1862
* Genus ''[[MacroprotodonOligodon]]'' GuichenotFitzinger, 18501826 - [[Ular kukri]]
* Genus ''[[MastigodryasOocatochus]]'' AmaralHelfenberger, 19352001
* Genus ''[[MeizodonOpheodrys]]'' FischerFitzinger, 18561843
* Genus ''[[OligodonOreocryptophis]]'' FitzingerUtiger, 1826Schätti & Helfenberger, 2005 - [[Ular-bambu kukrimerah]]
* Genus ''[[OocatochusOrientocoluber]]'' HelfenbergerKharin, 20012011
* Genus ''[[OpheodrysOxybelis]]'' FitzingerWagler, 18431830
* Genus ''[[Palusophis]]'' Montingelli, 2019
* ''[[Oreocryptophis]]'' Utiger, Schätti & Helfenberger, 2005
* Genus ''[[OrientocoluberPantherophis]]'' KharinFitzinger, 20111843
* Genus ''[[Philothamnus]]'' Smith, 1840
* ''[[Orthriophis]]'' Utiger, Helfenberger, Schätti, Schmidt, Ruf & Ziswiler, 2002
* Genus ''[[OxybelisPhrynonax]]'' WaglerCope, 1830 - Ular pucuk Amerika1862
* Genus ''[[PantherophisPhyllorhynchus]]'' FitzingerStejneger, 18431890
* Genus ''[[PhilothamnusPituophis]]'' SmithHolbrook, 18401842
* Genus ''[[PhyllorhynchusPlatyceps]]'' StejnegerBlyth, 18901860
* Genus ''[[PhrynonaxPseudelaphe]]'' CopeMertens & Rosenberg, 18621943
* Genus ''[[PituophisPseudoficimia]]'' HolbrookBocourt, 18421883
* Genus ''[[PlatycepsPtyas]]'' BlythFitzinger, 18601843 - Ular tikus
* Genus ''[[PliocercusRhamnophis]]'' CopeGünther, 18601862
* Genus ''[[PseudelapheRhinobothryum]]'' Mertens & RosenbergWagler, 19431830
* Genus ''[[PseudoficimiaRhinocheilus]]'' BocourtBaird & Girard, 18831853
* Genus ''[[PseustesRhynchocalamus]]'' FitzingerGünther, 18431864
* Genus ''[[Salvadora (genus)|Salvadora]]'' Baird & Girard, 1853
* ''[[Ptyas]]'' Fitzinger, 1843 - Ular tikus Indo-Malaya
* Genus ''[[RhamnophisScaphiophis]]'' GüntherPeters, 18621870
* Genus ''[[RhinechisScolecophis]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
* Genus ''[[RhinobothryumSenticolis]]'' WaglerCampbell & Howell, 18301965
* Genus ''[[RhinocheilusSimophis]]'' Baird & GirardPeters, 18531860
* Genus ''[[RhynchocalamusSonora (genus)|Sonora]]'' GüntherBaird & Girard, 18641843
* Genus ''[[Salvadora (genus)|SalvadoraSpalerosophis]]'' Baird & GirardJan, 18531865
* Genus ''[[ScaphiophisSpilotes]]'' PetersWagler, 18701830
* Genus ''[[ScolecophisStegonotus]]'' FitzingerDuméril, Bibron & Duméril, 18431854
* Genus ''[[SenticolisStenorrhina]]'' Campbell & HowellDuméril, 19651853
* Genus ''[[SimophisStichophanes]]'' PetersWang, Messenger, Zhao & Zhu, 18602014
* Genus ''[[Sonora (genus)|SonoraSymphimus]]'' Baird & GirardCope, 18431869
* Genus ''[[SpalerosophisSympholis]]'' JanCope, 18651861
* Genus ''[[SpilotesTantilla]]'' WaglerBaird & Girard, 18301853
* Genus ''[[StegonotusTantillita]]'' Duméril, Bibron & DumérilSmith, 18541941
* Genus ''[[StenorrhinaTelescopus]]'' DumérilWagler, 18531830
* Genus ''[[StichophanesThelotornis]]'' Wang, Messenger, Zhao & ZhuSmith, 20141849
* Genus ''[[SymphimusThrasops]]'' CopeHallowell, 18691857
* Genus ''[[SympholisToxicodryas]]'' CopeHallowell, 18611857
* Genus ''[[TantillaTrimorphodon]]'' Baird & GirardCope, 18531861
* Genus ''[[Wallaceophis]]'' Mirza, Vyas, Patel, Maheta & Sanap, 2016
* ''[[Tantillita]]'' Smith, 1941
* Genus ''[[TelescopusXenelaphis]]'' WaglerGünther, 18301864
* Genus ''[[Xyelodontophis]]'' Broadley & Wallach, 2002
* ''Thelotornis'' Smith, 1849 - [[Ular ranting Afrika]]
* Genus ''[[ThrasopsZamenis]]'' HallowellWagler, 18571830
}}
* ''[[Toxicodryas]]'' Hallowell, 1857
 
