Protokol Montreal: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox Treaty
| name = Protokol Montreal atas Zat-Zat yang mengurangi Lapisan Ozon
| long_name =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_agreeded = 14–16 September 1987
| location_signed = [[Montreal]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 1 Januari 1989 jika 11 negara telah meratifikasinya.
| condition_effective = ratifikasi oleh 20 negara
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 46
| ratifiers = 197 (seluruh anggota PBB, serta [[Niue]], [[Kepulauan Cook]], [[Tahta Suci]] dan [[Uni Eropa]])
| depositor =[[Sekretaris Jenderal PBB]]
| language =
| languages = Arab, Tionghoa, Inggris, Prancis, Rusia, dan Spanyol.
| website =
| wikisource =
}}
[[Berkas:NASA and NOAA Announce Ozone Hole is a Double Record Breaker.png|jmpl|ka|Lubang ozon Antartika terbesar tercatat pada September 2006]]
'''Protokol Montreal''' (lengkapnya: '''Protokol Montreal atas Zat-Zat yang mengurangi Lapisan Ozon''') adalah sebuah [[traktat]] internasional yang dirancang untuk melindungi [[lapisan ozon]] dengan meniadakan [[produksi]] sejumlah zat yang diyakini bertanggung jawab atas [[penipisan ozon|berkurangnya lapisan ozon]]. Traktat ini terbuka untuk ditandatangani pada [[16 September]] [[1987]] dan berlaku sejak [[1 Januari]] [[1989]]. Sejak itu, traktat ini telah mengalami lima kali revisi yaitu pada [[1990]] di [[London]], [[1992]] di [[Kopenhagen]], [[1995]] di [[Vienna]], [[1997]] di [[Montreal]] dan [[1999]] di [[Beijing]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37665529 Climate change: 'Monumental' deal to cut HFCs, fastest growing greenhouse gases]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/Treaties/treaties_decisions-hb.php?sec_id=343 |title=Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat |date=}}</ref> Sebagai hasil dari perjanjian internasional tersebut, lubang ozon di Antartika secara perlahan pulih.<ref>Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", ''[[Arbetarbladet]] 12-9-2014, p. 10.''</ref> Proyeksi iklim menunjukkan bahwa lapisan ozon akan kembali ke tingkat 1980 antara tahun 2050 dan 2070.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ozone Layer on Track to Recovery: Success Story Should Encourage Action on Climate|url=http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2796&ArticleID=10978&l=en|accessdate=18 September 2014|agency=UNEP|publisher=UNEP|date=10 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913031932/http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2796&ArticleID=10978&l=en|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Susan Solomon|author2=Anne R. Douglass|author3=Paul A. Newman|title=The Antarctic ozone hole: An update|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/67/7/10.1063/PT.3.2449|website=Physics today|accessdate=18 September 2014|date=July 2014}}</ref> Dikarenakan tingkat penerapan dan implementasinya yang luas, traktat ini dianggap sebagai contoh kesuksesan kerjasama internasional. [[Kofi Annan]] pernah menyebutnya sebagai "Kemungkinan merupakan persetujuan internasional tersukses sampai hari ini..".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theozonehole.com/montreal.htm |title=The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer |publisher=Theozonehole.com |date=16 September 1987}}</ref>
Traktat ini difokuskan pada beberapa kelompok senyawa [[hidrokarbon]] [[halogen]] yang diyakini memainkan peranan penting dalam pengikisan lapisan ozon. Semua zat tersebut memiliki [[klorin]] atau [[bromin]] (zat yang hanya memiliki [[fluorin]] saja tidak berbahaya bagi lapisan ozon).
== Syarat dan tujuan ==
Perjanjian ini<ref>Persyaratan lengkap tersedia dari http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/Section_1.1_The_Montreal_Protocol/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703062032/http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/Section_1.1_The_Montreal_Protocol/ |date=2008-07-03 }}.</ref> terstruktur pada sekitar beberapa kelompok [[haloalkana|hidrokarbon terhalogenasi]] yang menipiskan ozon [[stratosfer]]. Semua zat perusak ozon yang dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal mengandung [[klorin]] atau [[bromin]] (zat yang hanya mengandung [[fluorin]] tidak membahayakan lapisan ozon). Beberapa bahan perusak ozon (BPO) belum dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal, termasuk nitrogen oksida (N<sub>2</sub>O) Untuk tabel bahan perusak ozon yang dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal lihat:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/ozone/ods.html |title=Class I Ozone-depleting Substances | Science | Ozone Layer Protection | US EPA |publisher=Epa.gov |date=}}</ref>
Untuk setiap kelompok BPO, perjanjian tersebut menyediakan jadwal dimana produksi zat-zat tersebut harus ditembakkan dan akhirnya dihilangkan.
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Lingkungan}}
* [[Gas rumah kaca]]
* [[Haloalkana]]
* [[Konferensi Wina (1985)]]
* [[Pendingin]]
* [[Penipisan ozon]]
* [[Perjanjian Kopenhagen]]
* [[Perjanjian Paris]]
* [[Protokol Kyoto]]
* [[R-134a]]
* [[Amendemen Kigali]]
== Referensi ==
{{CIA World Factbook|year=2003}}<small>(disebut sebagai Perlindungan Lapisan Ozon)</small>
{{reflist|30em}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Andersen, S. O. and K. M. Sarma. (2002). ''Protecting the Ozone Layer: the United Nations History, Earthscan Press''. London.
