Anne Rice: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{penjelasan singkat|Penulis Amerika Serikat (1941–2021)}}
{{Infobox writer
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== Kehidupan masa kecil ==
=== New Orleans dan Texas ===
Anne Rice lahir sebagai anak kedua dan keempat anak perempuan di [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], pada 4 Oktober 1941 dari pasangan [[Katolik]] [[Irlandia-Amerika Serikat|Irlandia]] Howard O'Brien dan Katherine "Kay" Allen O'Brien.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Rice|title=Anne Rice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006101829/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Rice|archive-date=October 6, 2021|access-date=October 3, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/donotmigrate/3562792/Anne-Rice-interview-with-the-vampire-writer.html|title=Anne Rice: interview with the vampire writer|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=November 2, 2008|access-date=September 11, 2010|first=Stuart|last=Husband|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213042527/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/donotmigrate/3562792/Anne-Rice-interview-with-the-vampire-writer.html|archive-date=December 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ayahnya yang menjadi veteran Angkatan Laut [[Perang Dunia II]] dan penduduk seumur hidup New Orleans bekerja sebagai eksekutif personalia di [[Jawatan Pos Amerika Serikat]] dan menulis sebuah novel berjudul ''The Impulsive Imp'' yang diterbitkan selepas kematiannya.<ref name="Father Obit" /><ref name="Imp review">{{cite web|title=THE IMPULSIVE IMP by Howard O'Brien|url=http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/indie/howard-obrien/the-impulsive-imp/#review|publisher=Kirkus Reviews|access-date=June 10, 2012}}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Chamber Imp">{{cite web|last=Rice|first=Anne|title=The Impulsive Imp|url=http://www.annerice.com/Chamber-Imp.html|publisher=Anne Rice|work=AnneRice.com|access-date=June 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185217/http://www.annerice.com/Chamber-Imp.html|archive-date=July 16, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Kakaknya, [[Alice Borchardt]], kemudian menjadi penulis novel fantasi dan [[percintaan sejarah]].<ref name="obit">"{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-03-me-borchardt3-story.html |title=Alice Borchardt, 67; author wrote historical romance novels in second career after nursing |first=Mary |last=Rourke |website=Los Angeles Times |date=August 3, 2007 |access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref>
Anne menghabiskan sebagian besar masa mudanya di New Orleans yang menjadi latar dari banyak karyanya. Ia dan keluarganya tinggal di rumah kontrakan nenek dari pihak ibu, Alice Allen, yang dikenal sebagai "Mamma Allen", di 2301 St. Charles Avenue di [[Irish Channel]], yang menurut Rice secara luas dianggap sebagai "Ghetto Katolik".<ref name=Busted>{{cite web|last=McGarvey|first=Bill|title=Busted: Anne Rice|date=November 22, 2005|url=http://www.bustedhalo.com/features/busted-anne-rice/2|publisher=Busted Halo|access-date=June 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722014053/http://bustedhalo.com/features/busted-anne-rice/2|archive-date=July 22, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Frommer's">{{cite web|title=Special-Interest Sightseeing: Anne Rice's New Orleans|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/neworleans/0020020185.html|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|access-date=June 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322032212/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/neworleans/0020020185.html|archive-date=March 22, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Katherine yang mulai bekerja sebagai pembantu rumah tangga tak lama setelah berpisah dari suaminya yang pecandu alkohol merupakan pengaruh awal yang penting dalam kehidupan Anne, menjaga keluarga dan rumah tangga tetap kokoh saat ibu dari Anne semakin tenggelam dalam alkoholisme. Katherine meninggal pada tahun 1949, tetapi keluarga Howard tetap tinggal di rumahnya sampai tahun 1956, ketika mereka pindah ke 2524 St. Charles Avenue, yang merupakan bekas pastoran, biara, dan sekolah milik paroki, agar lebih dekat dengan gereja dan berupaya menyemangati Katherine yang kecanduan alkohol.{{sfn|Ramsland|1991|pp=34–35}} Semasa kecil, Anne bersekolah di St. Alphonsus School, sebuah lembaga Katolik tempat ayahnya bersekolah.<ref name="Busted" />
