Darwinisme sosial: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Darwinisme sosial''' adalah nama baru yang diberikan untuk berbagai teori masyarakat yang muncul di [[Britania Raya]], [[Amerika Utara]], dan [[Eropa Barat]] pada tahun 1870-an yang diklaim telah menerapkan konsep-konsep biologi seperti [[seleksi alam]] dan [[sintasan yang terbugar]] dalam sosiologi dan politik.<ref name=Riggenbach>Riggenbach, Jeff (2011-04-24) [https://mises.org/daily/5206/The-Real-William-Graham-Sumner The Real William Graham Sumner], [[Mises Institute]]</ref><ref>Williams, Raymond. 2000. Social Darwinism. In Herbert Spencer's Critical Assessment. John Offer. (ed). pp. 186–199</ref> Para Darwinis sosial umumnya berpendapat bahwa kaum yang kuat melihat kekayaan dan kekuasaannya meningkat, sedangkan kaum yang lemah melihat kekayaan dan kekuasaannya menurun. Darwinis sosial pun memiliki pandangan yang berbeda mengenai kelompok masyarakat yang tergolong ''kuat'' dan ''lemah''; mereka juga berbeda pendapat soal mekanisme yang tepat untuk mengutamakan kekuatan dan meredam kelemahan. Pandangan seperti ini menegaskan persaingan antarindividu dalam [[kapitalisme]] ''[[laissez-faire]]'', sedangkan pandangan lainnya mendorong terciptanya pemikiran [[eugenika]], [[rasisme ilmiah|rasisme]], [[imperialisme]],<ref name="TCL">Leonard, Thomas C. (2009) [http://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/myth.pdf Origins of the Myth of Social Darwinism: The Ambiguous Legacy of Richard Hofstadter’s Social Darwinism in American Thought] Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 71, p.37–51</ref> [[fasisme]], [[Nazisme]], dan perebutan kekuasaan antarsuku bangsa atau antarras.<ref>Gregory Claeys (2000). The "Survival of the Fittest" and the Origins of Social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas 61 (2):223-240.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=298–299}}</ref> Istilah ''Darwinisme sosial'' mendapat perhatian luas ketika digunakan oleh penentang konsep sebelumnya setelah tahun 1944. Kebanyakan mereka yang digolongkan sebagai Darwinis sosial tidak menganggap dirinya penganut Darwinisme sosial.<ref name=h428>{{harvnb|Hodgson|2004|pp=428–430}}</ref>
Kaum [[kreasionisme|kreasionis]] berpendapat bahwa Darwinisme sosial—yang menghasilkan kebijakan-kebijakan yang menindas kaum lemah—adalah [[konsekuensi logis]] dari "Darwinisme" (teori [[seleksi alam]] dalam biologi). Para ahli biologi dan sejarawan menyatakan bahwa kesesatan berpikir ini merupakan [[pendasaran alam]] (''appeal to nature''), karena teori seleksi alam hanya bertujuan menjelaskan fenomena biologi dan bukan untuk dinilai atau dijadikan panduan moral umat manusia. Meski sejumlah pengamat melihat adanya kaitan sejarah antara ketenaran teori Darwin dan bentuk-bentuk Darwinisme sosial, mereka juga menegaskan bahwa Darwinisme sosial merupakan konsekuensi nyata dari prinsip-prinsip evolusi biologi.<ref>Paul, Diane B. 2003. Darwin, Social Darwinism and Eugenics. in The Cambridge companion to Darwin. [[Cambridge University Press]], 2003 ISBN 0-521-77730-5 p.</ref>
Para ahli mempersoalkan bagaimana ideologi Darwinis sosial mencerminkan pandangan Charles Darwin terhadap permasalahan sosial dan ekonomi manusia. Tulisan-tulisan Darwin mengandung kalimat yang dapat ditafsirkan sebagai penolakan terhadap individualisme agresif, sedangkan kalimat lainnya seolah mendukung individualisme agresif.<ref>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=300–301}}</ref> Sejumlah pengamat berpendapat bahwa pandangan Darwin perlahan berubah dan ikut menyertakan pandangan sejumlah penafsir teorinya dalam ilmu sosial seperti [[Herbert Spencer]],<ref>Gregory Claeys. 2000. The "Survival of the Fittest" and the Origins of Social Darwinism. Journal of the History of Ideas
== Lihat pula ==
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* [[Altruisme]]
Baris 28 ⟶ 26:
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== Referensi ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
=== Sumber primer ===
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=93577330 ''Darwinism: Critical Reviews from Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review], Edinburgh Review, Quarterly Review'' (1977 edition) reprints 19th century reviews and essays
