Nimrud: Perbedaan antara revisi

|native_name = كال {{ar icon}}

|alternate_name = Kalhu

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|map_type = Iraq

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|longEW = E

|coordinates_display = title

|region = [[Mesopotamia]]

|type = Pemukiman

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Upacara pembukaan dengan keramaian dan perjamuan mewah pada tahun 879 SM dituliskan pada suatu prasasti yang ditemukan pada ekskavasi arkeologi. Kota ini dihuni oleh sekitar 100.000 penduduk dan juga mempunyai [[kebun raya]] dan [[kebun binatang]]. Putranya, [[Salmaneser III]] (858–824 SM), membangun monumen yang dikenal sebagai [[Ziggurat]] Raksasa, dan sebuah kuil yang berhubungan.

 

 

 

 

 

King [[Ashurnasirpal II]], who reigned from 883 to 859&nbsp;BC, built a new capital at Nimrud. Thousands of men worked to build a {{convert|5|mi|km|adj=on}} long wall surrounding the city and a grand palace. There were many inscriptions carved into limestone including one that said "The palace of cedar, cypress, juniper, boxwood, mulberry, pistachio wood, and tamarisk, for my royal dwelling and for my lordly pleasure for all time, I founded therein. Beasts of the mountains and of the seas, of white limestone and alabaster I fashioned and set them up on its gates." The inscriptions also described plunder stored at the palace. "Silver, gold, lead, copper and iron, the spoil of my hand from the lands which I had brought under my sway, in great quantities I took and placed therein." The inscriptions also described great feasts he had to celebrate his conquests. However his victims were horrified by his conquests. The text also said "Many of the captives I have taken and burned in a fire. Many I took. alive from some I cut off their hands to the wrists, from others I cut off their noses, ears and fingers; I put out the eyes of many of the soldiers. I burned their young men women and children to death." About a conquest in another vanquished city he wrote "I flayed the nobles as many as rebelled and spread their skins out on the piles." These shock tactics brought success in 877&nbsp;BCE, when after a march to the Mediterranean he announced "I cleaned my weapons in the deep sea and performed sheep-offerings to the gods."<ref>Time Life Lost Civilizations series: ''Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings''. (1995) p. 96–7</ref>

 

===Shalmaneser III===

King Arshurnasirpal's son [[Shalmaneser III|Shalmaneser II]] (858–823 BC)[[Shalmaneser III|I]] continued where he left off. He spent 31 of his 35-year reign in war and conquest. After a battle near the [[Orontes River]] with a coalition of [[Arameans|Aramean]] and [[Canaan]]ite/[[Phoenicia]]n states he boasted:

::''I slew 14,000 of their warriors with the sword. Like [[Adad]], I rained destruction on them. I scattered their corpses far and wide, (and) covered the face of the desolate plain with their widespreading armies. With (my) weapons I made their blood to flow down the valleys of the land. The plain was too small for their bodies to fall; the wide countryside was used to bury them. With their corpses I spanned the Arantu (Orontes) as with a bridge.''<ref>Miller, J.M. & Hayes, J.H. (1986). ''A History of Ancient Israel and Judah''. [[Westminster John Knox]] Press. p. 257-259.</ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&pg=PA257&dq=shalmaneser+III+campaigns#PPA259,M1]

In 828&nbsp;BC, his son rebelled against him and was joined by 27 other Assyrian cities including [[Nineveh]] and [[Ashur]]. This conflict lasted until 821&nbsp;BC, 3&nbsp;years after Shalmaneser's death, during the reign of [[Shamshi-Adad V]] (822-811 BC).<ref name="Mesopotamia 1995 p. 100"/>

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Situs ini pertama kalinya dilaporkan oleh seorang pengelana Britania [[Claudius James Rich]] pada tahun 1820, sesaat sebelum kematiannya.

Ekskavasi di Nimrud pertama kali dilakukan oleh [[Austen Henry Layard]], yang bekerja dari tahun 1845 sampai 1847 dan dari tahun 1849 sampai 1851.

<ref>A. H. Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains, John Murray, 1849</ref>

<ref>A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, John Murray, 1853</ref>

<ref>Hormuzd Rassam and Robert William Rogers, Asshur and the land of Nimrod, Curts & Jennings, 1897</ref>

 

Pekerjaan selanjutnya dilakukan oleh ''Directorate of Antiquities of the Republic of Iraq'' (1956, 1959–60, 1969–78 dan 1982–92), Janusz Meuzynski (1974–76), Paolo Fiorina (1987–89) bersama ''Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino'' yang berfokus terutama pada ''Fort Shalmaneser'', dan John Curtis (1989).

<ref>Paolo Fiorina, Un braciere da Forte Salmanassar, Mesopotamia, vol. 33, pp. 167-188, 1998</ref>

<ref>Janusz Meuszynski, Neo-Assyrian Reliefs from the Central Area of Nimrud Citadel, Iraq, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 1976</ref>

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Excavations revealed remarkable bas-reliefs, [[Nimrud Ivories|ivories]], and sculptures. A statue of Ashurnasirpal II was found in an excellent state of preservation, as were colossal winged man-headed lions weighing {{convert|10|ST}} to {{convert|30|ST}}<ref name="Mesopotamia 1995 p. 112">Time Life Lost Civilizations series: ''Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings''. (1995) p. 112–121</ref>

each guarding the palace entrance. The large number of inscriptions dealing with king Ashurnasirpal II provide more details about him and his reign than are known for any other ruler of this epoch. Portions of the site have been also been identified as temples to [[Ninurta]] and [[Enlil]], a building assigned to [[Nabu]], the god of writing and the arts, and as extensive fortifications.

 

 

Pada tahun 1847 setelah menemukan lebih dari separuh dusin pasangan patung raksasa singa atau banteng bersayap yang dikenal sebagai [[:en:lamassu|lamassu]] dengan berat mencapai {{convert|30|ST}} [[Austen Henry Layard|Henry Layard]] membawa dua patung raksasa seberat {{convert|10|ST}} masing-masing termasuk satu singa dan satu banteng ke London. Setelah 18&nbsp;months dan hampir terkena musibah, ia berhasil membawanya ke [[British Museum]].<!-- This involved loading them onto a wheeled cart. They were lowered with a complex system of pulleys and levers operated by dozens of men. The cart was towed by 300 men. He initially tried to hook the cart up to a team of buffalo and have them haul it. However the buffalo refused to move. Then they were loaded onto a barge which required 600 goatskins and sheepskins to keep it afloat. After arriving in London a ramp was built to haul them up the steps and into the museum on rollers.

 

Additional {{convert|30|ST}} colossi were transported to Paris from Khorsabad by Paul Emile Botta in 1853. In 1928 Edward Chiera also transported a {{convert|40|ST|adj=on}} Colossus from Khorsabad to Chicago.<ref name="Mesopotamia 1995 p. 112"/><ref>Oliphant, Margaret ''The Atlas Of The Ancient World'' (1992) p. 32</ref>

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== Lihat pula ==

{{Portal|Ancient Near East}}

* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Kejadian 10]], [[1 Tawarikh 1]], [[Mikha 5]]

 

== Referensi ==

 

== Pustaka ==

 

 

== Pranala luar ==

{{Commons category|Nimrud}}

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Calah}}

 

[[Kategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]