* Andersen, S. O., K. M. Sarma and K. N. Taddonio. (2007). ''Technology Transfer for the Ozone Layer: Lessons for Climate Change''. Earthscan Press, London.
* Benedick, Richard E. (1991). ''Ozone Diplomacy''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65001-8 (Ambassador Benedick was the Chief U.S. Negotiator at the meetings that resulted in the Protocol.)
* Brodeur, Paul (1986). "Annals of Chemistry: In the Face of Doubt." ''The New Yorker'', 9 June 1986, pp. 70–87.
* Chasek, Pam, David Downie, and J.W. Brown (2013 – forthcoming). G''lobal Environmental Politics'', 6th Edition, Boulder: Westview Press.
* Dotto, Lydia and Harold Schiff (1978). ''The Ozone War''. New York: Double Day.
* Downie, David (1993). "Comparative Public Policy of Ozone Layer Protection." ''Political Science'' (NZ) 45(2): (December): 186–197.
* Downie, David (1995). "Road Map or False Trail: Evaluating the Precedence of the Ozone Regime as Model and Strategy for Global Climate Change," ''International Environmental Affairs'', 7(4):321–345 (Fall 1995).
* Downie, David (1999). "The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem", in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh (eds.) ''Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources''. Albany: State University of New York Press.
* [[David L. Downie]] (2012). "The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone", in P. Wexler et al. (eds.) ''Chemicals, Environment, Health: A Global Management Perspective''. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
* Downie, David (2013) "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion." ''The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics''. New York: Routledge.
* Farman, J.C., B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin (1985). "Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal ClOx/NOx Interaction." ''Nature'' 315: 207–210, 16 May 1985.
* Gareau, Brian J. (2013). ''From Precaution to Profit: Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Protection in the Montreal Protocol''. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17526-4
* Grundmann, Reiner. (2001). ''Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone'', London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22423-3
* Litfin, Karen T. (1994). ''Ozone Discourses''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08137-5
* Molina, Mario and F. Sherwood Rowland (1974). "Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone." ''Nature'' 249: 810–12, 28 June 1974.
* Morissette, P.M. (1989). "The evolution of policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion." ''Natural Resources Journal'' 29: 793–820.
* Parson, Edward (2003). ''Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Roan, Sharon (1989). ''Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency''. New York, John Wiley and Sons
* United Nations Environmental Programme. (2012). ''[http://new.unep.org/ozonaction/Portals/105/documents/publications/green-economy-report.pdf The Montreal Protocol and The Green Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121215638/http://new.unep.org/ozonaction/Portals/105/documents/publications/green-economy-report.pdf |date=2015-11-21 }}''.
* Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. (2007). ''[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/12/4814.full The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting the Climate]''. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 104(12), 4814–4819, doi:10.1073/pnas.0610328104.
* Velders, G. J. M., D. W. Fahey, J. S Daniel, M. McFarland, and S. O. Andersen. (2009). ''[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/19/0902817106.full.pdf+html?with-ds=yes The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future Climate Forcing]''. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 106(27), doi:10.1073/pnas.090281716.
* Velders, G. J. M., A. R. Ravishankara, M. K. Miller, M. J. Molina, J. Alcamo, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, S. A. Montzka, and S. Reimann. (2012). ''[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6071/922 Preserving Montreal Protocol Climate Benefits by Limiting HFCs]''. Science, 335(6071), 922–923, doi:10.1126/science.1216414.
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/index.php The Ozone Secretariat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124225050/http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/index.php |date=2012-01-24 }}
* [http://www.multilateralfund.org/ Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php Status of Ratification]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php The Montreal Protocol]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/vienna_convention.php The Vienna Convention]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/Treaties/treaties_decisions-hb.php?art_id=59,60,61,62,63 Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) Controlled Under the Montreal Protocol]
* [http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html U.S. EPA Ozone Layer Protection Information Home Page]
* [http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/montrealprotocolwhoswho/ The Montreal Protocol Who's Who] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531033513/http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/montrealprotocolwhoswho/ |date=2010-05-31 }}
* [http://www.ncseonline.org/cfc-ozone-puzzle-environmental-science-global-arena-2000-chafee-memorial-lecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919203230/http://www.ncseonline.org/cfc-ozone-puzzle-environmental-science-global-arena-2000-chafee-memorial-lecture |date=2015-09-19 }} by F.Sherwood Rowland and Mario J.Molina
* [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2002/qandas16.pdf Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere? ](NOAA Aeronomy Lab)
* [http://www.cei.org/gencon/025,01184.cfm Doomsday Déjà vu: Ozone Depletion's Lessons for Global Warming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910000608/http://cei.org/gencon/025,01184.cfm |date=2009-09-10 }} by [http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=6 Ben Lieberman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213041936/http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_Expert.cfm?Expert=6 |date=2005-12-13 }}
* [http://www.eia-international.org/media?cat1=196&cat2=236 EIA reports]: Reports on illegal trade and solutions.
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/vcpol/vcpol.html Introductory note by Edith Brown Weiss, procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* [http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/ Green Cooling Initiative]
* [http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/ Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies]
{{Polusi}}
[[Kategori:Traktat]]
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