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{{Short description|1915–1917 Ottoman mass murder of its Armenian population during WWI}}
{{good article}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
Baris 61:
Pada bulan Januari 1913, CUP melancarkan [[kudeta Utsmaniyah 1913|kudeta]], membentuk sebuah negara satu partai, dan menindas semua pihak yang dianggap sebagai musuh dari dalam.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=189–190}}{{sfn|Kieser|2018|pp=133–134, 136, 138, 172}} Setelah kudeta ini, CUP mengubah batas-batas kesukuan dengan memukimkan kembali orang-orang Muslim Balkan dan memaksa orang-orang Kristen untuk hengkang; para imigran dijanjikan harta benda yang sebelumnya dimiliki oleh orang-orang Kristen.{{sfn|Kaligian|2017|pp=95, 97}} Ketika sebagian dari Trakia Timur diduduki kembali oleh Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dalam [[Perang Balkan Kedua]] pada pertengahan tahun 1913, terjadi penjarahan dan intimidasi terhadap orang-orang Yunani dan Armenia yang mengakibatkan mereka mengungsi.{{sfn|Kaligian|2017|pp=96–97}} Sekitar 150.000 orang Ortodoks Yunani di kawasan [[pesisir Aegea]] dideportasi secara paksa pada bulan Mei dan Juni 1914 oleh [[Çetes|kelompok penyamun Muslim]] (disebut ''Çetes'') yang diam-diam didukung oleh CUP, walaupun ada pula tentara yang ikut serta.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=193, 211–212}}{{sfn|Kieser|2018|pp=169, 176–177}}{{sfn|Kaligian|2017|p=98}} Sejarawan Matthias Bjørnlund berpendapat bahwa keyakinan mengenai keberhasilan deportasi orang Yunani mendorong para pemimpin CUP untuk merencanakan kebijakan yang lebih radikal dengan maksud untuk melakukan Turkifikasi terhadap masyarakat Utsmaniyah.{{sfn|Bjørnlund|2008|p=51}}
 
==OttomanKeterlibatan entryUtsmaniyah intodalam WorldPerang WarDunia I==
[[FileBerkas:Ottoman revenge map after Balkan wars.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.1|Peta "RevengePembalasan" ({{lang-ota|انتقام}}) mapyang highlightingmenunjukkan territorywilayah lostyang duringlepas andpada aftermasa thePeperangan Balkan Warsdan sesudahnya. Wilayah-wilayah tersebut ditandai dengan inwarna blackhitam.]]
ABeberapa fewhari dayssetelah aftermeletusnya thePerang outbreakDunia of World War IPertama, the CUP concluded [[Ottoman–Germanpersekutuan allianceUtsmaniyah-Jerman|anmenjalin alliancepersekutuan withdengan GermanyJerman]] onpada 2 AugustAgustus 1914.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=214–215}} Pada Thebulan sameyang monthsama, CUPpara representativesperwakilan wentCUP tomengikuti [[ArmenianKongres congressArmenia atdi Erzurum|ankonferensi ARF conference]]. demandingPara that,perwakilan inini themenuntut eventagar ofARF warmengajak with Russia, the ARF inciteorang [[RussianArmenia ArmeniansRusia]] tountuk membantu Utsmaniyah interveneapabila onterjadi theperang Ottomanmelawan sideRusia. InsteadNamun, thepara delegatesdelegasi resolvedARF thatmalah Armeniansmemutuskan shouldbahwa fightorang forArmenia theharus countriesmembela ofnegaranya their citizenshipsmasing-masing.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=223–224}} During itsSelama warpersiapan preparationsperang, thePemerintah OttomanUtsmaniyah governmentmerekrut recruitedribuan thousandsnarapidana ofuntuk prisonersbergabung todengan joinkelompok theparamiliter paramilitaryyang disebut [[SpecialOrganisasi OrganizationKhusus (OttomanKesultanan EmpireUtsmaniyah)|SpecialOrganisasi OrganizationKhusus]],{{sfn|Üngör|2016|pp=16–17}} whichyang initiallyawalnya focusedbertujuan onuntuk stirringmemicu uppemberontakan revoltsdi amongkalangan MuslimsMuslim behindRusia Russiansebelum linesKesultanan beginningUtsmaniyah beforesecara theresmi Ottomanterjun Empireke officiallydalam enteredPerang theDunia warI.