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Revisi per 26 Agustus 2019 01.50 sunting Wikinesia (bicara \| kontrib) 1.809 suntingan k Wikinesia memindahkan halaman Cedrus libani ke Aras lebanon ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 12 November 2022 15.08 sunting balikkan Bot5958 (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 29.612 suntingan k Perbaikan untuk PW:CW (Fokus: Minor/komestika; 1, 48, 64) + genfixes Tag: AWB
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Baris 1: {{Taxobox \| name = ''Aras ~~Lebanon~~lebanon'' \| status = VU \| status_system = IUCN3.1 \| image = Libanonzeder.jpg \| image_width = 240px \| image_caption = Aras ~~Lebanon~~lebanon di "Hutan Cedar Allah" \| regnum = [[Plantae]] \| divisio = [[Pinophyta]] Baris 15: \| binomial_authority = [[A.Rich.]] }} '''Aras ~~Lebanon~~lebanon''' (~~atau '''~~''Cedrus libani~~'''~~'') adalah spesies [[cedrus\|cedar]] yang berasal dari kawasan [[Mediterania]].<ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (1990). ''Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera''. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3.</ref><ref name=med>[[Werner Greuter\|Greuter, W.]], Burdet, H. M., & Long, G. (eds.), (1984). Med-Checklist – A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries. [http://ww2.bgbm.org/mcl/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=781&PTRefFk=1273 ''Cedrus libani'']</ref><ref>{{IUCN2006\|assessors=Conifer Specialist Group\|year=1998\|id=42305\|title=Cedrus libani\|downloaded=12 May 2006}}</ref> <!-- The Cedars Nature Reserves in Lebanon were candidates in the New 7 Wonders of Nature competition but were eliminated at the end of the first stage while the [[Jeita Grotto]] was chosen as the Lebanese national candidate.<ref>[http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/ New7wonders.com]</ref> --> Ada dua tipe ''Cedrus libani'' berbeda yang dianggap sebagai [[subspesies]] atau [[varietas]]: * '''Aras ~~Lebanon~~lebanon''' (~~''Lebanon Cedar'';~~ ''Cedrus libani'' subsp. ''libani'' atau var. ''libani'') - tumbuh di [[Lebanon]], [[Palestina]], [[Israel]], [[Yordania]] barat laut, [[Suriah]] barat, dan [[Turki]] selatan tengah * '''Aras ~~Turki~~turki''' (~~''Turkish Cedar'' atau~~ ''Taurus Cedar''; ''Cedrus libani'' subsp. ''stenocoma'' atau var. ''stenocoma'') - tumbuh di [[Turki]] barat daya. == Pemerian == Baris 29: --> == Taksonomi == ''Cedrus libani'' pertama kali diklasifikasikan oleh ahli botani Prancis [[Achille Richard]]. Sejumlah ahli botani juga mengklasifikasikan "Aras Siprus" (''Cyprus Cedar''; ''Cedrus brevifolia'')<ref>GRIN Taxonomy for Plants [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2217 ''Cedrus''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120152047/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2217 \|date=2009-01-20 }}.</ref> dan "Aras Atlas" (''Atlas Cedar''; ''Cedrus atlantica'')<ref>Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., & Başer, K. H. C. (ed.). 2000. ''Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands'' 11 (Supplement 2): 5–6. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1409-5</ref><ref>Eckenwalder, J. E. (2009). ''Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference''. Timber Press ISBN 0-88192-974-3.</ref> sebagai subspesies dari ''C. libani''. Namun, mayoritas sumber pustaka modern<ref name=farjon/><ref>Gymnosperm database [http://www.conifers.org/pi/ce/index.htm ''Cedrus''].</ref><ref>NCBI Taxonomy Browser [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3321&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock ''Cedrus''].</ref><ref>Flora of China [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105979 vol. 4]</ref><ref>Qiao, C.-Y., Jin-Hua Ran, Yan Li and Xiao-Quan Wang (2007): Phylogeny and Biogeography of ''Cedrus'' (Pinaceae) Inferred from Sequences of Seven Paternal Chloroplast and Maternal Mitochondrial DNA Regions. ''Annals of Botany'' '''100(3)''':573-580. Available [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/100/3/573 online]</ref><ref name=farjon1>Farjon, A. (2008). ''A Natural History of Conifers''. Timber Press ISBN 0-88192-869-0.