Tata bahasa Inggris: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Tata bahasa Inggris''' adalah sebuah aturan yang menggambarkan [[struktur]] ungkapan dalam bahasa Inggris, termasuk di dalamnya memuat struktur kata, [[frasa]], [[klausa]], dan kalimat.
Ada beberapa variasi terkait sejarah, sosial, budaya dan daerah bahasa Inggris. [[Divergensi genetis|Divergensi]] dari tata bahasa yang dijelaskan di sini terjadi di beberapa [[dialek]] dalam bahasa Inggris. Artikel ini menjelaskan secara umum tentang bahasa Inggris standar, seperti ucapan yang ada di
== Fungsi Dasar ==
=== ''Noun'' ===
Pengertian ''noun'' adalah kata benda, yang digunakan untuk memberi [[deskripsi]] mengenai orang, tempat, benda, serta beberapa hal yang dibendakan.
==== ''Determiner'' ====
''Determiner'' adalah kata, [[frasa]], atau imbuhan yang muncul bersamaan dengan ''noun'' atau ''noun phrase'', dan berfungsi sebagai rujukan atas ''noun/noun phrase'' tersebut sesuai konteksnya.
'''Contoh''':
Baris 21 ⟶ 22:
* '''Both''' ''windows'' were open.
Kata yang dicetak '''tebal''' merupakan yang merupakan penjelas atas noun (dicetak miring) sesuai konteksnya.
''Tense'' adalah masa atau waktu yang dalam bahasa Inggris terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu
====
''Present tense'' adalah jenis kalimat baik [[lisan]] maupun tulisan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi dengan latar waktu saat ini.
====
==== ''Future tense'' ====
====
''[[Auxiliary]] verb'' adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk membantu kata kerja utama dan untuk menjelaskan [[aspek]] ataupun [[kala]] dari suatu kalimat.
'''Contoh:'''
* ''I '''will''' help you.''
* ''She '''can''' read the code well.''
* ''John '''has''' looked for Sarah's necklace.''
Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah ''auxiliary verb'' yang bertugas menjelaskan kata kerja utama yang jatuh setelahnya.
====
Contoh-contohnya:
* ''a-'': for ''abide'', ''arise'', ''awake'', lihat ''bide'', ''rise'', ''wake''
* ''[[to be|be]]'' (''am'', ''is'', ''are'') – ''was'', ''were'' – ''been''
* ''be-'': for ''befall'', ''beset'', etc. see ''fall'', ''set'', etc.
* ''bear'' – ''bore'' – ''borne''
* ''beat'' – ''beat'' – ''beaten''
* ''become'' – ''became'' – ''become''
* ''beget'' – ''begot'' – ''begot(ten)''
* ''begin'' – ''began'' – ''begun''
* ''bend'' – ''bent'' – ''bent''
* ''bet'' – ''bet'' – ''bet'' [past tense dan participle kadang kala ''betted'']
* ''beware'' – ''beware''
* ''bid'' – ''bid'' – ''bid'' [as in an auction]
* ''bid'' – ''bade/bid'' – ''bidden/bid'' [meaning "request"]
* ''bide'' – ''bided/bode'' – ''bided/bidden'' [but ''abide'' mostly uses the regular forms only]
* ''bind'' – ''bound'' – ''bound''
* ''bite'' – ''bit'' – ''bitten''
* ''bleed'' – ''bled'' – ''bled''
* ''blow'' – ''blew'' – ''blown''
* ''break'' – ''broke'' – ''broken''
* ''breed'' – ''bred'' – ''bred''
* ''bring'' – ''brought'' – ''brought''
* ''build'' – ''built'' – ''built''
* ''burn'' – ''burnt/burned'' – ''burnt/burned''
* ''burst'' – ''burst'' – ''burst''
* ''buy'' – ''bought'' – ''bought''
* ''can'' – ''could'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''cast'' – ''cast'' – ''cast'' [prefixed forms ''broadcast'', ''forecast'', etc. sometimes take ''-ed''<ref>For example, ''forecasted'' is acceptable as the past participle and past simple of the verb ''forecast'', especially in some technical meanings. See [http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/forecast.html www.usingenglish.com]</ref>]
* ''catch'' – ''caught'' – ''caught''
* ''choose'' – ''chose'' – ''chosen''
