|
|is_vehicle=yes
|name= "Tank Singa Babilonia"
|image= [[FileBerkas:T-72-Fort Hood.jpg|300px]]
|caption= Tank Irak T-72 dimusium Fort Hood
|type= [[Tank tempur utama|Tank Tempur Utama]]
|vehicle_range= 425 km<br>600 km dengan tengki tambahan
|speed= 60 km/jam (dijalan)<br>45 km/jam (diluar jalan)
}}'''Singa Babilonia''' atau '''''Asad Babil''''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: اسد بابل) adalah nama yang diberikan ke proyek dari Tentara Irak (Baath) untuk memproduksi [[T-72]] menjadi buatan lokal selama alhir dekade 1980-an. Tank ini dirakit di kota Taji di Irak.<ref name="M1A1vsT-72p24" /><ref name="baathglob" /> ▼
}}
Proyek ini di jalnkan oleh Rezim [[Saddam Hussein]] kemandirian lokal dalam hal pembuatan tank , yang dipicu sebagian oleh embargo Negara Barat terhadap penjualan kendaraan militer ke Irak selama [[Perang Iran-Irak]]. Namun Irak membantah jika tidak ada Tank yang pernah selesai nyatanya ada 120 tank bertugas selama konflik di timur irak. ▼{{T-72 navigation}}
▲'''Singa Babilonia''' atau '''''Asad Babil''''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: اسد بابل) adalah nama yang diberikan ke proyek dari Tentara Irak (Baath) untuk memproduksi [[T-72]]menjadi buatan lokal selama alhir dekade 1980-an. Tank ini dirakit di kota Taji di Irak.<ref name="M1A1vsT-72p24" /><ref name="baathglob" />
▲Proyek ini di jalnkan oleh Rezim [[Saddam Hussein]] kemandirian lokal dalam hal pembuatan tank , yang dipicu sebagian oleh embargo Negara Barat terhadap penjualan kendaraan militer ke Irak selama [[Perang Iran-Irak]]. Namun Irak membantah jika tidak ada Tank yang pernah selesai nyatanya ada 120 tank bertugas selama konflik di timur irak.
Nama Singa Babilonia diambil dari Singa Babilonia, yang mana merupakan simbol kuno dari kerajaan babilonia yang mempresentasikan sebagai kekuatan yang besar.
== Sejarah Produksi ==
Pada tahun 1986, sebuah perusahaan milik Jerman Barat membangun pabrik di Taji untuk memproduksi baja guna kepentingan militer. salahSalah satu fungsinya adalah untuk melakukan [[retrofit]] dan membangunpembangunan kembali tank yang sudah usang, seperti [[T-54|T-54 / T-55]], [[T-62]], yang telah berdinas di Angkatan Bersenjata Irak dan untuk merakit beberapa ratus tank [[T-72]] kiriman dari [[Uni Soviet]] dan [[Polandia T-72]],<ref name="timmerman" /> importeddiimpor duringselama earlytahap-tahap stagesawal of[[Perang the warIran-Irak|perang withdengan Iran]].<ref name="Rus" />
In the late-1980s plans were made to produce new T-72M1 tanks in Taji. These tanks were to be assembled from knockdown kits delivered by the Polish state-owned company Bumar-Łabędy.<ref name="ZalogaP24">{{cite book|last1=Zaloga|first1=Steven J.|title=M1 Abrams Vs T-72 Ural - Operation Desert Storm 1991|date=2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd.|isbn=978 1 84603 432 9|page=24|accessdate=21 October 2015}}</ref> The assembly was to start in 1989 and the tanks would receive the name Asad Babil (Lion of Babylon). According to Polish officials not a single T-72M1 was finished, even though in 1988 a T-72M was displayed on an Iraqi arms show, which was claimed to be locally produced.<ref name="ZalogaP24" /> The local assembly of the T-72 started in Taji in early 1989 as suggested by Iraqi officials.<ref name="timmerman">{{citation |first=Kenneth R |last= Timmerman |authorlink=Kenneth R. Timmerman |url=http://www.kentimmerman.com/news/tdl16.htm |title=The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq |chapter=Chapter 16: The Gang's All Here |isbn=978-0-395-59305-9}}</ref> A number of Iraqi officials such as Lt. General Amer Rashid however did not like the idea of being dependent on knockdown kits supplied by another country and pushed for the complete production of the T-72M1 tank instead.<ref name="ZalogaP24" /><ref name="timmerman" /> ▼In 1991 the Taji plant was destroyed by an airstrike while being upgraded by Bumar-Łabędy.<ref name="ZalogaP24" />
