Devşirme: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg|thumbjmpl|250px|"Devshirme".<ref>{{cite web||first=Matrakci |last=Nasuh |url=http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Suleymanname/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.htm |title=Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans |date=1588 |work=Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517}}</ref>]]

'''Devşirme'''<ref>[[Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah]] {{Script|Arab|دوشيرمه}} - pengumpulan, [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]] ''παιδομάζωμα'', ''Paedomazoma'' - kumpulan anak-anak; {{lang-hy|Մանկահավաք}}, ''Mankahavak<nowiki>'</nowiki>'') - pengumpulan anak; [[bahasa Rumania|Rumania]]: ''tribut de sânge''; [[bahasa Kroasia|Kroasia]]: ''Danak u krvi'', [[bahasa Slovenia|Slovenia]]: ''Krvni davek'', [[bahasa Bosnia|Bosnia]] dan [[bahasa Serbia|Serbia]]: ''Данак у крви / Danak u krvi'', [[bahasa Makedonia|Makedonia]]: ''Данок во крв / Danok vo krv'', dan [[bahasa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]: ''Кръвен данък/ Kraven Danak'' - pajak darah</ref> adalah praktik pengambilan anak laki-laki darisebagai keluargabentuk [[Kristenpajak]] sebagaidari bentuk pelayanan kepada pemerintahkeluarga [[ottomanKristen]] di provinsi-provinsi di [[BalkanEropa]] dan [[Asia Minor]] [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] dengan tujuan untuk menyeleksi dan melatih anak yang paling cakap untuk menempati posisi kepemimpinan, baik sebagai anggota [[Yanisari]] (pasukan elite Sultan) ataupun sebagai pengurus tinggi Kesultanan.pengambilan "pajak" Hanya dikhususkan kepada Wilayah [[kristen]]di [[Asia minor]] dan [[Balkan]],<ref>Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.</ref><ref name=agoston>Ágoston, G. & Masters, B. (2009) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire]'', New York: Facts on File, pp. 183–185.</ref> Anak-anak tersebut kemudian di-[[IslamkanIslam]]kan,<ref>''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 129.</ref> walaupun di [[Bosnia]] banyakdevşirme keluargajuga yangberlaku menyogokuntuk petugaskeluarga agar tidak mengambil anaknyaMuslim.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f7Wz4b4JTC8C&pg=PA366&dq=Exceptionally,+in+Bosnia+the+devshirme+was+extended+to+local+Muslim+families.&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=G1AWUd6lM6f14QSg24H4BQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Exceptionally%2C%20in%20Bosnia%20the%20devshirme%20was%20extended%20to%20local%20Muslim%20families.&f=false|title=Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso, 1974), p. 366|author=Perry Anderson}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.se/books?id=ltRWy32dG7oC&pg=PA581&dq=Potur+shaw&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=iyBjUZKRJ5KN4gTVgoDwDQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Potur%20shaw&f=false|title=The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Vol. 2 (Peter Lang, 2007), p. 581|author=Zdenko Zlatar}}</ref>

Usia perekrutan yang ideal berkisar antara 7 hingga 10 tahun,<ref>Taskin, U. (2008). Klasik donem Utsmaniyah egitim kurumlari - Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi - The Journal of International Social Research 1, 343–366.</ref> meskipun anak yang lebih muda juga direkrut. Karena anak yang direkrut dapat mencapai posisi [[Wazir Agung]], di Bosnia beberapa orang tua Kristen menyuap petugas untuk mengambil anak mereka.<ref name="Malcolm 1996 46">{{cite book|title= Bosnia: A Short History|url= https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto0000malc_l6u3|last= Malcolm|first= Noel|authorlink= Noel Malcolm|year= 1996|publisher= Papermac|location= London|isbn= 0-333-66215-6|page= [https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto0000malc_l6u3/page/46 46] }}</ref>
Namun, sistem devşirme tidak disukai<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4; "''...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it - which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system.''".</ref> dan ditolak oleh penduduk lokal.<ref>Yannaras, Christos, ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic self-identity in the modern age'', (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006), 112.</ref><ref>Schindler, John R., ''Unholy terror: Bosnia, al-Qa'ida, and the rise of global jihad'', (Zenith Press, 2007), 23.</ref><ref>Bostom, Andrew G. "Jihad Conquests and the Impositions of ''Dhimmitude'' - A Survey" in ''The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims''. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Book, 2005, pp. 41-46.</ref><ref>S. Trifkovic. ''The Sword of the Prophet: Islam; History, Theology, Impact on the World''. p. 97</ref> Dari abad ke-15 sampai akhir abad ke-17, 200–300.000 anak laki-laki direkrut dengan sistem devşirme, yang sebenarnya bertentangan dengan [[syariat Islam]].<ref name=agoston/><ref name="Natan2006">{{cite book|author=Yoel Natan|title=Moon-o-theism, Volume I of II|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_R90_DlGEC&pg=PA178|accessdate=8 Juli 2013|year=2006|publisher=Yoel Natan|isbn=978-1-4382-9964-8|page=178|quote= From the 15th until the 17th century, between 200,000 and 300,000 boys were taken out to Devsirme....It was at all time clear that Devsirme was contradictory to Muslim law, Sharia.}}</ref><ref name=agoston/>

* [http://www.ottomanempire.de/Geschichte/Armee/Heerwesen_I/Janitscharen/janitscharen.html Website on the Ottoman empire - original German version; here its Janissary page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205185419/http://www.ottomanempire.de/Geschichte/Armee/Heerwesen_I/Janitscharen/janitscharen.html |date=2012-02-05 }} (to be further exploited)