* ''clad'' – ''clad/cladded'' – ''clad/cladded'' [''clad'' is also sometimes used as past form of ''clothe'']
* ''cleave'' – ''clove/cleft'' – ''cloven/cleft'' [but regular when meaning "adhere"]
* ''cling'' – ''clung'' – ''clung''
* ''come'' – ''came'' – ''come''
* ''cost'' – ''cost'' – ''cost'' [but regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"]
* ''creep'' – ''crept/creeped'' – ''crept/creeped''
* ''crow'' – ''crowed/crew'' – ''crowed'' [''crew'' normally used only of a cock's crowing]
* ''cut'' – ''cut'' – ''cut''
* ''dare'' – regular except for possible third person singular present ''dare'' (see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above)
* ''deal'' – ''dealt'' – ''dealt''
* ''dig'' – ''dug'' – ''dug''
* ''dive'' – ''dived/dove'' – ''dived'' [the form ''dove'' is chiefly American]
* ''do'' (''does'' {{IPA|/dʌz/}}) – ''did'' – ''done''
* ''drag'' – ''dragged/drug'' – ''dragged/drug'' [the form ''drug'' is chiefly dialectal]
* ''draw'' – ''drew'' – ''drawn''
* ''dream'' – ''dreamed/dreamt'' – ''dreamed/dreamt''
* ''drink'' – ''drank'' – ''drunk''
* ''drive'' – ''drove'' – ''driven''
* ''dwell'' – ''dwelt/dwelled'' – ''dwelt/dwelled''
* ''eat'' – ''ate'' – ''eaten''
* ''fall'' – ''fell'' – ''fallen''
* ''feed'' – ''fed'' – ''fed''
* ''feel'' – ''felt'' – ''felt''
* ''fight'' – ''fought'' – ''fought''
* ''find'' – ''found'' – ''found''
* ''fit'' – ''fit/fitted'' – ''fit/fitted''
* ''flee'' – ''fled'' – ''fled''
* ''fling'' – ''flung'' – ''flung''
* ''fly'' – ''flew'' – ''flown''
* ''for(e)-'': for ''forgo'', ''foresee'', etc. see ''go'', ''see'', etc.
* ''forbid'' – ''forbade/forbid'' – ''forbidden''
* ''forget'' – ''forgot'' – ''forgotten''
* ''forsake'' – ''forsook'' – ''forsaken''
* ''freeze'' – ''froze'' – ''frozen''
* ''get'' – ''got'' – ''gotten/got'' [past participle ''got'' in [[British English]], ''gotten'' in [[American English|American]], but see ''[[have got]]'']
* ''gild'' – ''gilded/gilt'' – ''gilded/gilt''
* ''give'' – ''gave'' – ''given''
* ''[[go (verb)|go]]'' – ''went'' – ''gone'' [see also ''[[have been]]'']
* ''grind'' – ''ground'' – ''ground''
* ''grow'' – ''grew'' – ''grown''
* ''hang'' – ''hung/hanged'' – ''hung/hanged'' [the form ''hanged'' is more common in the sense of [[execution by hanging|execution]] by hanging]
* ''have'' (''has'') – ''had'' – ''had''
* ''hear'' – ''heard'' – ''heard''
* ''hew'' – ''hewed'' – ''hewn/hewed''
* ''hide'' – ''hid'' – ''hidden''
* ''hit'' – ''hit'' – ''hit''
* ''hoist'' – ''hoist/hoisted'' – ''hoist/hoisted''
* ''hold'' – ''held'' – ''held''
* ''hurt'' – ''hurt'' – ''hurt''
* ''in-'': for ''inlay'', ''input'', etc. see ''lay'', ''put'', etc.
* ''inter-'': for ''interlay'', ''interweave'', etc. see ''lay'', ''weave'', etc.
* ''keep'' – ''kept'' – ''kept''
* ''kneel'' – ''knelt/kneeled'' – ''knelt/kneeled''
* ''knit'' – ''knit/knitted'' – ''knit/knitted''
* ''know'' – ''knew'' – ''known''
* ''lay'' – ''laid'' – ''laid''
* ''lead'' – ''led'' – ''led''
* ''lean'' – ''leaned/leant'' – ''leaned/leant''
* ''leap'' – ''leaped/leapt'' – ''leaped/leapt''
* ''learn'' – ''learned/learnt'' – ''learned/learnt''
* ''leave'' – ''left'' – ''left''
* ''lend'' – ''lent'' – ''lent''
* ''let'' – ''let'' – ''let''
* ''lie'' – ''lay'' – ''lain'' [but regular when meaning "tell an untruth"]
* ''light'' – ''lit/lighted'' – ''lit/lighted''
* ''lose'' – ''lost'' – ''lost''
* ''make'' – ''made'' – ''made''
* ''may'' – ''might'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''mean'' – ''meant'' – ''meant''
* ''meet'' – ''met'' – ''met''
* ''mis-'': for ''misspeak'', ''mistake'', etc. see ''speak'', ''take'', etc.