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Anne kembali ke Universitas Negara Bagian San Francisco pada tahun 1970 untuk menyelesaikan perkuliahannya di bidang penulisan kreatif dan lulus dengan gelar [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] pada tahun 1972. Stan menjadi instruktur di Universitas Negara Bagian San Francisco tak lama setelah menerima gelar M.A. di bidang penulisan kreatif dan kemudian memimpin bagian kreatif departemen penulisan sebelum pensiun pada tahun 1988.<ref name=smalltalk>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/d15d15e4-ede9-11df-8616-00144feab49a.html#axzz1Q9PwBRye |title=Small talk: Anne Rice |last=Metcalfe |first=Anna |date=November 15, 2010 |website=Financial Times |access-date=December 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515023432/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/d15d15e4-ede9-11df-8616-00144feab49a.html#axzz1Q9PwBRye#axzz1Q9PwBRye |archive-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Ramsland|1991|pp=112–113}} Anaknya didiagnosis menderita [[leukemia myeloid|leukemia granulositik]] akut pada tahun 1970 ketika Anne masih melanjutkan pendidikan pascasarjana. Berbulan-bulan sebelum Michele jatuh sakit, Anne kemudian menjelaskan bahwa ia mengalami [[mimpi kenabian]] bahwa putrinya sekarat karena terdapat sesuatu yang salah dengan darahnya. Michele meninggal pada tahun 1972 tak lama sebelum berusia 6 tahun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20100681,00.html |title=Anne Rice's Imagination May Roam Among Vampires and Erotica, but Her Heart Is Right at Home |last1=Wadler |first1=Joyce |last2=Greene |first2=Johnny |date=December 5, 1998 |website=People |access-date=December 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110330123938/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20100681,00.html |archive-date=March 30, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NYT-obituary />
Anne kemudian melahirkan [[Christopher Rice|Christopher]] di [[Berkeley, California]] pada tahun 1978,<ref name=Riley>{{cite book|last=Riley|first=Michael|title=Conversations with Anne Rice|url=https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000rice|date=April 1996|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=0-345-39636-7|page=xvi|type = Soft cover|chapter=Chronology}}</ref> yang kemudian menjadi penulis terlaris dengan caranya sendiri. Ia menerbitkan novel pertamanya pada usia 22 tahun.<ref name=ChristopherBlog>{{cite web|title=About Christopher |url=http://www.christopherricebooks.com/AboutChristopher.html |work=Christopher Rice, New York Times Best Selling Novelist |publisher=Christopher Rice |access-date=April 26, 2014 |quote=Christopher's first novel, A DENSITY OF SOULS, was published when he was just 22. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309123557/http://www.christopherricebooks.com/AboutChristopher.html |archive-date=March 9, 2014 }}</ref> Anne yang mengakui dirinya pecandu alkohol dan suaminya berhenti minum alkohol pada pertengahan tahun 1979 sehingga anak mereka tidak akan memiliki kehidupan yang sama seperti Anne saat kecil.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/user/AnneRiceDotCom#p/u/280/B2PN9vS7oLQ "Don't Drink"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828225501/https://www.youtube.com/user/AnneRiceDotCom#p/u/280/B2PN9vS7oLQ#p/u/280/B2PN9vS7oLQ |date=August 28, 2014 }}, annerice.com YouTube channel</ref>
== Karier kepenulisan ==
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Anne menulis ''[[Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt]]'' yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2005. Novel ini ialah awal dari seri yang mencatat kehidupan Yesus.<ref name=":2" /> Setelah pindah ke [[Rancho Mirage]] pada tahun 2006,<ref name="PEInterview"/> Anne menulis jilid kedua yaitu ''[[Christ the Lord: The Road to Cana]]'' yang diterbitkan pada bulan Maret 2008 dan sedang mengerjakan jilid ketiga yaitu ''Christ the Lord: Kingdom of Heaven'' pada bulan November 2008. Ia juga menulis dua buku pertama dalam seri ''Songs of the Seraphim'', yaitu ''[[Angel Time]]'' dan ''[[Of Love and Evil]]'', serta memoarnya berjudul ''Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession''.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Rice|first=Anne|title=Anne's Messages to Fans|url=http://www.annerice.com/ReaderInteraction-MessagesToFans.html|publisher=Anne Rice|work=AnneRice.com|access-date=December 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230021048/http://www.annerice.com/ReaderInteraction-MessagesToFans.html|archive-date=December 30, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pada 9 Maret 2014, Anne mengumumkan bahwa ia telah menuntaskan buku lain dalam seri ''Vampire Chronicles'' berjudul ''[[Prince Lestat]]'' yang dikatakan sebagai sekuel sejati dari 'Queen of the Damned'' di acara radio ''The Dinner Party with Christopher Rice dan Eric Shaw Quinn'' yang dibawakan anaknya.