* {{Cite journal
Baris 50 ⟶ 48:
| last = Darwin
| first = Charles
| author-link = Charles Darwin
| year = 1882
| title = The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
| edition = 2nd
| publication-place = London
| publisher = John Murray
| url = http://library.alibris.com/booksearch.detail?invid=11529157550&browse=1&qwork=1595131&first=1&mtype=B&qsort=p&page=1
| accessdate =
| ref = harv
| postscript = <!--None-->
| journal =
}}▼
| archive-date = 2017-10-28
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171028181240/https://library.alibris.com/booksearch.detail?browse=1&first=1&invid=11529157550&mtype=B&page=1&qsort=p&qwork=1595131
| dead-url = yes
▲ }}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Fisher
Baris 77 ⟶ 79:
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57831077 Fiske, John. ''Darwinism and Other Essays'' (1900)]
=== Sumber sekunder ===
* Bannister, Robert C. ''Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought'' (1989)
* Bannister, Robert C. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=61860931 ''Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880-1940''] (1987)
Baris 87 ⟶ 89:
|year = 2003
|title = Evolution: The History of an Idea
|url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8
|edition = 3rd
|publisher = [[University of California Press]]
|isbn = 0-520-23693-9|ref=harv }}
* Crook, D. Paul. ''Darwinism, War and History
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001247998 Crook, Paul. "Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945" ''The Australian Journal of Politics and History'', Vol. 45, 1999]
* Crook, Paul. ''Darwin's Coat-Tails: Essays on Social Darwinism'' (Peter Lang, 2007)
Baris 103 ⟶ 106:
|year = 1991
|title = Darwin
|url = https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm
|publication-place = London
|publisher =Michael Joseph, Penguin Group
Baris 113 ⟶ 117:
* {{cite book|author=Hawkins, Mike|title=[[Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860-1945]]: Nature and Model and Nature as Threat|location=London|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1997|isbn=0-521-57434-X}}
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107191131 Hodge, Jonathan and Gregory Radick. ''The Cambridge Companion to Darwin'' (2003)]
* {{Cite journal |url=http://www.geoffrey-hodgson.info/user/image/socialdarwinism.pdf |title=Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: A Contribution to the History of the Term |first=Geoffrey M. |last=
* {{cite book|title=Social Darwinism in American Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinismi0000hofs_b6o1|first=Richard|last=Hofstadter|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1944}}
** {{cite book|title=Social Darwinism in American Thought|first=Richard|last=Hofstadter|editor=Eric Foner|location=Boston|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1992|edition=with a new introduction|isbn=0807055034}}
* Jones, Leslie, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001362323 ''Social Darwinism Revisited'' History Today, Vol. 48, August 1998]
* Kaye, Howard L. ''The Social Meaning of Modern Biology: From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology'' (1997).
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* Sammut-Bonnici, T. & Wensley, R. (2002), 'Darwinism, Probability and Complexity: Transformation and Change Explained through the Theories of Evolution', ' 'International Journal of Management Reviews' ', 4(3) pp. 291–315.
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/C004367/eh4.shtml Social Darwinism on ThinkQuest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624081820/http://library.thinkquest.org/C004367/eh4.shtml |date=2005-06-24 }}
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/nameof/ ''In the name of Darwin''] - criticism of social Darwinism
* [http://library.alibris.com/booksearch.detail?invid=11529157550&browse=1&qwork=1595131&first=1&mtype=B&qsort=p&page=1 Descent of Man on Alibris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028181240/https://library.alibris.com/booksearch.detail?browse=1&first=1&invid=11529157550&mtype=B&page=1&qsort=p&qwork=1595131 |date=2017-10-28 }}
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