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#ALIH [[Fluiditas seksual]]
{{short description|Perubahan dalam seksualitas atau identitas seksual}}
'''Kezaliran seksual''' adalah satu perubahan atau lebih dalam [[seksualitas]] atau [[identitas seksual]] (kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai identitas orientasi seksual). [[Konsensus ilmiah]] adalah bahwa [[orientasi seksual]] bukanlah sebuah pilihan.<ref name="pediatrics2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.113.6.1827 |author=Frankowski B.L. |author2=American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence|title=Sexual orientation and adolescents |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2004|pmid=15173519|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long|quote= The mechanisms for the development of a particular sexual orientation remain unclear, but the current literature and most scholars in the field state that one’s sexual orientation is not a choice; that is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual or heterosexual. A variety of theories about the influences on sexual orientation have been proposed. Sexual orientation probably is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.}}</ref><ref name="Kersey-Matusiak">{{cite book|author=Gloria Kersey-Matusiak|title=Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care |publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company]]|isbn=0826193811|year=2012|page=169|accessdate=February 10, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8O_wGedAYoC&pg=PA169|quote=Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'}}</ref><ref name="Lamanna">{{cite book|authors=Mary Ann Lamanna, Agnes Riedmann, Susan D Stewart|title=Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=1305176898|year=2014|page=82|accessdate=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fofaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|quote=The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).}}</ref> Orientasi seksual bersifat stabil dan tidak mungkin berubah untuk sebagian besar orang, tetapi beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa orang mungkin mengalami perubahan dalam orientasi seksual mereka, dan ini lebih mungkin terjadi pada wanita daripada pria.<ref name="Change">
*{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45-101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075_Sexual_Orientation_Controversy_and_Science|quote=Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.}}
*{{cite book|authors=Seth J. Schwartz, Koen Luyckx, Vivian L. Vignoles|title=Handbook of Identity Theory and Research|publisher= [[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=1441979883|year=2011|page=652|accessdate=February 18, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkREWoAUrAUC&pg=PA652|quote=Modern scholarship examining the stability of sexual orientation also seems to support our conceptualizations of sexual orientation, sexual orientation identity, and sexual identity (e.g., Diamond, 2003a; Horowitz & Necomb, 2001; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Braun, 2006, see Savin-Williams, Chapter 28, this volume). Specifically, some dimensions of sexual identity, such as relationships, emotions, behaviors, values, group affiliation, and norms, appear to be relatively fluid; by contrast, sexual orientation [i.e., an individual's patterns of sexual, romantic, and affectional arousal and desire for other persons based on those persons' gender and sex characteristics (APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual orientation, 2009)] has been suggested to be stable for a majority of people across the lifespan (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981; Ellis & Ames, 1987; Haldeman, 1991; Money, 1987).}}
*{{cite book|authors=Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer|title=Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=111183363X|year=2012|page=372|accessdate=February 18, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYwjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA372|quote=Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.}}
*{{cite journal | author = American Psychological Association | year = 2012 | title = Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients | journal = [[American Psychologist]] | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–42 | doi= 10.1037/a0024659 | pmid = 21875169 | quote = [S]ome research indicates that sexual orientation is fluid for some people; this may be especially true for women (e.g., Diamond, 2007; Golden, 1987; Peplau & Garnets, 2000). [...] Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as “sexual orientation change efforts” (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992).|accessdate=June 23, 2019|url=https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-a0024659.pdf}}
*{{cite book|authors=Eric Anderson, Mark McCormack|title=The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives|chapter=Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality|publisher= [[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-3-319-29412-4|year=2016|page=47|accessdate=June 22, 2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|quote=[R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as ''sexual fluidity''. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people.}}</ref> Tidak ada bukti ilmiah bahwa orientasi seksual dapat diubah melalui psikoterapi.<ref name="APA2012">{{cite journal | author = American Psychological Association | year = 2012 | title = Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients | journal = [[American Psychologist]] | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–42 | doi= 10.1037/a0024659 | pmid = 21875169 | quote = Therapeutic efforts to change sexual orientation have increased and become more visible in recent years (Beckstead & Morrow, 2004). Therapeutic interventions intended to change, modify, or manage unwanted nonheterosexual orientations are referred to as “sexual orientation change efforts” (SOCE; APA, 2009b). [...] Reviews of the literature, spanning several decades, have consistently found that efforts to change sexual orientation were ineffective (APA, 2009b; Drescher, 2001; Haldeman, 1994; T. F. Murphy, 1992).|accessdate=June 23, 2019|url=https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-a0024659.pdf}}</ref><ref name="RCP">{{cite web|title=Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Position Statement on Sexual Orientation|publisher=[[Royal College of Psychiatrists]]|accessdate=June 21, 2019|url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/PS02_2014.pdf|quote=The College believes strongly in evidence-based treatment. There is no sound scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed. Systematic reviews carried out by both the APA and Serovich ''et al'' suggest that studies which have shown conversion therapies to be successful are seriously methodologically flawed.