* ''[[Trimorphodon]]'' Cope, 1861
=== Subfamilia [[Dipsadinae]] (Bonaparte, 1838) ===
* ''[[Xenelaphis]]'' Günther, 1864
{{main|Dipsadinae}}
* ''[[Xyelodontophis]]'' Broadley & Wallach, 2002
 
* ''Zamenis'' Wagler, 1830 - [[Ular tikus Eropa]]
=== Subfamilia [[Grayiinae]] (Meirte, 1992) ===
{{end-col}}
* Genus ''[[Grayia]]'' Günther, 1858
=== Subfamilia [[Grayiinae]] ===
 
* ''[[Grayia]]'' Günther, 1858
=== Subfamilia [[SibynophiinaeNatricinae]] (Bonaparte, 1838) ===
{{main|Natricinae}}
* ''[[Scaphiodontophis]]'' Taylor & Smith, 1943
 
* ''[[Sibynophis]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
=== Subfamilia [[Pseudoxenodontinae]] (McDowell, 1987) ===
{{main|Pseudoxenodontinae}}
 
=== Subfamilia [[Sibynophiinae]] (Dunn, 1928) ===
* Genus ''[[Scaphiodontophis]]'' Taylor & Smith, 1943
* Genus ''[[Sibynophis]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
 
=== Tanpa Subfamilia (''[[incertae sedis]]'') ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=50em|
* Genus ''[[Blythia]]'' Theobold, 1868
* Genus ''[[Elapoidis]]'' Boie, 1827
* Genus ''[[Gongylosoma]]'' Fitzinger, 1843
* Genus ''[[Lycognathophis]]'' Boulenger, 1893
* Genus ''[[Oreocalamus]]'' Boulenger, 1899
* Genus ''[[Poecilopholis]]'' Boulenger, 1903
* Genus ''[[Tetralepis]]'' Boettger, 1892
}}
 
== TaksonomiRiwayat lainTaksonomi ==
Beberapa suku ular lain yang sebelumnya juga termasuk di dalam suku ini, yaitu:
* '''[[Dipsadidae|Xenodontidae]] - lebih umum disebut Dipsadidae'''
* '''[[Homalopsidae]] - Ular air Indo-Australia'''
* '''[[Lamprophiidae]]'''
* '''[[NatricidaePareatidae]] atau [[Pareidae]] - Ular rumputsiput'''
* '''[[PareatidaeXenodermatidae]] -atau Ular siput[[Xenodermidae]]'''
* '''[[Pseudoxenodontidae]]'''
* '''[[Xenodermatidae]]'''
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Colubridae&submit=Search Colubridae @ Reptile Database]
----
* Oppel, 1811 : ''Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien, als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben''. J. Lindauer, München ([https://archive.org/details/dieordnungenfami00oppe lihat teks])
* [http://www.reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Colubridae&submit=Search Colubridae @ Reptile Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525185142/http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?submit=Search&taxon=Colubridae |date=2015-05-25 }}
* [http://www.reptileknowledge.com/squamata/colubridae.php Colubridae @ Reptile Knowledge]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q182751}}
 
[[Kategori:Colubridae| Ular]]
[[Kategori:Reptil]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Kolubrid"