Badan Keamanan Nasional: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Badan Keamanan Nasional''' ({{lang-en|National Security Agency}}, disingkat '''NSA''') adalah sebuah agensi [[kriptografi]] milik pemerintah [[Amerika Serikat]], didirikan oleh [[Presiden AS|Presiden]] [[Harry S. Truman]] pada [[4 November]] [[1952]]. NSA bertugas untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis [[komunikasi]] negara lain, serta melindungi [[informasi]] milik Amerika Serikat. NSA mengkoordinasi, mengarahkan, serta menjalankan aktivitas-aktivitas amat istimewa bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan informasi [[intelijen]] dari luar negeri, terutama menggunakan [[kriptoanalisis]]. Selain itu, NSA melindungi komunikasi pemerintah dan [[sistem informasi]] di AS dari agensi lainnya, yang melibatkan kriptografi tingkat tinggi. NSA merupakan bagian dari [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Dephan AS]], dan dikepalai oleh seorang [[direktur NSA|direktur]] dari [[militer AS]] berpangkat [[Letnan Jenderal]] atau [[Laksamana Madya]]. NSA adalah komponen kunci dari [[Komunitas Intelijen Amerika Serikat]], yang dipimpin oleh [[Direktur Intelijen Nasional Amerika Serikat|Direktur Intelijen Nasional]].
== Organisasi
=== Peran ===
[[Berkas:National Security Agency headquarters, Fort Meade, Maryland.jpg|jmpl|225px|ka|Markas besar NSA di [[Fort Meade]], [[Maryland]]]]
Kegiatan-kegiatan NSA meliputi [[penyadapan]] dan [[pengamanan]]. Penyadapan NSA meliputi [[telepon]], komunikasi [[Internet]], komunikasi [[radio]], serta komunikasi-komunikasi lainnya yang dapat disadap. Pengamanan NSA meliputi komunikasi [[militer]], [[diplomasi|diplomatik]], serta komunikasi-komunikasi rahasia atau sensitif pemerintah. NSA merupakan organisasi yang mempekerjakan [[ahli matematika]] dan memiliki [[superkomputer]] terbanyak di dunia.<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/about/ Introduction to NSA/CSS], NSA. Retrieved 15 May 2006.</ref> Namun NSA berusaha untuk tetap ''[[low profile]]'', bahkan Pemerintah AS pernah tidak mengakui keberadaannya selama beberapa tahun. Karena itu, NSA sering dipelesetkan sebagai ''No Such Agency'' (Tidak ada agensi seperti itu), atau ''Never Say Anything'' (Jangan bilang apa-apa).
Karena tugasnya mengumpulkan informasi, termasuk informasi rahasia, maka NSA juga terlibat dalam penelitian [[kriptoanalisis]], pemecahan [[Sandi (disambiguasi)|sandi]] dan [[kode (kriptografi)|kode]]. Pendahulu NSA seperti ''[[Purple Code]]'', ''[[Venona]]'', dan ''[[JN-25]]'' sendiri telah berhasil memecahkan [[kriptografi pada Perang Dunia II|banyak sandi]] pada [[Perang Dunia II]].
Markas besar NSA terletak di [[Fort George G. Meade]], [[Maryland]], sekitar 16 km di [[timur laut]] [[Washington, D.C.]]. Anggaran yang digunakan NSA dirahasiakan oleh pemerintah AS,
|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200512/19/print20051219_229129.html
|accessdate=2007-08-30
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|accessdate=2006-08-06
|author=Gorman, Siobhan
|title=NSA risking electrical overload
|archive-date=2006-08-20
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135709/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.nsapower06aug06,0,5137448.story?coll=bal-home-headlines
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Selain markas besar di Ft. Meade, NSA juga memiliki fasilitas-fasilitas lain seperti [[Pusat Kriptologi Texas]] di [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]].
NSA juga terlibat dalam industri keamanan komunikasi, di antaranya pembuatan [[perangkat keras]] dan [[software|lunak]] khusus komunikasi aman, pabrik [[semikonduktor]] khusus di Fort Meade, serta penilitian [[kriptografi]] tingkat tinggi. NSA juga memiliki kontrak dengan perusahaan-perusahaan swasta di bidang [[riset]] dan peralatan.<!--
====Strategy====
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=== Lambang ===
[[Berkas:National Security Agency seal.png|jmpl|125px|ka|Lambang NSA]]
Lambang NSA terdiri dari [[elang botak]] menghadap ke kanan, lambang [[perdamaian]], mencengkeram sebuah kunci pada kukunya, melambangkan cengkeraman NSA pada sistem keamanan dan misinya membongkar dan melindungi rahasia. Elang tersebut berada pada latar belakang biru, dan dadanya berbentuk perisai biru dengan 13 garis merah dan putih, melambangkan warna-warna [[bendera AS]]. Pada pinggir lambang, terdapat lingkaran putih dengan tulisan "NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY" dan "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", dengan dua bintang di antara kedua tulisan tersebut. Lambang ini mulai digunakan sejak [[1965]], saat [[Direktur NSA]] [[Marshall Carter]] memerintahkan pembuatan lambang NSA.<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Security Agency Insignia|publisher=National Security Agency|url=http://www.nsa.gov/history/histo00018.cfm|accessdate=2006-12-26|archiveurl=
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==Involvement with non-government cryptography==
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Technically, almost all modern telephone, Internet, fax and satellite communications are exploitable due to recent advances in technology and the 'open air' nature of much of the radio communications around the world.