</ref><ref>Christou, K. A. (1991). The genetic and taxonomic status of Cyprus Cedar, ''Cedrus brevifolia'' (Hook.) Henry. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece.</ref> menganggap keduanya spesies tersendiri. == Ekologi == Di Suriah, Lebanon dan Turki, pohon ini tumbuh paling subur pada ketinggian 600-2.000 m (1.968–6.500 kaki), dan membentuk [[hutan]] murni atau hutan campuran dengan [[Cilician Fir]] (''Abies cilicica''), [[European Black Pine]] (''Pinus nigra''), serta beberapa spesies [[juniper]] (''Juniperus''). Di [[Siprus]], tumbuh pada ketinggian 1.000-1.525 m (3.300–5.000 kaki) (mencapai puncak [[~~:en:~~Paphos District\|Gunung Paphos]]). Pada [[pegunungan Atlas]] di [[Maroko]], dijumpai pada ketinggian 1.370–2.200 m (4.500–7.200 kaki) dalam hutan murni atau hutan campuran dengan spesies ''[[fir\|Abies]]'' dan ''[[Juniperus thurifera]]''.<ref name=farjon/> == Sejarah, simbolisme dan penggunaan == Baris 39: Aras lebanon bernilai penting untuk berbagai budaya kuno. Pohon-pohon ini digunakan oleh orang [[Fenisia]] untuk membuat kapal dagang dan kapal perang, maupun rumah, istana dan kuil-kuil. Orang [[Mesir kuno]] menggunakan getahnya dalam proses mumifikasi, dan serbuk kayunya ditemukan dalam makam-makam Firaun Mesir. Orang [[Sumeria]] mencatat dalam [[Epos Gilgamesh]] bahwa hutan-hutan aras di Lebanon merupakan tempat kediaman dewa-dewa yang dikunjungi oleh [[Gilgamesh]], tokoh utama kisah itu. Imam-imam Ibrani diperintahkan dalam [[Taurat]] [[Musa]] untuk menggunakan kulit kayu aras ~~Lebanon~~lebanon dalam upacara pembersihan setelah berakhirnya masa sakit [[lepra]].<ref>{{Alkitab\|Imamat 14:1-4}}</ref> Nabi Ibrani, [[Yesaya]], menggunakan aras lebanon sebagai kiasan untuk kesombongan duniawi.<ref>{{Alkitab\|Yesaya 2:13}}</ref> Menurut [[Talmud]], orang Yahudi pernah membakar kayu aras lebanon di [[Bukit Zaitun]] untuk merayakan tahun baru. Penguasa-penguasa asing dari jauh dan dekat memesan kayu pohon ini untuk keperluan proyek pembangunan keagamaan atau sipil. Yang paling terkenal adalah [[Salomo\|Raja Salomo]] yang menggunakannya untuk membangun [[Bait Suci (Yerusalem)\|Bait Suci]] di [[Yerusalem]] dan juga istana-istananya. Karena itu kata "aras" disebutkan 75 kali dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] yaitu 51 kali dalam bentuk tunggal, dan 24 kali dalam bentuk jamak. Pengiriman kayu ini penting dalam menguatkan hubungan Fenisia-Ibrani. Di luar itu, kayu-kayu pohon ini juga digunakan oleh orang [[Romawi]], [[Yunani]], [[Persia]], [[Asyur]] dan [[Babel]]. <!-- Over the centuries, extensive [[deforestation]] has occurred, with only small remnants of the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in Lebanon and on Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to {{convert\|25\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} tall survive, though [[Pliny the Elder]] recorded cedars {{convert\|40\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} tall there.<ref name=willan>Willan, R. G. N. (1990). The Cyprus Cedar. ''Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbk''. 1990: 115-118.</ref> Extensive [[forestry\|reforestation]] of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region, particularly [[Turkey]], where over 50 million young cedars are being planted annually.<ref>Anon. ''History of Turkish Forestry''. Turkish Ministry of Forestry.</ref> The Lebanese populations are also now expanding through a combination of replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing by [[goat]]s, hunting, forest fires, and woodworms.<ref name=khuri>Khuri, S., & Talhouk, S. N. (1999). Cedar of Lebanon. Pages 108-111 in Farjon, A., & Page, C. N. ''Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Conifers''. IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0465-0.