Bahan biotik: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Hasil terjemahan en:Biotic material |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.7 |
||
| (Satu revisi perantara oleh satu pengguna lainnya tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
'''Bahan biotik''' atau '''bahan turunan biologis''' adalah setiap bahan yang berasal dari [[makhluk hidup|organisme hidup]]. Sebagian besar bahan seperti itu mengandung [[karbon]] dan mampu [[pembusukan|membusuk]].
[[Abiogenesis|Kehidupan paling awal di Bumi]] muncul setidaknya 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu.<ref name="Origin1">Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). ''Evidence of some Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils.'' Precambrian Research 158:141–155.</ref><ref name="Origin2">Schopf, JW (2006). ''Fossil evidence of Archaean life.'' Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.</ref><ref name="RavenJohnson2002">{{cite book | first=Peter | last=Hamilton Raven | first2=George | last2=Brooks Johnson | title=Biology | url=https://archive.org/details/biologyrave00rave | url-access=registration | date=2002 | publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]] | isbn=978-0-07-112261-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/biologyrave00rave/page/68 68] | accessdate=7 July 2013 }}</ref> Bukti fisik awal kehidupan mencakup grafit, [[zat biogenik]], di batuan [[metasedimen]] berusia 3,7 miliar tahun yang ditemukan di [[Greenland]] barat daya,<ref name="NG-20131208">{{cite journal |last1=Ohtomo |first1=Yoko |last2=Kakegawa |first2=Takeshi |last3=Ishida |first3=Akizumi |last4=Nagase |first4=Toshiro |last5=Rosing |first5=Minik T. |display-authors=3 |date=January 2014 |title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |location=London |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=25–28 |bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O |doi=10.1038/ngeo2025 |issn=1752-0894}}</ref> serta, "sisa-sisa kehidupan biotik" yang ditemukan di batuan berusia 4,1 miliar tahun di Australia Barat.<ref name="AP-20151019">{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html |date=19 October 2015 |work=[[Excite]] |location=Yonkers, NY |publisher=[[Mindspark Interactive Network]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=2015-10-20}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20151014-pdf">{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Boehnike |first2=Patrick |last3=Harrison |first3=T. Mark |last4=Mao |first4=Wendy L. |display-authors=3 |date=19 October 2015 |title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112 |issn=1091-6490 |accessdate=2015-10-20 |pmid=26483481 |pmc=4664351 |volume=112 |issue=47 |pages=14518–21 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B |archive-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106021508/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf |dead-url=yes }} Early edition, published online before print.</ref> [[Keanekaragaman hayati]] Bumi terus berkembang kecuali terganggu oleh [[kepunahan massal]].<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010">{{cite journal | author=Sahney, S.| author2=Benton, M.J.| author3=Ferry, P.A.| name-list-style=amp| date=27 January 2010| title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land| journal=Biology Letters| doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024| volume = 6 | pages = 544–47 | issue=4 | pmid=20106856 | pmc=2936204}}</ref> Meskipun para ahli memperkirakan bahwa lebih dari 99 persen dari semua spesies kehidupan (lebih dari lima miliar)<ref name="Book-Biology">{{cite book |editor1=Kunin, W.E. |editor2=Gaston, Kevin |title=The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=31 December 1996 |isbn=978-0412633805 |accessdate=26 May 2015 }}</ref> yang pernah hidup di Bumi telah [[kepunahan|punah]],<ref name="StearnsStearns2000">{{cite book |last=Stearns |first=Beverly Peterson |last2=Stearns |first2=S. C. |last3=Stearns |first3=Stephen C. |title=Watching, from the Edge of Extinction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent#v=onepage&q=99%20percent&f=false |year=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-08469-6|page=preface x |accessdate=30 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141108-MJN">{{cite news|last=Novacek |first=Michael J.|title=Prehistory's Brilliant Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html|date=8 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=25 December 2014 }}</ref> diperkirakan masih ada 10–14 juta spesies yang masih ada,<ref name=science_241_4872_1441>{{cite journal |last1=May |first1=Robert M. |title=How many species are there on earth? |journal=Science |date=1988 |volume=241 |issue=4872 |pages=1441–1449 |bibcode=1988Sci...241.1441M |doi=10.1126/science.241.4872.1441 |pmid=17790039}}</ref><ref name="MillerSpoolman2012">{{cite book
|last1=Miller |first1=G. |last2=Spoolman |first2=Scott|title=Environmental Science|chapter=Biodiversity and Evolution|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|date=1 January 2012|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-70787-5 |page=62|accessdate=27 December 2014 }}</ref> sekitar 1,2 juta di antaranya telah didokumentasikan dan lebih dari 86% belum dideskripsikan.<ref name="PLoS-20110823">{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=C. |last2=Tittensor |first2=D.P. |last3=Adl |first3=S. |last4=Simpson |first4=A.G. |last5=Worm |first5=B. |title=How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? |date=23 August 2011 |journal=[[PLOS Biology]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=e1001127}}</ref>
| |||