== Penerimaan dan analisis ==
Setelah memulai debutnya pada tahun 1976, ''[[Interview with the Vampire]]'' menerima banyak ulasan negatif dari para pengkritik, sehingga Anne mundur sementara dari genre supernatural. Ketika ''[[The Vampire Lestat]]'' memulai debutnya pada tahun 1985, tanggapan dari kritikus maupun pembaca lebih positif, dan edisi sampul keras pertama buku ini terjual 75.000 buku. Setelah diterbitkan pada tahun 1988, versi sampul keras awal ''[[The Queen of the Damned]]'' dicetak sebanyak 405.000 buku.<ref name="Ferraro" /> Novel ini adalah pilihan utama dari [[Persekutuan Sastra Amerika]] untuk tahun 1988 dan mencapai posisi #1 di [[daftar The New York Times Best Seller]] dan bertahan di daftar itu selama lebih dari empat bulan.<ref name="Ferraro" /><ref name=Hunter>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Jeffrey W.|title=Contemporary Literary Criticism|volume=128|date=2000|publisher=Gale Cengage|isbn=0787632031}}</ref
Novel Rice diterima dengan baik oleh banyak anggota komunitas [[LGBT+]], beberapa anggota di antaranya menganggap tokoh vampirnya sebagai simbol [[alegori]] dari isolasi dan keterasingan sosial.<ref name="Ferraro" /> Demikian pula, seorang pengulas menulis untuk ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' mengamati bahwa vampir dari novel-novelnya mewakili "yang berjalan teralienasi, orang-orang dari kita yang, karena pilihan atau tidak, berdiam di pinggiran."{{sfn|Day|2002|p=43}} Mengenai masalah ini, Anne sendiri berkomentar, "Sejak awal, saya memiliki penggemar gay, dan pembaca gay yang merasa bahwa karya saya melibatkan alegori gay yang berkelanjutan ... Saya tidak berniat melakukan itu, tetapi itulah yang mereka rasakan. Jadi, bahkan ketika Christopher adalah seorang sayang, saya memiliki pembaca gay dan teman gay dan mengenal orang gay, dan tinggal di distrik Castro di San Francisco, yang merupakan lingkungan gay."<ref name=NPR />
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=== California ===
After leaving New Orleans, Rice settled first in [[La Jolla]], California. In November 2005, she described the weather in La Jolla as "like heaven."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2005/10/30/the-gospel-according-to-anne.html |title=The Gospel According to Anne |website=[[Newsweek]]|date=October 30, 2005|access-date=June 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126083305/http://www.newsweek.com/2005/10/30/the-gospel-according-to-anne.html|archive-date=January 26, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051103/news_lz1c03rice.html|title=Anne Rice's rebirth|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=November 3, 2005|access-date=June 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119174839/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051103/news_lz1c03rice.html|archive-date=November 19, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> However, she left La Jolla less than a year after moving there, stating in January 2006 that the weather was too cold.<ref>Showley, Roger M. (January 11, 2006). [http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20060111-9999-1m11rice.html "Author Rice puts her La Jolla home up for sale for $11.5 million"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510223513/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20060111-9999-1m11rice.html |date=May 10, 2012 }}. ''[[U-T San Diego]]''.</ref> She purchased a six-bedroom home in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] in late 2005 and moved there in 2006, allowing her to be closer to her son in Los Angeles.<ref name="PEInterview">Dean, Jennifer (December 12, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091216071515/https://www.pe.com/localnews/rivcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_S_webrice.3a134da.html "Q&A with Anne Rice on 'Angel Time'"]. ''The Press-Enterprise''. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref><ref name="MovingToCali">{{cite web|last=Beale|first=Lauren|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-12-la-hm-hotprop-rice-20100511-story.html|title=Anne Rice puts Rancho Mirage home on the market|work=[[LA Times]]|date=May 12, 2010|access-date=December 12, 2021|url-status=live}}
On July 18, 2010, Rice auctioned off her large collection of antique dolls<ref>{{youTube|id=Z4QXDxp1SGo|title=Anne Rice Doll Collection}}, ''annerice.com YouTube channel,'' November 22, 2008</ref> at Thierault's in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollcollectingresources/a/annriceinterview.htm|title="Celebrated Author Anne Rice Discusses Her Beloved Doll Collection And Its Sale," ''About.com''|author=Denise Van Patten|work=About|access-date=June 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606194305/http://collectdolls.about.com/od/dollcollectingresources/a/annriceinterview.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning in mid-2010 and continuing through early 2011, Rice also began auctioning off her household possessions, collectibles featured in her many books, jewelry, and wardrobe on [[eBay]].