* ''mow'' – ''mowed'' – ''mowed/mown''
* ''must'' – [[defective verb|defective]] [see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''need'' – regular except for possible third person singular present ''need'' (see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above)
* ''off-'': for ''offset'' see ''set'', etc.
* ''ought'' – [[defective verb|defective]] [see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''out-'': for ''outbid'', ''output'', etc. see ''bid'', ''put'', etc.
* ''over-'': for ''overbid'', ''overdo'', etc. see ''bid'', ''do'', etc.
* ''pay'' – ''paid'' – ''paid'' [but sometimes spelt regularly when meaning "let out" (rope etc.)]
* ''plead'' – ''pleaded/pled'' – ''pleaded/pled''
* ''pre-'': for ''prepay'', ''preset'', etc. see ''pay'', ''set'', etc.
* ''prove'' – ''proved'' – ''proved/proven''
* ''put'' – ''put'' – ''put''
* ''quit'' – ''quit'' – ''quit''
* ''re-'': for ''redo'', ''remake'', etc. see ''do'', ''make'', etc.
* ''read'' {{IPA|/riːd/}} – ''read'' {{IPA|/rɛd/}} – ''read'' {{IPA|/rɛd/}}
* ''rend'' – ''rent'' – ''rent''
* ''rid'' – ''rid/ridded'' – ''rid/ridded/ridden''
* ''ride'' – ''rode'' – ''ridden''
* ''ring'' – ''rang'' – ''rung''
* ''rise'' – ''rose'' – ''risen''
* ''run'' – ''ran'' – ''run''
* ''saw'' – ''sawed'' – ''sawn/sawed''
* ''say'' (''says'' {{IPA|/sɛz/}}) – ''said'' – ''said''
* ''see'' – ''saw'' – ''seen''
* ''seek'' – ''sought'' – ''sought''
* ''sell'' – ''sold'' – ''sold''
* ''send'' – ''sent'' – ''sent''
* ''set'' – ''set'' – ''set''
* ''sew'' – ''sewed'' – ''sewn/sewed''
* ''shake'' – ''shook'' – ''shaken''
* ''shall'' – ''should'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''shear'' – ''sheared/shore'' – ''shorn/sheared''
* ''shed'' – ''shed'' – ''shed''
* ''shine'' – ''shone/shined'' – ''shone/shined''
* ''shit'' – ''shat/shit/shitted'' – ''shat/shit/shitted''
* ''shoe'' – ''shoed/shod'' – ''shoed/shod''
* ''shoot'' – ''shot'' – ''shot''
* ''show'' – ''showed'' – ''shown/showed''
* ''shrink'' – ''shrank/shrunk'' – ''shrunk''
* ''shut'' – ''shut'' – ''shut''
* ''sing'' – ''sang'' – ''sung''
* ''sink'' – ''sank'' – ''sunk''
* ''sit'' – ''sat'' – ''sat''
* ''slay'' – ''slew/slayed'' – ''slain/slayed''
* ''sleep'' – ''slept'' – ''slept''
* ''slide'' – ''slid'' – ''slid''
* ''sling'' – ''slung'' – ''slung''
* ''slink'' – ''slunk'' – ''slunk''
* ''slit'' – ''slit'' – ''slit''
* ''smell'' – ''smelled/smelt'' – ''smelled/smelt''
* ''smite'' – ''smote'' – ''smitten''
* ''sneak'' – ''sneaked/snuck'' – ''sneaked/snuck'' [''snuck'' is chiefly American, and it is regarded as informal]
* ''sow'' – ''sowed'' – ''sown/sowed''
* ''speak'' – ''spoke'' – ''spoken''
* ''speed'' – ''sped/speeded'' – ''sped/speeded''
* ''spell'' – ''spelled/spelt'' – ''spelled/spelt''
* ''spend'' – ''spent'' – ''spent''
* ''spill'' – ''spilled/spilt'' – ''spilled/spilt''
* ''spin'' – ''spun'' – ''spun''
* ''spit'' – ''spat/spit'' – ''spat/spit'' [the form ''spit'' rather than ''spat'' is common in America]
* ''split'' – ''split'' – ''split''
* ''spoil'' – ''spoiled/spoilt'' – ''spoiled/spoilt''
* ''spread'' – ''spread'' – ''spread''
* ''spring'' – ''sprang/sprung'' – ''sprung''
* ''stand'' – ''stood'' – ''stood''
* ''stave'' – ''staved/stove'' – ''staved/stove''
* ''steal'' – ''stole'' – ''stolen''
* ''stick'' – ''stuck'' – ''stuck''
* ''sting'' – ''stung'' – ''stung''