</ref> <br style="clear:both;"> Baris 47: === Nilai penting nasional dan regional === [[Berkas:Flag of Lebanon.svg\|jmpl\|[[Bendera Lebanon]], dengan aras lebanon di tengah-tengah]] Aras lebanon juga merupakan lambang nasional Lebanon, dan terpampang di tengah-tengah [[Bendera Lebanon]] serta [[~~:en:~~Coat of Arms of Lebanon\|coat of arms]]. Gambar pohon ini juga menjadi logo [[Middle East Airlines]] (MEA), yaitu perusahaan penerbangan nasional Lebanon.<!-- Beyond that, it is also the main symbol of Lebanon's "[[Cedar Revolution]]", along with many Lebanese political parties and movements, such as the [[Kataeb]] (Phalange), the [[Lebanese Forces]], the National Liberal Party, and the Future Movement.<ref>[http://tyros.leb.net/]</ref> Lebanon seringkali secara [[~~:en:~~metonymy\|metonimik]] dirujuk sebagai "Land of the Cedars" ("Tanah pohon aras").<ref name=budge10>{{cite book \|title= The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians \|author= Budge, E.A.W. \|year= 2010 \|publisher= HardPress \|page= 261 \|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=vXoOAAAAQAAJ }}</ref><ref name=cromer2004war>{{cite book \|author= Cromer, G. \|title= A war of words: political violence and public debate in Israel \|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=qexwM08RUsMC \|series= Cass series on political violence \|year= 2004 \|publisher= Frank Cass \|isbn=978-0-7146-5631-1 }}</ref> <!-- As a result of long exploitation, few old trees remain in Lebanon, but there is now an active program to conserve and regenerate the forests. The Lebanese approach has emphasized natural regeneration rather than planting, and this by creating the right conditions. The Lebanese state has created several Cedar Reserves or nature reserves that contain cedars, including the Chouf Cedar Reserves, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the Tannourine Reserve, the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves in the [[Akkar]] district, forest Horsh Ehden near the village of Ehden and the Forest of the [[Cedars of God]] near [[Bsharri]].<ref>Talhouk, S. N. & Zurayk, S. 2003. Conifer conservation in Lebanon. ''Acta Hort.'' 615: 411-414.</ref><ref>Semaan, M. & Haber, R. 2003. In situ conservation on ''Cedrus libani'' in Lebanon. ''Acta Hort.'' 615: 415-417.</ref><ref>[http://www.shoufcedar.org/ Cedars of Lebanon Nature Reserve]</ref> Extensive replanting is taking place in Turkey, where approximately {{convert\|300\|km2\|acre}} of cedar are planted annually.<ref name=khuri /> Baris 55: Alarmingly, very mature specimens drop branches - perhaps weighing two or three tons - without warning and not necessarily in bad weather. As a result, you may see one where risk to life is more likely, i.e. overhanging pavements or road junctions with restraining 'harnesses' on branches run back up to the central trunk. --> Tumbuhan ini telah mendapatkan penghargaan [[~~:en:Award of Garden Merit\|~~Award of Garden Merit]] dari [[~~:En:Royal Horticultural Society\|~~Royal Horticultural Society]], [[Britania Raya]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Cedrus libani''\|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=355\|accessdate=27 June 2013\|archive-date=2013-05-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516222909/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=355\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Lihat pula == Baris 63: == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == {{Commons category}} {{Library resources about \|by=no \|onlinebooks=yes \|others=yes \|about=yes \|label=Cedrus libani \|viaf= \|lccn= \|lcheading= \|wikititle= }} *[http://www.euforgen.org/species/cedrus-libani/ ''Cedrus libani''] – informasi, unit konservasi genetik dan sumber daya terkait. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN) {{Taxonbar\|from=Q61105}} [[Kategori:Cedrus\|libani]] Baris 71 ⟶ 79: [[Kategori:Flora Maroko]] [[Kategori:Flora Turki]] [[Kategori:~~Trees~~Flora Timur Tengah]] [[Kategori:Mitologi Mesopotamia]] [[Kategori:Epos Gilgamesh]]