<ref name=LATimes>{{cite news|last=Kellogg|first=Carolyn|title=Going fast: Anne Rice's Ebay auction|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/03/anne-rices-ebay-auction.html|work=Los Angeles Times Blog|publisher=Tribune Company|access-date=July 3, 2012|date=March 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210105806/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/03/anne-rices-ebay-auction.html|archive-date=December 10, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> She also sold a large portion of her library collection to [[Powell's Books]].<ref name=PortlandBusiness>{{cite news|last=Giegerich|first=Andy|title=Powell's Books buys Anne Rice collection|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2010/10/26/powells-books-buys-anne-rice-collection.html|access-date=July 1, 2012|newspaper=Portland Business Journal|date=October 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316234044/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2010/10/26/powells-books-buys-anne-rice-collection.html|archive-date=March 16, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Kematian ==
Anne meninggal dunia karena komplikasi stroke di sebuah rumah sakit di [[Rancho Mirage]], [[California]] pada 11 Desember 2021, dua bulan selepas ulang tahunnya ke-80.<ref name=NYT-obituary /><ref name=Seattle-Times-obituary>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/anne-rice-author-of-gothic-novels-dead-at-80/|title = Anne Rice, author of gothic novels, dead at 80|work=[[Associated Press]]|date = December 12, 2021 | access-date=December 12, 2021}}</ref
== Alih wahana ==
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=== Komik dan manga ===
Beberapa novel Anne telah dialihwahanakan ke komik dan [[manga]]. Berikut ialah daftar alih wahana berikut penerbit dan tahun penerbitan.
* ''[[The Vampire Lestat#Anne Rice's The Vampire Lestat|Anne Rice's The Vampire Lestat]]'' #1–12 by [[Innovation Comics]] (1990–1991),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Overstreet |first1=Robert M. |title=[[Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide]] |date=1993 |publisher=Avon Books |location=New York |isbn=9780380772209 |page=[https://archive.org/details/overstreetcomicb00over/page/431 431] |edition=23rd}}</ref> compiled into one volume by Ballantine Books (1991)<ref>{{cite web |title=Books, Listed by Author |url=http://www.locusmag.com/index/b395.htm |work=[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]] |access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref>
* ''Anne Rice's The Mummy or Ramses the Damned'' #1–12 by [[Millennium Publications]] (1990–1992)<ref name="Overstreet2015"/>
* ''Anne Rice's The Queen of the Damned'' #1–11 (#12 was never published) by Innovation Comics (1991)<ref name="Melton">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead |url=https://archive.org/details/vampirebookencyc00melt |date=2011 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |location=Detroit |isbn=9781578593484 |page=[https://archive.org/details/vampirebookencyc00melt/page/575 575] |edition=3rd}}</ref>
* ''Anne Rice's The Master of Rampling Gate'' ([[One-shot (comics)|one-shot]]) by Innovation Comics (1991)<ref name="Overstreet2015">{{cite book |last1=Overstreet |first1=Robert M. |title=[[Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide]] |date=2015 |location=Timonium, MD |isbn=9781603601757 |page=[https://archive.org/details/overstreetcomicb0000over_w9w6/page/429 429] |edition=45th (2015-2016)}}</ref>
* ''Anne Rice's The Vampire Companion'' #1–3 by Innovation Comics (1991)<ref name="Melton"/>
* ''Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire'' #1–12 by Innovation Comics (1991–1994)<ref name="Overstreet2015"/>
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=== Menggunakan nama samaran Anne Rampling ===
* ''[[Exit to Eden]]'' (1985)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=1997|editor-last=Clute|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Clute|editor2-last=Grant|editor2-first=John|editor2-link=John Grant (author)|title=Rice, Anne|url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/fe/rice_anne|url-status=live|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=[[The Encyclopedia of Fantasy]]|language=en}}{{Pranala mati|date=Oktober 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* ''[[Belinda (Anne Rice novel)|Belinda]]'' (1986)<ref name=":1" />
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* {{cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|title=The Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-521-40258-1|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00bowm/page/607|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Cardin|first=Matt|date=2015|title=Mummies Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion and Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWJhBQAAQBAJ&q=lot+249&pg=PA291|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-61069-419-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Day|first=William Patrick|title=Vampire Legends in Contemporary American Culture: What Becomes a Legend Most|url=https://archive.org/details/vampirelegendsin0000dayw_u3p1|date=2002|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=0813122422|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramsland |first=Katherine |date=1991 |title=Prism of the Night: A Biography of Anne Rice |publisher=Dutton Penguin |location=New York |isbn=0525933700 |ref=ID |url=https://archive.org/details/prismofnightbi00rams|ref=harv}}
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