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{{Infobox person
|name = Katharina von Bora (Luther)
|image = Katharina-von-Bora-05.jpg
|caption = Katharina von Bora, lukisan [[:en:Lucas Cranach the Elder|Lucas Cranach Yang Tua]], 1526 [[:en:Oil painting|Cat minyak]] pada [[:en:panel painting|panel]], Warburg-Stiftung, Eisenach, Germany
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1499|1|29}}
|birth_place = dekat [[Pegau]], [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1552|12|20|1499|1|29}}
|death_place = [[Torgau]], Elektorat Sachsen,<br>Holy Roman Empire
|spouse = [[Martin Luther]] (1525–1546)
}}
[[Berkas:Katharina-v-Bora-1526.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Katharina von Bora, 1526]]
'''Katharina von Bora''' ({{lahirmati|Lippendorf, [[Jerman]]|29|1|1499|Torgau, [[Jerman]]|20|12|1552}}). Pernikahannya pada 13 Juni 1525 [[Martin Luther]] dengan Katharina von Bora menimbulkan gerakan pernikahan pendeta di kalangan banyak tradisi Kristen.
[[Berkas:Bora Siebmacher155 - Meißen.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|von Bora]]
[[Berkas:Katharina von Bora Epitaph.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Katharina von Bora, Marienkirche Torgau]]
== Riwayat hidup ==
=== Latar belakang keluarga ===
Katharina von Bora adalah putri dari pemilik tanah di Sachsen.<ref>Fischer/v.Stutterheim in: AfF (2005) pp. 242ff; Wagner in: Genealogie (2005) pp. 673ff, Genealogie (2006) pp. 30ff; Wagner in FFM (2006), pp. 342ff</ref> Menurut kepercayaan umum, ia dilahirkan pada tanggal 29 Januari 1499 di [[Lippendorf]]; tetapi tidak ada bukti dokumen. Karena berbagai silsilah dalam keluarganya dan ketidakpastian nama kelahirannya, ada berbagai teori mengenai tempat kelahirannya.<ref>D. Albrecht Thoma, ''Katharina von Bora: Geschichtliches Lebensbild'' (1900)</ref><ref>Fischer/v.Stutterheim, 'Zur Herkunft der Katharina v. Bora, Ehefrau Martin Luthers', in AfF (2005), pp. 242ff; Jürgen Wagner, 'Zur mutmaßlichen Herkunft der Catherina v. Bora' in Genealogie (2005), pp. 730ff, Genealogie (2006), pp. 30ff; Jürgen Wagner in FFM (2006), pp. 342ff</ref>
Akhir-akhir ini ada pendapat bahwa ia dilahirkan di [[Hirschfeld, Saxony|Hirschfeld]] dan orangtuanya adalah Hans von Bora zu Hirschfeld bersama istrinya Anna von Haugwitz.<ref>Georg von Hirschfeld, 'Die Beziehungen Luthers und seiner Gemahlin, Katharina von Bora, zur Familie von Hirschfeld' in ''Beiträge zur sächssischen Kirchengeschichte'' (1883), pp. 83ff; Wolfgang Liebehenschel, ''Der langsame Aufstieg des Morgensterns von Wittenberg'' (Oschersleben, 1999), p. 79</ref> Tidak ada bukti sejarah untuk teori-teori itu. Pendapat lain menyatakan bahwa Katharina adalah putri Jan von Bora auf Lippendorf dan istrinya Margarete, yang tidak dapat dipastikan nama keluarganya. Keduanya hanya disebut secara spesifik pada tahun 1505.<ref>Jürgen Wagner, 'Zur Geschichte der Familie v. Bora und einiger Güter in den sächsischen Ämtern Borna und Pegau: Wer waren Martin Luthers Schwiegereltern?' in Genealogie (2010), p. 300</ref>
=== Kehidupan sebagai biarawati ===
Dapat dipastikan bahwa ayahnya mengirimkan Katherina pada usia 5 tahun ke biara Benedictine cloister di [[Brehna]] pada tahun 1504 untuk pendidikannya. Ini dicata pada sepucuk surat dari Laurentius Zoch kepada Martin Luther, yang ditulis pada tanggal 30 Oktober 1531. Surat ini merupakan satu-satunya bukti bahwa Katherina von Bora dibesarkan di dalam biara itu.<ref>D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Briefwechsel. 6. Band. Weimar 1935 Nr. 1879 s. 219</ref> Pada usia 9 tahun ia pindah ke biara Cistercian [[:en:List of Christian religious houses in Saxony#N|Marienthron]] ("Tahta Maria") di Nimbschen, dekat [[Grimma]], di mana bibinya dari pihak ibu sudah menjadi anggota komunitas itu.<ref name="augustana">{{cite web|url=http://helios.augustana.edu/~ew/des/illustrated-articles/su53.html|title=500th Anniversary of Katharina von Bora|publisher=Augustana|accessdate=2014-02-22|archive-date=2013-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027202720/http://helios.augustana.edu/~ew/des/illustrated-articles/su53.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kehidupan Katharina di biara ini terdokumentasi baik dari daftar tahun 1509/10.<ref>CDS Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae II 15 Nr. 455</ref>
Setelah beberapa tahun dalam kehidupan agamawi, Katharina menjadi tertarik pada gerakan [[Reformasi Protestan|reformasi]] dan tidak puas pada kehidupannya di biara. Bersepakat dengan sejumlah biarawati lain untuk melarikan diri, ia menghubungi Luther dan meminta pertolongannya.
