Kyrou Paideia: Perbedaan antara revisi

== Isi ==

 

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Although it is "generally agreed" that Xenophon "did not intend ''Cyropaedia'' as history",<ref name="Sancisi-Weerdenburg" /> it remains unclear whether this work was intended to fit into any other classical genre known before. Its validity as a source of [[Achaemenid]] history has been repeatedly questioned, and numerous descriptions of events or persons have been determined to be in error.<ref name="Sancisi-Weerdenburg" /> However, it is not clear that the work was intended to be used this way.<ref name="Nadon"/>

Despite such doubts, it has been argued that Xenophon's ''Cyropaedia'' offers a glimpse of the character of [[Cyrus the Great]] of [[Achaemenid]] [[Persia]]. The source gives "an artist's portrait" of Cyrus as "the Ideal Ruler and the best form of Government", a description that "could not have been painted had there not been a credible memory of such a Cyrus".<ref name="Max">{{citation|first=Max|last=Mallowan|authorlink=Max Mallowan|chapter=Cyrus the Great|editor= Ilya Gershevitch |editor2=William Bayne Fisher |editor3=J. A. Boyle |year=1985|title=The Cambridge History of Iran 2|isbn=0-521-20091-1|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} p. 417.</ref> Xenophon (c. 431 – 355 BC) was not a contemporary of Cyrus (c. 580 – 530 BC) and it is likely that at least some of the information about Persia was based on events that occurred at the later Achaemenid court. Xenophon had been in Persia himself, as part of the "[[Ten Thousand (Greek)|Ten Thousand]]" Greek soldiers who fought on the losing side in a Persian civil war, events which he recounted in his ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]''. It is also possible that stories of the great King were recounted (and embellished) by court society and that these are the basis of Xenophon's text.

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Buku ini dibuka dengan si pengarang menyatakan bahwa karya ini dimulai sebagai perenungan tentang apa yang membuat rakyat dengan sukarela menuruti sejumlah penguasa dan bukan yang lainnya. Di mana-mana, pengarang mengamati, manusia gagal mematuhi penguasanya; satu perkecualian adalah Koresh (''Cyrus''), raja Persia, "yang membuat sejumlah besar orang dan kota dan bangsa menjadi patuh".<ref name="Miller"/>

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This first book is devoted to Cyrus' descent, education and his stay at the court of his maternal grandfather, the [[Medes|Median]] dynast [[Astyages]]. It has been noted by scholars that Xenophon's description of Persian education in their pre-imperial time is strikingly unusual, and appears to be based upon the traditions of [[Sparta]], the subject of Xenophon's own work the ''[[Constitution of the Lacedemonians]]''.

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Buku 2 sampai 7 meliput kehidupan Koresh, ketika masih menjadi taklukan penting [[:en:Medes|Kerajaan Madai]], kemudian kariernya menuju pembentukan kekaisaran terbesar yang pernah dikenal dunia saat itu. Ini adalah bagian utama karya tersebut di mana tokoh Koresh sering ditunjukkan sebagai contoh kebajikan klasik, tetapi pada saat yang sama juga sering menunjukkan tendensi [[:en:Machiavellian|Machiavellian]].<!-- In this version of events, Cyrus is a faithful vassal to the Medes, someone who initially helps them as a general to defend themselves from a much more powerful and assertive [[Babylonia]]n empire, which was being ruled by the tyrannical son of a more respected king. He does this partly by carefully building up alliances with nations such as the [[Armenians]], their neighbours whom he referred to as [[Chaldea]]ns, [[Hyrcanians]], [[Cadusians]], [[Saka]], and [[Susians]]. The remaining allies of Babylon included many nations of Asia Minor, as well as a corps of Egyptian infantry. For their final great field battle, [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]] was general. Cyrus then returns with an increasingly international army to Babylon, and is able to avoid a long siege by deflecting the course of the river through it, and then sending soldiers in over the dry bed, during a festival night. That Babylon was conquered on the night of a festival by diverting the Euphrates River from its channel is also stated by Herodotus (1.191). (This is significantly different to the events as they are currently understood.)

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Karya ini juga sering dipakai sebagai model untuk gaya prosa yang benar dalam Attic Greek klasik, suatu keahlian yang menjadi bagian pendidikan dan pengajaran di antara para pria abad ke-18 di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Misalnya, [[Thomas Jefferson]] mempunyai dua salinan pribadi dalam perpustakaannya, mungkin karena alasan ini.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21747567|title=Cyrus Cylinder: How a Persian monarch inspired Jefferson|date=2013-03-11|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-23}}</ref> Dalam zaman modern, reputasinya menurun, bersamaan dengan studi-studi klasik lainnya; pernah digambarkan sebagai "tentunya satu dari dari buku yang paling cermat yang terletarikan dari dunia purba,"<ref name="Cawkwell" /> sebuah pandangan yang ditentang oleh orang lain, seperti Potter, yang menemukannya "ditulis dengan gaya paling menawan, sederhana, dan elegan yang dapat dibayangkan."<ref>John Potter, ''Archaeologia Graeca, or The Antiquities of Greece'', Vol. II, p. 101 [https://books.google.com/books?id=aMkPAAAAYAAJ]</ref>

 

 

== Referensi ==

* {{citation|author=Xenophon|title=Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus |translator=Dakyns, Henry Graham |editor=Stawell, F. M.|year=1914<!-- posthumously published-->|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2085}} [Project Gutenberg]

* {{citation|author=Xenophon|title=Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus |editor=Miller, Walter |year=1914|location=London and Cambridge, MA|publisher=William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0204%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D3}} [Perseus/Tufts University]

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* {{citation|author=Xenophon|title=The Education of Cyrus|editor-last=Ambler|editor-first=Wayne, trans.|location=Ithaca|publisher=Cornell University Press<!--The Agora Editions-->|year=2001|id=ISBN 0-8014-8750-1}}

* {{citation|author=Xenophon|title=Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus|editor=Dakyns, Henry Graham, trans., Stawell, F. M.|year=1914<!-- posthumously published-->|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2085}} [Project Gutenberg]

 

[[Kategori:Karya Xenophon]]

[[Kategori:Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah]]