The NSA's presumed collection operations have generated much criticism, possibly stemming from the assumption that the NSA/CSS represents an infringement of Americans' [[privacy]].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} However, the NSA's [[United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18]] (USSID 18) strictly prohibits the interception or collection of information about "...US persons, entities, corporations or organizations..." without explicit written legal permission from the [[Attorney General]] of the United States
There have been alleged violations of USSID 18 that occurred in violation of the NSA's strict charter prohibiting such acts.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In addition, ECHELON is considered with indignation by citizens of countries outside the [[UKUSA]] alliance, with widespread suspicion that the United States government uses it for motives other than its national security, including [[politics|political]] and [[industrial espionage]].[http://www.fas.org/irp/program/process/rapport_echelon_en.pdf] The chartered purpose of the NSA/CSS is solely to acquire significant foreign intelligence information pertaining to National Security or ongoing military intelligence operations.
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==Staff==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<big>'''Directors'''</big>
{{main|Director of the National Security Agency}}
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*1988–1992 [[Vice Admiral|V. Adm.]] [[William O. Studeman]], USN
*1992–1996 [[Vice Admiral|V. Adm.]] [[John M. McConnell]], USN
*1996–1999 [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Kenneth A. Minihan]], USAF
*1999–2005 [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Michael Hayden|Michael V. Hayden]], USAF
*2005–Present [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Keith B. Alexander]], USA
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* [http://www.nsa.gov/ NSA official site]
* [http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/457.html Records of the National Security Agency/Central Security Service]
* [http://www.darkgovernment.com/nsa.html Overview of the NSA and their Major Programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120090234/http://www.darkgovernment.com/nsa.html |date=2008-11-20 }}
* [http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/nsa.html History of NSA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515111519/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/nsa.html |date=2008-05-15 }}
* [http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/text/coldwar/nsa-charter.html The NSA charter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720172513/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/text/coldwar/nsa-charter.html |date=2008-07-20 }}
* [http://www.thememoryhole.org/nsa/origins_of_nsa.htm "The Origins of the National Security Agency, 1940-1952"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103233603/http://www.thememoryhole.org/nsa/origins_of_nsa.htm |date=2008-01-03 }} —newly declassified book-length report provided by ''[http://www.thememoryhole.org/ The Memory Hole]''.
* [http://montages.blogspot.com/2005/01/outsourcing-intelligence.html "Outsourcing Intelligence"]
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/ The National Security Archive at George Washington University]
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20011007015616/http://cryptome.org/nsa-ussid18.htm CRYPTOME.org - USSID 18 DECLASSIFIED]
* [http://www.fas.org/ Federation of American Scientist]
* David Alan Jordan, [http://iilj.org/documents/Jordan-47_BC_L_Rev_000.pdf Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030095250/http://www.ss8.com/pdfs/Ready_Guide_Download_Version.pdf |date=2007-10-30 }} - Boston College Law Review, Vol. 47, 2006
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=39.108735,-76.771098&spn=0.006069,0.010664&t=k&hl=en NSA Headquarters]
* [http://www.hal-pc.org/journal/nov99/Column/caught/caught.html "FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION: It comes bundled with the software."|by Al Massey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051004030815/http://www.hal-pc.org/journal/nov99/Column/caught/caught.html |date=2005-10-04 }}
* [http://users.skynet.be/terrorism/html/usa_nsa.htm NSA: Bibliography|Compilation and research by Jean-Pierre H. Coumont] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216080043/http://users.skynet.be/terrorism/html/usa_nsa.htm |date=2006-02-16 }}
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html New York Times NSA Phone Taps Article] [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?ei=5088&en=e32070df8d623ac1&ex=1292389200&pagewanted=print alternate link]
* [http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/12/23/wiretaps_said_to_sift_all_overseas_contacts?mode=PF Wiretaps said to sift all overseas contacts (Boston Globe)]
* Kurt Nimmo. [http://kurtnimmo.com/?p=169 NSA snoop story: Tell me something I don’t already know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323234820/http://kurtnimmo.com/?p=169 |date=2006-03-23 }}, ''Another Day in the Empire'', December 24, 2005.
* Kevin Zeese. [http://rawstory.com/news/2005/National_Security_Agency_spied_on_Baltimore_0110.html NSA mounted massive spy op on peace group, documents show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013213539/http://rawstory.com/news/2005/National_Security_Agency_spied_on_Baltimore_0110.html |date=2007-10-13 }}, ''Raw Story'', January 10, 2006.
* [http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/nsa-interview.pdf First person account of NSA interview and clearance]
* Joanne Leyland, [http://www.theroyalist.net/content/view/1528/2/ "American Intelligence Service Denies Eavesdropping On Princess Diana"], The Royalist, [[13 Desember]], [[2006]]. ''URL retrieved on [[6 Januari]] [[2007]]''.
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