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{{Short description|1915–1917 Ottoman mass murder of its Armenian population during WWI}}
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=== Orang Armenia di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah ===
[[Berkas:Armenian population map 1896.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Peta yang menunjukkan persebaran populasi Armenia, diterbitkan tahun 1896]]
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Pada permulaan [[Perang Dunia I]], terdapat sekitar dua juta orang Armenia yang tinggal di [[Anatolia]], sementara jumlah penduduk kawasan tersebut secara keseluruhan berkisar 15–17,5 juta.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=xviii}} Menurut perkiraan [[Kebatrikan Armenia di Konstantinopel|Kebatrikan Armenia]] untuk tahun 1913–1914, terdapat 2.925 kota dan desa Armenia di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, dengan 2.084 dari antaranya berada di [[Dataran Tinggi Armenia]] di [[vilayet]] (provinsi) [[Vilayet Bitlis|Bitlis]], [[Vilayet Diyarbekir|Diyarbekir]], [[Vilayet Erzurum|Erzerum]], [[Vilayet Mamuret-ul-Aziz|Harput]], dan [[Vilayet Van|Van]].{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} Orang Armenia merupakan golongan minoritas di sebagian besar wilayah yang mereka tinggali, dan mereka hidup berdampingan dengan [[bangsa Turki|orang Turki]], [[bangsa Kurdi|Kurdi]], dan [[milet Rum|Kristen Ortodoks Yunani]].{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=xviii}}{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} Menurut perkiraan Kebatrikan Armenia, 215.131 orang Armenia hidup di kawasan perkotaan, khususnya di [[Konstantinopel]], [[Smyrna|Smirna]], dan [[Trakia Timur]].{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} Meskipun sebagian besar orang Armenia Utsmaniyah adalah rakyat jelata yang bermata pencaharian sebagai petani, mereka menguasai sektor perdagangan. Sebagai [[minoritas perantara]], beberapa orang Armenia menikmati kekayaan, tetapi kekuatan politik mereka terbilang rendah, sehingga orang Armenia merupakan kelompok yang rentan.{{sfn|Bloxham|2005|p=8–9}}
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Orang-orang Armenia di provinsi-provinsi timur Kesultanan Utsmaniyah tinggal dalam suatu masyarakat [[feodalisme|semi-feodal]] dan umumnya menjadi korban kerja paksa, pemungutan pajak ilegal, dan kejahatan-kejahatan yang pada akhirnya tidak diusut
Sejak pertengahan abad ke-19, orang-orang Armenia mengalami penyerobotan lahan
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{{Main|
Kekuasaan Abdul Hamid
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[[File:Russian soldiers Sheykhalan 1915.jpg|thumb|left|Tentara Rusia di reruntuhan desa Armenia yang bernama "Sheykhalan" di dekat [[Muş|Mush]], 1915]]
▲[[File:Leavening the Levant (1916) (14586438289) restored.jpg|thumb|left|Armenian defenders in Van]]
Menteri Perang Enver Pasha mengambil alih komando atas angkatan darat Utsmaniyah dan melancarkan serangan terhadap Rusia. Dalam [[Pertempuran Sarikamish]] pada Desember 1914 hingga Januari 1915, ia menyusun strategi yang berupaya mengepung [[Angkatan Darat Kaukasus Rusia (Perang Dunia I)|Angkatan Darat Kaukasus Rusia]]. Namun, prajurit Utsmaniyah tidak siap dengan kejamnya musim dingin di wilayah pegunungan.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=241–242}} Akhirnya Utsmaniyah mengalami kekalahan dengan korban jiwa yang melebihi 60.000 prajurit.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=157}} Ketika mundur, tentara Utsmaniyah menghancurkan banyak desa Armenia di Vilayet Bitlis dan membantai penduduknya.{{sfn|Üngör|2016|p=19}} Di muka umum, Enver menjadikan orang Armenia sebagai kambing hitam. Ia mengklaim bahwa orang Armenia membela Rusia, dan klaim ini kemudian dipercayai oleh para pemimpin CUP.{{sfn|Üngör|2016|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=243}} Insiden lokal dan penemuan senjata milik orang Armenia dijadikan bukti bahwa orang Armenia sedang berkomplot untuk menghancurkan Utsmaniyah.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=244}} Sejarawan [[Taner Akçam]] menyimpulkan bahwa "tuduhan pemberontakan Armenia di dokumen-dokumen{{Nbsp}}... pada kenyataannya tidak berdasar tetapi secara sengaja dibuat-buat".{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=168}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=282}}
Massacres of Armenian men were occurring in the vicinity of [[Bashkale]] in Van vilayet from December.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|p=472}} ARF leaders attempted to keep the situation calm, warning that even justifiable self-defense could lead to escalation of killing.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=255}} The governor, [[Djevdet Bey]], ordered the Armenians of [[Van, Turkey|Van]] to hand over their arms on 18 April, creating a dilemma: If they obeyed, the Armenians expected to be killed, but if they refused, it would provide a pretext for massacres. Armenians fortified themselves in Van and repelled [[defense of Van (1915)|the Ottoman attack]] that began on 20 April.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=257}}{{sfn|Kévorkian| 2011|p= 319}} During the siege, Armenians in surrounding villages were massacred at Djevdet's orders. Russian forces captured Van on 18 May, finding 55,000 corpses in the province—about half its prewar Armenian population.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=259–260}} Djevdet's forces proceeded to Bitlis and attacked Armenian and Syriac villages; men were killed immediately, women and children kidnapped by local Kurds, and others marched away to be killed later. By the end of June, there were only a dozen Armenians in the vilayet.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=287, 289}}
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===Aims===
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During World War I, the CUP—whose central goal was to preserve the Ottoman Empire—came to identify Armenian civilians as an existential threat.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=337}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=245}} CUP leaders held Armenians—including women and children—collectively guilty for "betraying" the empire, a belief that was crucial to deciding on genocide in early 1915.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|p=457}}{{sfn|Bozarslan ''et al.''|2015|pp=166–167}} At the same time, the war provided an opportunity to enact, in Talaat's words, the "definitive solution to the Armenian Question".{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=245}}{{sfn|Dündar|2011|p=284}} The CUP hoped to permanently eliminate any possibility that Armenians could achieve autonomy or independence in the empire's eastern provinces by annihilating the concentrated Armenian population of these areas.{{sfn|Watenpaugh|2013|p=284}} Ottoman records show the government aimed to reduce the population of Armenians to no more than 5 percent in the sources of deportation and 10 percent in the destination areas. This goal could not be accomplished without mass murder.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|pp=242, 247–248}}{{sfn|Dündar|2011|p=282}}{{sfn|Kieser|2018|p=261}}
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