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=233–234}} OnPada 29&nbsp;OctoberOktober 1914, theKesultanan OttomanUtsmaniyah Empiremelakukan [[OttomanSerangan entryLaut into World War IHitam|enteredserangan World War&nbsp;Ikejutan]] onterhadap thepelabuhan-pelabuhan sideRusia of thedi [[CentralLaut PowersHitam]]; byserangan launchingini amenandai [[Blackdimulainya Seaketerlibatan Raid|surpriseUtsmaniyah attack]]dalam onPerang RussianDunia portsI indi thepihak [[BlackBlok SeaSentral]].{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=218}} ManyBanyak Russianorang ArmeniansArmenia wereRusia enthusiasticyang aboutantusias thedengan war,perang hopingini tokarena "liberatemereka Turkishberangan-angan "membebaskan Armenia Turki", buttetapi orang-orang Armenia Ottomandi ArmeniansKesultanan wereUtsmaniyah morecenderung ambivalentragu, afraidkarena thatmereka supportingkhawatir Russiabahwa woulddukungan bringkepada retaliationRusia akan menimbulkan pembalasan. OrganizationOrganisasi ofsukarelawan [[Armenianyang volunteerdibentuk units]]oleh byorang-orang RussianArmenia Armenians,Rusia later(kelak joinedjuga bydiikuti someoleh Ottomanpara Armenianpembelot deserters,dari furtherorang-orang increasedArmenia Ottomandi suspicionsKesultanan againstUtsmaniyah) theirsemakin Armenianmeningkatkan populationkecurigaan Pemerintah Utsmaniyah terhadap populasi Armenia.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=221–222}}
 
WartimeKetika requisitionspemerintah weremengambil oftensumber corruptdaya anddari arbitraryrakyat untuk keperluan perang, andpengambilan disproportionatelytersebut targetedsering Greekskali anddilakukan Armenianssecara korup, sewenang-wenang, dan terlalu menyasar orang-orang Yunani dan Armenia.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=225}} ArmenianPara leaderspemimpin urgedArmenia youngmendesak menpara topemuda acceptagar mereka bersedia [[seferberlik|conscription into the armydiwamilkan]], buttetapi manybanyak soldierstentara ofdari allberbagai ethnicitieskelompok andetnis religionsdan desertedagama dueyang tokemudian difficultmembelot conditionskarena andsituasi concernyang forsulit theirdan familieskekhawatiran atas keluarga mereka.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=226–227}} At leastSetidaknya 10 percentpersen ofdari Ottomanorang-orang ArmeniansArmenia weredi mobilized,Kesultanan leavingUtsmaniyah dimobilisasi, theirsehingga communitieskampung bereftmereka ofkehilangan fightingorang-ageorang menmuda; andhal thereforeinilah largelyyang unablekelak tomembuat organizemereka armedtidak resistancedapat tomengangkat deportationsenjata inuntuk melawan deportasi pada tahun 1915.{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=242}}{{sfn|Bozarslan ''et al.''|2015|p=179}} During theKetika OttomanUtsmaniyah [[Caucasuskampanye campaign|invasionmiliter ofKaukasus|menyerang RussianRusia]] anddan [[Persiankampanye campaignmiliter Persia (WorldPerang WarDunia I)|Persian territoryPersia]], theOrganisasi SpecialKhusus Organizationmelakukan massacredpembantaian localterhadap Armeniansorang-orang andArmenia dan [[SeyfoGenosida Asiria|SyriacKristen ChristiansSuryani]].{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=243–244}}{{sfn|Üngör|2016|p=18}} BeginningSemenjak inawal November 1914, provincialpara governorsgubernur ofprovinsi Van, Bitlis, anddan Erzerum sentmengirimkan manybanyak telegramstelegram toke thepemerintah centralpusat; governmenttelegram-telegram pressingtersebut formenuntut moreagar severepemerintah measuresmengambil againsttindakan theyang Armenianslebih keras terhadap orang-orang Armenia, bothbaik regionallyitu anddi throughouttingkat thedaerah empiremaupun di seluruh kesultanan.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|p=475}} TheseTuntutan pressuresini playedberperan apenting keydalam rolememperburuk inpersekusi theterhadap intensificationorang ofArmenia, anti-Armenianwalaupun persecution,persekusi ini sebenarnya sudah endorseddidukung byoleh thepemerintah centralpusat governmentdari alreadysebelum beforetahun 1915.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|pp=478–479}} ArmenianPara civilpegawai servantspemerintah wereyang dismissedberdarah fromArmenia theirdiberhentikan postsdari inposisi latemereka pada akhir 1914 anddan earlyawal 1915.