Pada malam [[Paskah]], 4 April 1523, Luther mengirimkan Leonhard Köppe, seorang anggota dewan kota [[Torgau]] dan pedagang yang secara teratur mengirimkan ikan [[herring]] ke biara itu. Para biarawati dengan sukses melarikan diri dalam kereta kuda tertutup milik Köppe, di antara tong-tong ikan, dan sampai di [[Wittenberg]]. Seorang mahasiswa setempat menulis kepada temannya: 'Satu kereta penuh dengan [[:en:vestal virgin|perawan berseragam]] baru tiba di kota, semua ingin menikah lebih dari hidup. Kiranya Allah memberi mereka suami, sebelum terjadi hal-hal lebih buruk."<ref name="Bainton 223">Bainton, Here I Stand, p. 223.</ref>
Luther pertama-tama meminta orang tua dan sanak saudara para biarawati itu untuk menampung mereka, tetapi mereka menolak, kemungkinan karena berpartisipasi pada proses pelarian ini merupakan perbuatan kriminal menurut [[:en:canon law (Catholic Church)|hukum kanon]] ([[gereja Katolik Roma]]) pada waktu itu.<ref name=amer>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Bora, Katharina von|year=1920}}</ref> Dalam 2 tahun, Luther berhasil mengatur perumahan, pernikahan dan pekerjaan semua biarawati yang lari itu — kecuali Katharina. Mula-mula ia ditampung pada keluarga Philipp Reichenbach, panitera kota Wittenberg, dan kemudian tinggal di rumah [[:en:Lucas Cranach the Elder|Lucas Cranach Yang Tua]] dan istrinya, Barbara. Katharina ditaksir oleh banyak pria, termasuk alumnus Wittenberg University, Jerome (Hieronymus) Baumgärtner (1498–1565) dari [[Nuremberg]] dan seorang pastor, [[Kaspar Glatz]] dari [[Orlamünde]], tetapi tidak satupun usulan pertalian itu berakhir dengan pernikahan. Akhirnya, ia mengatakan kepada salah satu sahabat Luther dan juga tokoh reformasi, [[Nikolaus von Amsdorf]], bahwa ia hanya mau menikahi Luther atau Nikolaus.
=== Pernikahan dengan Luther ===
[[Berkas:Katharina-v-Bora-1526-1.jpg|jmpl|Kattarina Lutterin, sebagaimana tertera pada tulisannya, dilukis oleh [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], 1526]]
[[Berkas:Martin-Luther-1526-1.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Martin Luther]]
Martin Luther akhirnya menikahi Katharina pada tanggal 13 Juni 1525, di hadapan para saksi termasuk [[Justus Jonas]], [[Johannes Bugenhagen]], Barbara dan [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]].<ref name="Rix1983">{{cite book|last=Rix|first=Herbert David|title=Martin Luther: the man and the image|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FQB_TKWpHnwC&pg=PA182|accessdate=12 June 2011|year=1983|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-0-8290-0554-7|page=182}}</ref> Pada keesokan paginya diadakan makan pagi pernikahan di kalangan kecil, tetapi dua minggu kemudian, pada tanggal 27 Juni, mereka melangsungkan upacara pernikahan yang lebih formal, yang dipimpin oleh Bugenhagen.<ref>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Bora, Katharina von|year =1905}}</ref> Saat itu Von Bora berusia 26 tahun, sedangkan Luther 41 tahun. Pasangan itu tinggal di "[[:en:Lutherhaus|Black Cloister]]" (Lutherhaus; Augusteum), bekas rumah kos dan institusi pendidikan untuk para friar [[:en:Augustinians|Augustinian]] yang belajar di Wittenberg, diberikan sebagai hadiah pernikahan oleh tokoh pendukung reformasi, [[John Frederick, Elektor Sachsen]], putra dan keponakan para pelindung Luther, [[John, Elektor Sachsen]] dan [[Frederick III, Elektor Sachsen]].<ref>''D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe''. Tischreden. 6 vols. Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, 1912–21</ref>
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Katharina immediately took on the task of administering and managing the vast holdings of the monastery, breeding and selling [[cattle]], and running a brewery in order to provide for their family and the steady stream of students who boarded with them and visitors seeking audiences with her husband. In times of widespread illness, Katharina operated a hospital on site, ministering to the sick alongside other nurses. Luther called her the "boss of Zulsdorf," after the name of the farm they owned, and the "morning star of Wittenberg" for her habit of rising at 4 a.m. to take care of her various responsibilities.
