Tujuh Kebencian Besar: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''''Tujuh Kebencian Besar''''' ([[Bahasa Manchu|Manchu]]: {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ<br>ᡴᠣᡵᠣ|lang=mnc}} ''nadan koro''; {{Zh-all|c=七大恨|p=Qī Dà Hèn}}) adalah sebuah [[manifesto]] yang diumumkan oleh [[Nurhaci]] pada hari ketiga belas bulan keempat Imlek pada tahun ketiga era Tianming ({{zh|c=天命}}; 7 MayMei 1618<ref>http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/</ref>). Manifesto ini secara efektif menjadi pernyataan [[perang]] terhadap [[Dinasti Ming]].

Tujuh kebencian besar tersebut adalah:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History2732bye7940.html|title=Seven Grievances|publisher=culture-china.com| date=|accessdate=2008-12-14|archive-date=2010-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329133156/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History2732bye7940.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Setelah pengumuman ''Tujuh Kebencian Besar'' ini, serangan terhadap [[Pertempuran Fushun|Fushun]] dimulai. Para pembelot Han memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam penaklukan Qing di Tiongkok. Para jenderal Tionghoa Han yang membelot ke Manchu sering diberikan [[Heqin#Dinasti Qing|wanita dari keluarga Kekaisaran Aisin Gioro dalam pernikahan]] sementara para prajurit biasa yang membelot sering diberikan wanita Manchu dari kalangan bukan kerajaan sebagai istri. Pemimpin Manchu [[Nurhaci]] menikahkahmenikahkan salah satu cucunya kepadadengan Jenderal Ming [[Li Yongfang]] [[:zh:李永芳|李永芳]] setelah dia menyerahkan [[Fushun]] di [[Liaoning]] kepada Manchu pada tahun 1618.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA148&dq=To+win+the+support+and+cooperation+of+Ming+generals+in+Liaodong,+Nurhaci+gave+them+Aisin+Gioro+women+as+wives.+In+1618,+before+he+attacked+Fushun+city,+he+promised+the+Ming+general+defending+the+city+a+woman+from+the+Aisin+Gioro+clan&hl=en&ei=O-ChToi7Jsn20gHW4ayvCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=To%20win%20the%20support%20and%20cooperation%20of%20Ming%20generals%20in%20Liaodong%2C%20Nurhaci%20gave%20them%20Aisin%20Gioro%20women%20as%20wives.%20In%201618%2C%20before%20he%20attacked%20Fushun%20city%2C%20he%20promised%20the%20Ming%20general%20defending%20the%20city%20a%20woman%20from%20the%20Aisin%20Gioro%20clan&f=false|title=Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History|last=Anne Walthall|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25444-2|pages=148–}}

{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=li+yongfang+granddaughter&source=bl&ots=I1Q2tbJtT3&sig=t8DTgr6favZVDfRmsszaD19YBdg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC8Q6AEwA2oVChMI96-ctJDzxwIVTG4-Ch3_OQGR#v=onepage&q=li%20yongfang%20granddaughter&f=false|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|last=Mark C. Elliott|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7|pages=76–}}</ref><ref>http://www.lishiquwen.com/news/7356.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203055230/http://www.lishiquwen.com/news/7356.html |date=2017-12-03 }} {{Cite web|url=http://www.fs7000.com/wap/?9179.html|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007063611/http://www.fs7000.com/wap/?9179.html|archive-date=2016-10-07|dead-url=yes|access-date=2016-06-30}} http://www.75800.com.cn/lx2/pAjRqK/9N6KahmKbgWLa1mRb1iyc_.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007091128/http://www.75800.com.cn/lx2/pAjRqK/9N6KahmKbgWLa1mRb1iyc_.html |date=2016-10-07 }} https://read01.com/aP055D.html</ref> Keturunan Li menerima gelar "Viscount Kelas Ketiga" ({{zh|c=三等子爵|p=sān děng zǐjué|labels=no}}).<ref name="Rawski1998">{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iN5J9G76h0C&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=15 November 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0|pages=72–}}</ref> Dalam pembalasan, setahun kemudian, satu pasukan penghukuman Ming berkekuatan sekitar 100.000 orang, termasuk pasukan [[Korea]] dan [[Yehe, Hebei|Yehe]], mendekati wilayah Manchu Nurhaci di sepanjang empat rute yang berbeda.

== Catatan ==