Tindakan afirmatif di Tiongkok: Perbedaan antara revisi

Di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]], pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan-kebijakan [[aksi afirmatif]] yang disebut '''Youhui zhengce''' ({{zh|first=s|s=优惠政策|t=優惠政策|p=Yōuhuì zhèngcè}}) yang dimulai pada 1949 dan menjadi kebijakan eksplisit pada pertengahan 1980an. Kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut memberikan keuntungan bagi [[etnis minoritas di Tiongkok]] yang dimodelkan dari kebijakan yang dibuat oleh [[Uni Soviet]].<ref name=Dia>Hill, Ann Maxwell and Minglang Zhou. "Introduction." In: Zhou, Minglang and Ann Maxwell Hill (editors). ''Affirmative Action in China and the U.S.: A Dialogue on Inequality and Minority Education''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], October 13, 2009. ISBN 02301009290-230-10092-9, 9780230100923. Pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pu_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=9pu_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14].</ref><ref name=Sautmanp77>Sautman, p. 77.</ref> Tiga prinsip menjadi dasar kebijakan tersebut: persamaan untuk minortias nasional, otonomi teritorial, dan persamaan untuk semua bahasa dan budaya.<ref name=Dia/> Pembubaran USSR dipelajari oleh Tiongkok; ketidakpersamaan ekonomi dan ketidakseimbangan kekuasaan ditemukan sebagai penyebab keruntuhan tersebut, dan berujung pada kebijakan baru, ''Hukum Otonomi untuk Kawasan-Kawasan Minoritas''.<ref name=Dia/>

== Referensi ==

* Elman, Benjamin A. ''A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China''. [[University of California Press]], 2000. ISBN 052092147X0-520-92147-X, 9780520921474.

* Sautman, Barry. "[http://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/849/7PacRimLPolyJ077.pdf Affirmative Action, Ethnic Minorities and China's Universities]." ([http {{Webarchive|url=https://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/6MNRNhuy0?url=web/20160408090148/http%3A%2F%2Fdigital://digital.law.washington.edu%2Fdspace/dspace-law%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1773/bitstream/handle/1773.1%2F849%2F7PacRimLPolyJ077/849/7PacRimLPolyJ077.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1 Archive]|date=2016-04-08 }}) ''[[Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal]]''. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Association, January 1998. Volume 7, No. 1. p.&nbsp;77-116. - [http://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/handle/1773.1/849 Info page].

== Catatan ==

== Bacaan tambahan ==

* Leibold, James ([[La Trobe University]]). "[http://asaa.asn.au/ASAA2010/reviewed_papers/Leibold-James.pdf THE CHONGQING INCIDENT:THE HAN NATIONALIST BACKLASH AGAINST PREFERENTIAL MINORITY EDUCATION IN CHINA]" ([http {{Webarchive|url=https://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/6MN4NKfuMweb/20150321235057/http://asaa.asn.au/ASAA2010/reviewed_papers/Leibold-James.pdf Archive]|date=2015-03-21 }}) Paper Presented at the 18th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia in Adelaide, 5–8 July 2010.

* Wang, Wenwen. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140104225811/http://www.globaltimes.cn/NEWS/tabid/99/ID/700800/Han-in-Xinjiang-victims-of-favorable-minority-policies.aspx Han in Xinjiang victims of favorable minority policies]" (Editorial) . ''[[Global Times]]''. March 18, 2012.

* Tursun, Turgunjun. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140223221243/http://www.globaltimes.cn:80/NEWS/tabid/99/ID/700799/Whining-from-majority-about-affirmative-action-misplaced.aspx Whining from majority about affirmative action misplaced]." (Editorial) ''[[Global Times]]''. March 18, 2012. -- Response to Wang Wenwen's article