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Selain sibuk mengurus tanah biara, Katharina melahirkan 6 anak: Hans (7 Juni 1526 – 27 Oktober 1575), [[:en:Elisabeth Luther|Elizabeth]] (10 Desember 1527 – 3 Agustus 1528) meninggal pada usia 8 bulan, [[:en:Magdalena Luther|Magdalena]] (4 Mei 1529 – 20 September 1542) meninggal pada usia 13 tahun, Martin (9 November 1531 – 4 Maret 1565), [[:en:Paul Luther|Paul]] (28 Januari 1533 – 8 Maret 1593), dan Margarete (17 Desember 1534 – 1570); selain dari keguguran yang dialaminya pada tanggal 1 November 1539. Keluarga Luther juga membesarkan 4 anak yatim piatu, termasuk keponakan laki-laki Katharina, Fabian.<ref>{{Citation |url = http://www.susanlynnpeterson.com/luther/late.html |title = Luther's Later Years (1538–1546) |last = Peterson |first = Susan Lynn}}.</ref>
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Anecdotal evidence indicates that Katharina von Bora’s role as the wife of a critical member of the Reformation paralleled the marital teachings of Luther and the movement. Katharina depended on Luther such as for his incomes before the estate’s profits increased, thanks to her. She respected him as a higher vessel and called him formally “Sir Doctor” throughout her life. He reciprocated such respect by occasionally consulting her on church matters.<ref>Karant-Nunn, Susan C., and Merry E. Wiesner. Luther On Women: A Sourcebook. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 3 Dec. 2014.</ref> She assisted him with running the menial estate duties as he couldn’t complete both these and those to the church and university. Katharina also directed the renovations done to accommodate the size of their operations.<ref>Treu, Martin. "Katharina Von Bora, The Woman At Luther's Side." Lutheran Quarterly 13.2 (1999): 156-178. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.</ref>
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=== Setelah kematian Luther ===
[[Berkas:Katharina-von-Bora-08.jpg|jmpl|Katharina von Bora, 1546]]
Ketika Martin Luther meninggal pada tahun 1546, Katharina ditinggalkan dalam keadaan kesulitan keuangan karena tiadanya gaji Luther sebagai [[profesor]] dan [[pastor]], meskipun ia memiliki tanah, harta dan "Black Cloister". Ia pernah dianjurkan oleh Martin Luther untuk pindah ke luar dari biara tua dan menjualnya, setelah Luther meninggal, dan menempati perumahan yang lebih layak bersama anak-anak yang masih tinggal bersamanya, tetapi ia menolak.<ref>[Johan Theophil Bring, The wife and home of Luther. 1917, Stockholm]</ref> <!-- Almost immediately thereafter, Katharina had to leave the [[Lutherhaus|Black Cloister]] (now called Lutherhaus) on her own at the outbreak of the [[Schmalkaldic War]], from which she fled to [[Magdeburg]]. After her return the approach of the war forced another flight in 1547, this time to [[Braunschweig]]. In July of that year, at the close of the war, she was at last able to return to Wittenberg. After the war the buildings and lands of the monastery had been torn apart and laid waste, the cattle and other farm animals were stolen or killed. If she had sold the land and the buildings, she could have had a good financial situation. As it was, economically, they could not remain there. Katharina was able to support herself thanks to the generosity of [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]] and the princes of Anhalt.{{citation needed|date = June 2011}}
She remained in Wittenberg in poverty until 1552, when an outbreak of the [[Black Plague]] and a harvest failure forced her to leave the city once again. She fled to [[Torgau]] where her cart was involved in a bad accident near the city gates, seriously injuring Katharina.-->
Katharina meninggal di Torgau sekitar tiga bulan setelah kecelakaan yang dialaminya, pada tanggal 20 Desember 1552 pada usia 53 tahun dan dimakamkan di Saint Mary's Church, Torgau, terpisah dari makam suaminya di Wittenberg.<!-- She is reported to have said on her deathbed, "I will stick to Christ as a burr to cloth."{{citation needed|date = June 2011}}
By the time of Katharina's death, the surviving Luther children were adults. After Katharina's death, the [[Lutherhaus|Black Cloister]] was sold back to the university in 1564 by his heirs. Hans studied law and became a court advisor. Martin studied theology, but never had a regular pastoral call. Paul became a physician. He fathered six children and the male line of the Luther family continued through him to [[John Ernest Luther]], ending in 1759. [[Margareta Luther]], born in [[Wittenberg]] on December 17, 1534, married into a noble, wealthy Prussian family, to Georg von Kunheim ([[Wehlau]], July 1, 1523 – [[Mühlhausen (disambiguation)|Mühlhausen]], October 18, 1611, the son of Georg von Kunheim (1480–1543) and wife Margarethe, Truchsessin von Wetzhausen (1490–1527)) but died in Mühlhausen in 1570 at the age of thirty-six. Her descendants have continued to modern times, including German President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (1847–1934) and the Counts zu [[Philip, Prince of Eulenburg|Eulenburg]] and Princes zu Eulenburg und Hertefeld.-->
== Peringatan ==
Katharina diperingati pada [[:en:Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Kalender Orang Kudus]] di sejumlah [[Gereja Lutheran]] [[Amerika Serikat]] pada tanggal 20 Desember.