{{sfn|Üngör|2016|p=19}} InPada FebruaryFebruari 1915, thepara pemimpin CUP leadersmemutuskan decideduntuk tomelucuti disarmtentara-tentara Armeniansyang servingberdarah inArmenia thedan armymengirim andmereka transfer them toke [[Ottomanbatalion labourperburuhan battalionsUtsmaniyah|laborbatalion battalionburuh]]s.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=244}} ThePara Armeniantentara soldiersArmenia inini laborsecara battalionssistematis weredieksekusi, systematicallymeskipun executed,banyak tentara yang althoughmempunyai manykeahlian skilledtertentu workersyang weredibiarkan sparedhidup untilsampai 1916.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=248–249}}
 
== OnsetBermulanya of genocidegenosida ==
[[FileBerkas:Leavening the Levant (1916) (14586438289) restored.jpg|thumb|left|ArmenianPara defendersserdadu inArmenia yang berupaya mempertahankan kota Van]]
{{further information|Causes of the Armenian genocide#Wartime radicalization}}
[[File:Russian soldiers Sheykhalan 1915.jpg|thumb|left|Tentara Rusia di reruntuhan desa Armenia yang bernama "Sheykhalan" di dekat [[Muş|Mush]], 1915]]
[[File:Leavening the Levant (1916) (14586438289) restored.jpg|thumb|left|Armenian defenders in Van]]
Menteri Perang Enver Pasha mengambil alih komando atas angkatan darat Utsmaniyah dan melancarkan serangan terhadap Rusia. Dalam [[Pertempuran Sarikamish]] pada Desember 1914 hingga Januari 1915, ia menyusun strategi yang berupaya mengepung [[Angkatan Darat Kaukasus Rusia (Perang Dunia I)|Angkatan Darat Kaukasus Rusia]]. Namun, prajurit Utsmaniyah tidak siap dengan kejamnya musim dingin di wilayah pegunungan.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=241–242}} Akhirnya Utsmaniyah mengalami kekalahan dengan korban jiwa yang melebihi 60.000 prajurit.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=157}} Ketika mundur, tentara Utsmaniyah menghancurkan banyak desa Armenia di Vilayet Bitlis dan membantai penduduknya.{{sfn|Üngör|2016|p=19}} Di muka umum, Enver menjadikan orang Armenia sebagai kambing hitam. Ia mengklaim bahwa orang Armenia membela Rusia, dan klaim ini kemudian dipercayai oleh para pemimpin CUP.{{sfn|Üngör|2016|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=243}} Insiden lokal dan penemuan senjata milik orang Armenia dijadikan bukti bahwa orang Armenia sedang berkomplot untuk menghancurkan Utsmaniyah.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=244}} Sejarawan [[Taner Akçam]] menyimpulkan bahwa "tuduhan pemberontakan Armenia di dokumen-dokumen{{Nbsp}}... pada kenyataannya tidak berdasar tetapi secara sengaja dibuat-buat".{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=168}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=282}}
[[File:Russian soldiers Sheykhalan 1915.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of two Russian soldiers in a ruined village looking at skeletal remains|Russian soldiers pictured in the former Armenian village of Sheykhalan near [[Muş|Mush]], 1915]]
Minister of War Enver Pasha took over command of the Ottoman armies for the invasion of Russian territory, and tried to encircle the [[Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)|Russian Caucasus Army]] at the [[Battle of Sarikamish]], fought from December 1914 to January 1915. Unprepared for the harsh winter conditions,{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=241–242}} his forces were routed, losing more than 60,000 men.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=157}} The retreating Ottoman army indiscriminately destroyed dozens of Ottoman Armenian villages in Bitlis Vilayet, massacring their inhabitants.{{sfn|Üngör|2016|p=19}} Enver publicly blamed his defeat on Armenians who he claimed had actively sided with the Russians, a theory that became a consensus among CUP leaders.{{sfn|Üngör|2016|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=243}} Any local incident or discovery of arms in the possession of Armenians was cited as evidence for a coordinated conspiracy against the empire.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=244}} Historian [[Taner Akçam]] concludes that "the allegations of an Armenian revolt in the documents{{Nbsp}}... have no basis in reality but were deliberately fabricated".{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=168}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=282}}
 
