Pengguna:Danu Widjajanto/Genosida: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Short description|1915–1917 Ottoman mass murder of its Armenian population during WWI}}

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=== Orang Armenia di Kesultanan Utsmaniyah ===

[[Berkas:Armenian population map 1896.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Peta yang menunjukkan persebaran populasi Armenia, diterbitkan tahun 1896]]

Pada awal tahun 1909, kelompok konservatif dan beberapa orang liberal melancarkan [[Insiden 31 Maret|upaya kudeta balasan]] pada tahun 1909, karena mereka menentang pemerintahan CUP yang semakin menindas, tetapi upaya ini mengalami kegagalan.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=165–166}} Saat kabar mengenai kudeta balasan mencapai kota [[Adana]], kelompok Muslim bersenjata menyerang daerah orang Armenia, dan orang Armenia kemudian membalasnya. Tentara Utsmaniyah tidak melindungi oleh orang Armenia dan malah mempersenjatai para perusuh.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=168–169}} Sekitar 20.000 hingga 25.000 orang Armenia [[pembantaian Adana|dibantai di Adana]] dan kota-kota sekitar.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=171}} Tidak seperti pembantaian tahun 1890-an, peristiwa ini tidak didalangi oleh pemerintah pusat, tetapi dipicu oleh pejabat setempat, cendekiawan, dan ulama, termasuk pendukung CUP di Adana.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=172}} Meskipun para pelaku pembantaian ini tidak pernah dihukum, ARF terus berharap bahwa akan dilancarkan reformasi yang akan meningkatkan keamanan dan mengembalikan lahan. Akhirnya, pada akhir tahun 1912, ARF memutus hubungan dengan CUP dan meminta bantuan negara-negara Eropa.{{sfn|Kieser|2018|pp=152–153}}{{sfn|Astourian|2011|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Kaligian|2017|p=92}} Pada 8&nbsp;Februari 1914, CUP mau tidak mau harus menyetujui [[reformasi Armenia 1914]] yang diprakarsai oleh komunitas internasional dan dimediasi oleh [[Kekaisaran Jerman]]. Menurut kebijakan ini, dua inspektur Eropa akan diangkat untuk seluruh kawasan timur Utsmaniyah, sementara rezimen Hamidiye akan dicadangkan. Reformasi ini pada akhirnya tidak pernah diwujudkan akibat meletusnya Perang Dunia I. Para pemimpin CUP sendiri merasa khawatir bahwa apabila kebijakan tersebut dilaksanakan, wilayah Utsmaniyah akan terpecah. Mereka bahkan menjadikan reformasi ini sebagai salah satu alasan untuk membinasakan orang Armenia pada tahun 1915.{{sfn|Kieser|2018|pp=163–164}}{{sfn|Akçam|2019|pp=461–462}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=203, 359}}

 

 

 

 

 

 

Massacres of Armenian men were occurring in the vicinity of [[Bashkale]] in Van vilayet from December.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|p=472}} ARF leaders attempted to keep the situation calm, warning that even justifiable self-defense could lead to escalation of killing.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=255}} The governor, [[Djevdet Bey]], ordered the Armenians of [[Van, Turkey|Van]] to hand over their arms on 18&nbsp;April, creating a dilemma: If they obeyed, the Armenians expected to be killed, but if they refused, it would provide a pretext for massacres. Armenians fortified themselves in Van and repelled [[defense of Van (1915)|the Ottoman attack]] that began on 20&nbsp;April.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=257}}{{sfn|Kévorkian| 2011|p= 319}} During the siege, Armenians in surrounding villages were massacred at Djevdet's orders. Russian forces captured Van on 18&nbsp;May, finding 55,000 corpses in the province—about half its prewar Armenian population.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=259–260}} Djevdet's forces proceeded to Bitlis and attacked Armenian and Syriac villages; men were killed immediately, women and children kidnapped by local Kurds, and others marched away to be killed later. By the end of June, there were only a dozen Armenians in the vilayet.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=287, 289}}

===Aims===

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During World War I, the CUP—whose central goal was to preserve the Ottoman Empire—came to identify Armenian civilians as an existential threat.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=337}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=245}} CUP leaders held Armenians—including women and children—collectively guilty for "betraying" the empire, a belief that was crucial to deciding on genocide in early 1915.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|p=457}}{{sfn|Bozarslan ''et al.''|2015|pp=166–167}} At the same time, the war provided an opportunity to enact, in Talaat's words, the "definitive solution to the Armenian Question".{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=245}}{{sfn|Dündar|2011|p=284}} The CUP hoped to permanently eliminate any possibility that Armenians could achieve autonomy or independence in the empire's eastern provinces by annihilating the concentrated Armenian population of these areas.{{sfn|Watenpaugh|2013|p=284}} Ottoman records show the government aimed to reduce the population of Armenians to no more than 5 percent in the sources of deportation and 10 percent in the destination areas. This goal could not be accomplished without mass murder.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|pp=242, 247–248}}{{sfn|Dündar|2011|p=282}}{{sfn|Kieser|2018|p=261}}