▲InPada theakhir late1980- 1980san plansrencana weredibuat madeuntuk tomenghasilkan produce newtank T-72M1 tanksbaru indi Pabrik wilayah Taji. TheseTank tanksini wereadalah totank bebekas assembledyang fromdikirim knockdowndari kitspolandia deliveredoleh byPolandia themelalui Polishperusahaan state-ownedmilik companynegara Bumar-Łabędy.<ref name="ZalogaP24">{{cite book|last1=Zaloga|first1=Steven J.|title=M1 Abrams Vs T-72 Ural - Operation Desert Storm 1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/spadxiiivsfokker1918gutt|date=2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd.|isbn=978 1 84603 432 9|page= [https://archive.org/details/spadxiiivsfokker1918gutt/page/n13 24 ]|accessdate=21 October 2015}}</ref> ThePerakitan assemblyitu wasakan todimulai startpada intahun 1989 anddan thetank tanksyang wouldtelah receiveselesai thedirakit namediberinama Asad Babil ( Lion ofSinga BabylonBabel). AccordingMenurut topejabat PolishPolandia officialstidak notada asatu singlepun T-72M1 wasselesai finisheddirakit, evenmeskipun thoughpada intahun 1988 a T-72M wasyang displayedditampilkan onpada anparade Iraqimiliter armsIrak showmenunjukkan, whichT-72 was claimedM1 totelah bediproduksi locallysecara producedlokal.<ref name="ZalogaP24" /> Perakitan Thelokal local assembly of thedari T-72 starteddimulai indi Taji inpada earlyawal 1989 asseperti yang disarankan oleh suggestedpara byPejabat IraqiMiliter officialsIrak.<ref name="timmerman">{{citation |first=Kenneth R |last= Timmerman |authorlink=Kenneth R. Timmerman |url=http://www.kentimmerman.com/news/tdl16.htm |title=The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq |chapter=Chapter 16: The Gang's All Here |isbn=978-0-395-59305-9}}</ref > A number of Iraqi officials such as Lt. General Amer Rashid however did not like the idea of being dependent on knockdown kits supplied by another country and pushed for the complete production of the T-72M1 tank instead.<ref name="ZalogaP24" /><ref name="timmerman" />
The [[United Nations]] imposed an arms embargo following the Iraqi [[invasion of Kuwait]] in August 1990, which reduced the complete assembly of tanks to simple spare parts for Lions and other tanks in the Iraqi arsenal.<ref name="timmerman" /> It is not known how many Lion tanks were completed during the span between early 1989 and this embargo.
Sejumlah pejabat Irak seperti Letnan Jenderal Amer Rashid tidak menyukai gagasan ketergantungan supplai senjata pada peralatan bekas yang disediakan oleh negara lain dan mendorong untuk melakukan produksi besar-besaran Tank T-72M1.<ref name="ZalogaP24" /><ref name="timmerman" />
Pada tahun 1991, Pabrik di Taji di Bom padahal pihak Polandia (Bumar-Łabędy) sedang melakukan peningkatan pada kemampun tank.<ref name="ZalogaP24" />
PBB memberlakukan embargo pengiriman senjata pasca invasi Irak ke Kuwait pada bulan Agustus 1990, yang mengurangi perakitan lengkap tank untuk suku cadang sederhana Tank ini dan tank lainnya di angkatan bersenjata Irak.<ref name="timmerman" />
==Specifications==
Tidak diketahui berapa banyak tank Singa Babel diselesaikan selama rentang antara 1989- embargo ini.