Massacres of Armenian men were occurring in the vicinity of [[Bashkale]] in Van vilayet from December.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|p=472}} ARF leaders attempted to keep the situation calm, warning that even justifiable self-defense could lead to escalation of killing.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=255}} The governor, [[Djevdet Bey]], ordered the Armenians of [[Van, Turkey|Van]] to hand over their arms on 18&nbsp;April, creating a dilemma: If they obeyed, the Armenians expected to be killed, but if they refused, it would provide a pretext for massacres. Armenians fortified themselves in Van and repelled [[defense of Van (1915)|the Ottoman attack]] that began on 20&nbsp;April.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=257}}{{sfn|Kévorkian| 2011|p= 319}} During the siege, Armenians in surrounding villages were massacred at Djevdet's orders. Russian forces captured Van on 18&nbsp;May, finding 55,000 corpses in the province—about half its prewar Armenian population.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=259–260}} Djevdet's forces proceeded to Bitlis and attacked Armenian and Syriac villages; men were killed immediately, women and children kidnapped by local Kurds, and others marched away to be killed later. By the end of June, there were only a dozen Armenians in the vilayet.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=287, 289}}
Baris 80 ⟶ 79:
===Aims===
{{Quotebox|width=24em
| quote = WeKami havedisalahkan beenkarena blamedtidak formembedakan notantara makingorang aArmenia distinctionyang betweenbersalah guiltydan andyang innocent Armenianstidak. [To doHal sotersebut] wastidaklah impossiblemungkin. BecauseAdalah ofsuatu thehal natureyang ofakan thingsterjadi, onebahwa whoorang wasyang stillmasih innocenttidak todaybersalah couldhari beini guiltyakan tomorrow.menjadi Thebersalah concernesok forharinya. theKekhawatiran safetymengenai ofkeselamatan TurkeyTurki simplyharus hadmengungguli tokekhawatiran-kekhawatiran silence all other concernslainnya. Our actionsTindakan-tindakan werekami determineddidasarkan byatas nationalkeperluan andnasional historicaldan necessitysejarah. | source = —Talaat Pasha, ''[[Berliner Tageblatt]]'', 4 MayMei 1915{{sfn|Ihrig|2016|pp=162–163}}}}
During World War I, the CUP—whose central goal was to preserve the Ottoman Empire—came to identify Armenian civilians as an existential threat.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|p=337}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=245}} CUP leaders held Armenians—including women and children—collectively guilty for "betraying" the empire, a belief that was crucial to deciding on genocide in early 1915.{{sfn|Akçam|2019|p=457}}{{sfn|Bozarslan ''et al.''|2015|pp=166–167}} At the same time, the war provided an opportunity to enact, in Talaat's words, the "definitive solution to the Armenian Question".{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=245}}{{sfn|Dündar|2011|p=284}} The CUP hoped to permanently eliminate any possibility that Armenians could achieve autonomy or independence in the empire's eastern provinces by annihilating the concentrated Armenian population of these areas.{{sfn|Watenpaugh|2013|p=284}} Ottoman records show the government aimed to reduce the population of Armenians to no more than 5 percent in the sources of deportation and 10 percent in the destination areas. This goal could not be accomplished without mass murder.{{sfn|Akçam|2012|pp=242, 247–248}}{{sfn|Dündar|2011|p=282}}{{sfn|Kieser|2018|p=261}}