== Bibliografi ==
=== Buku ===
* [[Roland H. Bainton]], ''[[Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther]]'', New York: Penguin, 1995, c1950. 336 p. ISBN 0-452-01146-9.
* Roland H. Bainton, ''Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy'', [[Augsburg Fortress Publishers]] (Hardcover), 1971. ISBN 0-8066-1116-2. Academic Renewal Press (Paperback), 2001. 279 p. ISBN 0-7880-9909-4.
* Hans J. Hillerbrand, ed. ''The Reformation: A Narrative History Related by Contemporary Observers and Participants'', Grand Rapids, MI: [[Baker Book House]], 1979.
* E. Jane Mall, ''Kitty, My Rib'', St. Louis: [[Concordia Publishing House]], 1959. ISBN 0-570-03113-3.
* ''Luther's Works'', 55 volumes of lectures, commentaries and sermons, translated into English and published by Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press, 1957; released on CD-ROM, 2001.
* Heiko A. Oberman, ''Luther: Man Between God and the Devil'', trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (New York: Image, 1992).
* Martin Brecht, ''Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532'', trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990); esp. chapter 4, "Marriage, Home, and Family (1525-30)."
* Yvonne Davy, ''Frau Luther''.
* Karant-Nunn, Susan C., and Merry E. Wiesner. Luther On Women: A Sourcebook. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 3 Dec. 2014.
* Treu, Martin. "Katharina Von Bora, The Woman At Luther's Side." Lutheran Quarterly 13.2 (1999): 156-178. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons|Katharina von Bora}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Bora, Katharina von|Katharina von Bora}}
* Maike Vogt-Lüerssen: ''[http://www.kleio.org/frauen/ren19.htm Katharina von Bora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710032525/http://www.kleio.org/frauen/ren19.htm |date=2006-07-10 }}''
* [http://www.lutherin.de/ Katharina von Bora]
* [http://www.lutheriden.de/pdf/torgau_vortrag.pdf Katharina von Bora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022308/http://www.lutheriden.de/pdf/torgau_vortrag.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }}
* [http://www.lutherin.de A website devoted to Katharina von Bora] {{de icon}}
* The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (USA) Concordia Historical Institute [http://chi.lcms.org/katie website on Katherine von Bora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726215320/http://chi.lcms.org//katie/ |date=2010-07-26 }}
* Katie Luther, by Rebecca Johnson: [http://leben.us/volume-04-volume-4-issue-1/248-katie-luther]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [http://leben.us/volume-04-volume-4-issue-2/259-katie-luther-part-ii]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* John Gottlieb Morris,<ref>[https://archive.org/search.php?query=John%20Gottlieb%20Morris%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Texts by John Gottlieb Morris]</ref> 1803-1895 [http://books.google.com/books?id=IdoPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Katharina+von+Bora&hl=en&sa=X&ei=789gVN3uDsGtyASH-YCoBw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Catherine de Bora: Or Social and Domestic Scenes in the Home of Luther''] 1856
* Hermann Nietschmann 1840-1929 [https://archive.org/details/katharinevonbora00niet ''Katharine von Bora, Dr. Martin Luther's wife. A picture from life''] (1890)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66ukpl-tyg4&list=PL3f9lXlSsy4ehHr9lh3pkh5q2z8shD4n1&index=44 A Modern skit about Martin and Katharina] YouTube
{{Martin Luther}}
{{lifetime|1499|1552|}}
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