}}</ref> Identitas seksual dapat berubah sepanjang hidup individu, dan mungkin atau mungkin tidak sejalan dengan [[seks biologis]], [[perilaku seksual]], atau orientasi seksual aktual.<ref name="Sinclair">Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013 {{ISBN|9780981450513}}</ref><ref name="Rosario et al.">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosario | first1 = M. | last2 = Schrimshaw | first2 = E. | last3 = Hunter | first3 = J. |last4 = Braun | first4 = L. | year = 2006 | title = Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time | url = | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 46–58 | doi=10.1080/00224490609552298| pmc = 3215279 }}</ref><ref name="Concordance/discordance in SO">{{cite journal|first=Michael W.|last=Ross|author2=Essien, E. James |author3=Williams, Mark L. |author4= Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. |title=Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups|publisher=American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association|year=2003|pmid=12567166|journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases|volume=30|issue=2|pages=110–113|doi=10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003}}</ref> Tidak ada konsensus tentang penyebab pasti dari berkembangnya suatu orientasi seksual, tetapi faktor [[Genetika|genetik]], [[hormon|hormonal]], pengaruh sosial dan budaya telah ditelaah.<ref name="Lamanna"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.aspx|title=Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality|publisher=American Psychological Association|accessdate=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Stuart">{{cite book|author=Gail Wiscarz Stuart|title=Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=032329412X|year=2014|page=502|accessdate=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivALBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|quote=No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.}}</ref> Para ilmuwan percaya bahwa hal tersebut disebabkan oleh interaksi yang kompleks antara faktor genetik, hormonal, dan [[Lingkungan dan orientasi seksual|pengaruh lingkungan]].<ref name="pediatrics2004"/><ref name="Lamanna"/><ref name="Stuart"/>
Hasil dari studi longitudinal berskala besar oleh Savin-Williams, Joyner, dan Rieger tahun 2012 menunjukkan bahwa stabilitas identitas orientasi seksual selama periode enam tahun lebih lazim daripada perubahan, dan bahwa stabilitas paling besar terdapat di kalangan para pria dan mereka mengidentifikasi diri sebagai heteroseksual.<ref name="Savin-Williams, R.C. 2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Savin-Williams | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Joyner | first2 = K. | last3 = Rieger | first3 = G. | year = 2012 | title = Prevalence and stability of self-reported sexual orientation identity during young adulthood | url = | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 41| issue = | pages = 1–8 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-012-9913-y | pmid=22302504}}</ref>
Penggunaan istilah "kezaliaran seksual" telah dikaitkan dengan [[Lisa M. Diamond]], terutama yang berkaitan dengan seksualitas perempuan.<ref name="Weiten">{{cite book|authors=Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=1337517070 |year=2016 |page=341 |accessdate=April 4, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvO5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341}}</ref><ref name="Crooks">{{cite book|authors=Robert L. Crooks, Karla Baur|title=Our Sexuality|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=1305887425|year=2016|page=298|accessdate=April 4, 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isIaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT298}}</ref>
== Latar belakang ==
Seringkali, orientasi seksual dan [[identitas seksual]] tidak dibedakan, yang dapat berdampak terhadap penilaian identitas seksual secara akurat dan apakah orientasi seksual dapat berubah atau tidak; identitas orientasi seksual dapat berubah sepanjang hidup seseorang, dan mungkin atau mungkin tidak sejalan dengan seks biologis, perilaku seksual, atau orientasi seksual yang sebenarnya.<ref name="Sinclair"/><ref name="Rosario et al."/><ref name="Concordance/discordance in SO"/> Meskipun [[Centre for Addiction and Mental Health|Pusat Kecanduan dan Kesehatan Mental]] dan [[American Psychiatric Association|Asosiasi Psikogenik Amerika]] menyatakan bahwa orientasi seksual adalah bersifat bawaan, berkelanjutan atau tetap sepanjang hidup mereka untuk segelintir orang, tetapi bersifat zalir atau berubah dari waktu ke waktu untuk yang lainnya,<ref>{{cite web|title=Question A2: Sexual orientation |url=http://knowledgex.camh.net/amhspecialists/Screening_Assessment/assessment/ARQ2/Pages/arq2_question_a2.aspx |publisher=Centre for Addiction and Mental Health |accessdate=3 February 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228033920/http://knowledgex.camh.net/amhspecialists/Screening_Assessment/assessment/ARQ2/Pages/arq2_question_a2.aspx |archivedate=28 December 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref name="What is">[http://www.psychiatry.org/lgbt-sexual-orientation "LGBT-Sexual Orientation: What is Sexual Orientation?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628094701/http://www.psychiatry.org/lgbt-sexual-orientation |date=2014-06-28 }}, the official web pages of APA. Accessed April 9, 2015</ref> [[American Psychological Association|Asosiasi Psikologi Amerika]] membedakan antara orientasi seksual (daya tarik bawaan) dan identitas orientasi seksual (yang dapat berubah kapan saja dalam kehidupan seseorang).<ref name=apa2009>{{cite journal|title=Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|pages=63, 86|date=2009|accessdate=February 3, 2015|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf}}</ref> Para ilmuwan dan profesional kesehatan mental umumnya tidak percaya bahwa orientasi seksual adalah pilihan.<ref name="pediatrics2004"/><ref name="Kersey-Matusiak"/>
==Lihat pula==
*[[Biologi dan orientasi seksual]]
*[[Lingkungan dan orientasi seksual]]
==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
{{Seks}}
{{Identitas gender dan seksual}}
{{LGBT|state=collapsed|orientation=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sexual Orientation}}
[[Kategori:Hubungan antarpribadi]]
[[Kategori:Orientasi seksual]]
[[Kategori:LGBT]]
[[Kategori:Kezaliran seksual| ]]
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