* ''stink'' – ''stank'' – ''stunk''
* ''strew'' – ''strewed'' – ''strewn/strewed''
* ''stride'' – ''strode'' – ''stridden/strode''
* ''strike'' – ''struck'' – ''struck''
* ''string'' – ''strung'' – ''strung''
* ''strive'' – ''strove/strived'' – ''striven/strived''
* ''swear'' – ''swore'' – ''sworn''
* ''sweat'' – ''sweated/sweat'' – ''sweated/sweat''
* ''sweep'' – ''swept'' – ''swept''
* ''swell'' – ''swelled'' – ''swollen/swelled''
* ''swim'' – ''swam'' – ''swum''
* ''swing'' – ''swung'' – ''swung''
* ''take'' – ''took'' – ''taken''
* ''teach'' – ''taught'' – ''taught''
* ''tear'' – ''tore'' – ''torn''
* ''tell'' – ''told'' – ''told''
* ''think'' – ''thought'' – ''thought''
* ''throw'' – ''threw'' – ''thrown''
* ''thrust'' – ''thrust/thrusted'' – ''thrust/thrusted''
* ''tread'' – ''trod'' – ''trodden/trod''
* ''un-'': for ''unbend'', ''unweave'', etc. see ''bend'', ''weave'', etc.
* ''under-'': for ''underlie'', ''undergo'', ''understand'', etc. see ''lie'', ''go'', ''stand'', etc.
* ''up-'': for ''upset'' see ''set'', etc.
* ''wake'' – ''woke'' – ''woken''
* ''wear'' – ''wore'' – ''worn''
* ''weave'' – ''wove'' – ''woven''
* ''wed'' – ''wed/wedded'' – ''wed/wedded''
* ''weep'' – ''wept'' – ''wept''
* ''wet'' – ''wet/wetted'' – ''wet/wetted''
* ''will'' – ''would'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''win'' – ''won'' – ''won''
* ''wind'' – ''wound'' – ''wound'' [but regular in the meanings connected with air and breath]
* ''with-'': for ''withdraw'', ''withhold'', ''withstand'', see ''draw'',''old'', ''stand''
* ''wring'' – ''wrang/wrung'' – ''wrung''
* ''write'' – ''wrote'' – ''written''
===
''[[Article]]'' adalah sebuah kata (baik awalan ataupun akhiran) yang digunakan bersama ''noun'' untuk menunjukkan jenis ''noun'' tersebut.
''Article'' dalam bahasa Inggris yaitu: ''the'' dan ''a/an. ''
'''Contoh''':<blockquote>'''''The children''' know '''the fastest way''' hom''</blockquote><blockquote>{{Id}} '''Anak-anak itu''' mengetahui '''cara tercepat''' pulang ke rumah.</blockquote>Kalimat di atas merujuk ke "Anak-anak" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: anak-anak itu) dan "Cara" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: cara tercepat):<blockquote>'''''Children''' know '''the fastest way''' home.''</blockquote><blockquote>{{Id}} '''Anak-anak''' mengetahui '''cara tercepat''' pulang ke rumah.</blockquote>Kalimat di atas merujuk ke "Anak-anak" yang "umum"<blockquote>''Give me '''the book'''.''</blockquote>
{{Id}} Berikan padaku '''buku itu'''
Kalimat di atas demikian juga, yaitu merujuk kepada "Buku" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: buku itu)<blockquote>''Give me '''a boo'''''</blockquote><blockquote>{{Id}} Berikan padaku '''sebuah buku'''</blockquote>Kalimat di atas merujuk kepada "Buku" yang sifatnya "umum"..
== Fungsi Lainnya ==
=== Tense ===
{{lihatpula|[[Bahasa Inggris#Tata bahasa|Tata bahasa]]}}
{{reflist}}
* {{id}} [https://anitafantastikaaa.wordpress.com/2014/10/31/english-grammar-tata-bahasa-inggris/ English Grammar (Tata Bahasa Inggris)]
* {{id}} [https://lingopal.com/id/konjugasi/bahasa-inggris/daftar-kata-kerja-tidak-beraturan-dalam-bahasa-inggris Daftar kata kerja tidak beraturan dalam bahasa Inggris]
[[Kategori:Tata bahasa]]
[[Kategori:Bahasa Inggris]]
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