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#ALIH [[Asal-usul manusia modern dari Afrika]]
[[Berkas:Map-of-human-migrations.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Salah satu model migrasi manusia berdasarkan [[DNA]] mitokondria]]
'''Asal usul manusia modern dari Afrika''' adalah model yang kini paling diterima dalam [[paleoantropologi]] untuk menggambarkan asal usul dan penyebaran dini [[manusia]] modern.<ref name="HavilandPrins2009">{{cite book|author1=William A. Haviland|author2=Harald E. L. Prins|author3=Dana Walrath|coauthors=Bunny McBride|title=The Essence of Anthropology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AmvJ1XtnIQoC&pg=PA90|accessdate=14 June 2011|date=24 February 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495599814|page=90}}</ref> Teori ini disebut dalam pers bahasa Inggris model ''(Recent) [[Out of Africa (film)|Out-of-Africa]]'' ("keluar dari Afrika"), dan dalam dunia akademis model ''Recent single-origin hypothesis'' aatau RSOH ("hipotesa asal usul tunggal yang baru"), ''Replacement Hypothesis'' ("hipotesa penggantian") dan ''Recent African Origin'' atau RAO ("asal usul dari Afrika yang baru"). Hipotesa bahwa manusia memiliki asal usul yang tunggal (''monogenesis'') pernah dirumuskan [[Charles Darwin]] dalam ''[[Descent of Man]]'' (1871).<ref name="Lafreniere2010"/> Paham ini bersifat spekulatif sampai tahun 1980-an, ketika dibenarkan oleh penelitian atas [[DNA mitokondria]] pada manusia masa kini, dipadukan dengan bukti-bukti yang didasarkan pada [[antropologi fisik]] atas spesimen kuno.
Penterjemahan [[genetika]] dan bukti [[fossil]] menunjuk bahwa perkembangan ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' purba menjadi [[manusia]] hanya terjadi di[[Afrika]], antara 200 000 dan 150 000 lalu,<ref name="HetheringtonReid2010">{{cite book|author1=Renée Hetherington|author2=Robert G. B. Reid|title=The Climate Connection: Climate Change and Modern Human Evolution|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AAja8FTPF6QC&pg=PA64|accessdate=14 June 2011|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521147231|page=64}}</ref> bahwa anggota dari satu cabang dari ''Homo sapiens'' meninggalkan Afrika antara 125 000 dan 60 000 tahun lalu, dan bahwa dalam perjalanan waktu ''Homo sapiens'' tersebut menggantikan populasi manusia yang lebih dini seperti manusia [[Neanderthal]] dan ''[[Homo erectus]]''.<ref name="Meredith2011">{{cite book|author=Martin Meredith|title=Born in Africa: The Quest for the Origins of Human Life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WrR9OShae2wC&pg=PT148|accessdate=14 June 2011|date=10 May 2011|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781586486631|page=148}}</ref> The date of the earliest successful "out of Africa" migration (earliest migrants with living descendents) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago as suggested by genetics, although attempts at migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeology finds of tools in the region.<ref name="Armitage, S., Jasim, S., Marks, A., Parker, A., Usik, V., & Uerpmann, H. (2011). The Southern Route "Out of Africa": Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia ''Science''">, 331 (6016), 453-456 DOI: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1199113 10.1126/science.1199113]</ref>
Asal usul tunggal manusia modern di [[Afrika Timur]] adalah pandangan yang dipegang mayoritas masyarakat ilmiah.<ref name="pmid16826514">{{cite journal | author = Liu H, Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F | title = A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 230–7 | year = 2006 | month = August | pmid = 16826514 | pmc = 1559480 | doi = 10.1086/505436 | quote = Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is generally interpreted as supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa. However, this is where '''the near consensus''' on human settlement history ends, and considerable uncertainty clouds any more detailed aspect of human colonization history. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;308/5724/921g | title = Out of Africa Revisited – 308 (5724): 921g – Science |doi=10.1126/science.308.5724.921g | publisher = Sciencemag.org |date=2005-05-13 |accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref><ref name="pmid12802315">{{cite journal | author = Stringer C | title = Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia | journal = Nature | volume = 423 | issue = 6941 | pages = 692–3, 695 | year = 2003 | month = June | pmid = 12802315 | doi = 10.1038/423692a | url = }}</ref><ref name="Johanson">{{cite web | url = http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html | title = Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa? | author = Johanson D | coauthors = | date = | work = ActionBioscience | publisher = American Institute of Biological Sciences | pages = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="urlModern Humans – Single Origin (Out of Africa) vs Multiregional">{{cite web | url = http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/migration.htm | title = Modern Humans – Single Origin (Out of Africa) vs Multiregional | author = | coauthors = | date = | work = | publisher = | pages = | accessdate = }}</ref> Ada teori yang berbeda mengenai apakah terjadi satu hijrah atau lebih. Dalam model penyebaran jamak termasuk teori Penyebaran Selatan,<ref name="lahr">[http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Projects/sdispersal/sdispersal.htm Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal], by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al.</ref> yang akhir-akhir ini mendapat dukungan dari bukti-bukti [[genetika]], [[linguistik]] dan [[arkeologi]]s. Sejumlah peneliti yang kian besar juga menduga bahwa "[[Afrika Utara]] yang lama diabaikan" adalah tempat asal awal manusia modern yang pertama berhijrah dari Afrika.<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6013/20.summary Was North Africa the Launch Pad for Modern Human Migrations?] Michael Balter, science 7 January 2011: 331 (6013), 20–23. [DOI:10.1126/science.331.6013.20]</ref><ref>[http://www.cell.com/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297%2811%2900164-9# A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa]. Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Andrea Massaia, Giovanni Destro-Bisol, Daniele Sellitto, Rosaria Scozzari, The American Journal of Human Genetics – 19 May 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/15/6128.full Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens], Tanya M. Smith, Paul Tafforeau, Donald J. Reid, Rainer Grün, Stephen Eggins, Mohamed Boutakiout, Jean-Jacques Hublin, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0700747104 PNAS April 10, 2007 vol. 104 no. 15 6128–6133</ref>
Teori saingan yang paling kuat adalah [[asal usul multiregional manusia modern]], yang melihat segelombang ''Homo sapiens'' berhijrah dari Afrika, kemudian berbaur dengan [[populasi]] ''[[Homo erectus]]'' setempat di beberapa kawasan bumi. Kebanyakan multiregionalis tetap melihat Afrika sebagai sumber utama keanekaragaman genetik manusia, namun memperkirakan peranan yang jauh lebih besar bagi pencampuran.<ref name="JurmainKilgore2008">{{cite book|author1=Robert Jurmain|author2=Lynn Kilgore|author3=Wenda Trevathan|title=Essentials of Physical Anthropology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TSaSPza9LMYC&pg=PA266|accessdate=14 June 2011|date=20 March 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495509394|pages=266–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=10766948 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K}}</ref>
==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/human-family-tree The Human Family Tree] – by Spencer Wells – National Geographic
* [http://cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens]
* [https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html National Geographic: Atlas of the Human Journey]
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ Bradshaw Foundation: The Journey of Mankind]
* ''Human Evolution''. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275670/human-evolution
;Documentaries
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_nNNoT4Kbg&playnext=1&list=PLA55314D7BEFFDD62&index=16 DNA Mysteries – The Search for Adam] – by Spencer Wells – [[National Geographic]], 2008
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wS1za00mMM&feature=&p=A0D41D79D1CE0DBB&index=0&playnext=1 The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa] – by [[Stephen Oppenheimer]] – [[Discovery Channel]], 2002
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV6A8oGtPc4&feature=PlayList&p=26D4689DBF14F73D&index=0 Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (movie)] by Spencer Wells – [[PBS]] and [[National Geographic Channel]], 2003
[[Kategori:Evolusi manusia]]
[[Kategori:Hypotheses]]
[[Kategori:Genetic genealogy]]
[[Kategori:Ras manusia]]
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[[es:Origen de los humanos modernos]]
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