In most aspects, the Lion of Babylon is physically identical to the T-72M1 it is based on.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson (1993) p. 38</ref> Lion of Babylon T-72s were upgraded with the addition of laminated armor on the front slope and rear panels as protection against HEAT projectiles.<ref name="baathglob">{{citation |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/ground-equipment-intro.htm |title=Baath Ground Forces Equipment |work=globalsecurity.org |quote=The Russian T-72M1 Main Battle Tank (MBT) was modified with additional armor in the front and rear to protect against HEAT projectiles. This "Lion of Babylon" tank was produced locally, and the technology was Iraqi. However, the soviets made all the parts and it was assembled in Iraq.}}</ref>
American military intelligence believed some were equipped with [[Belgium|Belgian]]-made thermal sights.<ref>Atkinson, p.443</ref> These same sources claim the tank was also provided with a better track protection against sand and mud than the Soviet T-72, by reducing the original number of [[shock absorber]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/ground-equipment-intro.htm |title=GlobalSecurity.org |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jedsite.info/tanks-tango/tango-numbers-su/t-72_series/saddam/saddam-intro.html JED website] (available by free subscription){{Self-published inline|date=May 2009}}</ref> Some tanks also were fitted with a type of electro-optical interference pod of Chinese origin.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson, ''T-72...'' p.22</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/t72tank.htm |title=T72 Tank |work=fas.org |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |quote=[http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/t-72-iraq.jpg Image] showing the cylindrical interference pod on top of the tank turret}}</ref>
As secondary armament, the tank mounted either the [[NSV (machine gun)|NSV]] or the [[DShK]] [[12.7 x 108 mm|12.7 mm]] machine gun and the [[Coaxial weapon|coaxial]] 7.62 mm [[PK machine gun|PKT]] common to all T-72 models.
== Sejarah Penugasan ==
===Armor===
Tank Singa Babel bertugas kali pertama saat pecah Perang Teluk Persia 1991 kemudian invasi Irak 2003. Seperti tank lainnya di Angkatan Bersenjata Irak, sama seoSinga Babel juga digunakan sebagai artileri self-propelled, bukan dalam peranan tank tempur utama.
=== Perang IrakTeluk Persia 2003=== ▼The Lion's primary armor was the same as the T-72M1, without any improvements. The Lion's side armor had 60 mm protection,{{cn|date=October 2015}} the turret side armor was 300 mm,{{cn|date=October 2015}} and the flat rear was 45 mm thick.<ref>Data retrieved from Isby, ''Weapons and tactics''...</ref>{{Verify source|date=October 2015}}{{Better source|reason=This data does not match the armour of the T-72M1 or T-72M|date=October 2015}}
Sebagian besar unit lapis baja Irak dilengkapi dengan Tank Tipe 69 milik Tiongkok dan hanya divisi Garda Republik yang dilengkapi dengan modifikasi T-72 (Asad Babil), tetapi dengan pengecualian ada divisi lapis baja bernama Saladin memiliki tank asad babil di resimen tank nya.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson, ''T-72''... p.38</ref> Dengan demikian memudahkan Amerika dalam membantai divisi-divisi tank irak yang terdapat kecacatan
Despite the relative thinness, a retrofitted reinforced armor plate present both at the turret and the front upper hull seems to have been relatively effective against some shaped-charge ordnance, like the TOWs and Hellfire missiles. There are reports of Iraqi T-72s surviving near-misses from these weapons, although the reinforced armor generally did not prevent a mobility kill. However, it is also possible that the unexpected survival rate was due to the electro-optical countermeasures mounted on most of the tanks rather than the added armor.<ref>{{citation |first= Capt. Michael |last=Gollaher |url=https://www.knox.army.mil/center/ocoa/armormag/backissues/1990s/1991/1991MayJune.pdf |title=Two Scouts Under Fire Helped Injured Buddies During Night Battle |work=[[Armor magazine]] |date=May–June 1991 |page=21}}</ref><ref>Atkinson, p. 444, cites another case of a TOW bouncing off a T-72 and hitting the turret of another tank</ref><ref>Brig. Gen. Scales hints that some Iraqi T-72s survived Hellfire strikes before the 1-37TF assault (p.268).</ref><ref>[http://www.phoenix158.org/iraq/AAR%20draft%20from%202-7%20INF%203D%20ID.cfm Dispatches From Iraq]; "To ensure complete catastrophic destruction of the second tank, Private First Class Davis fired a second Javelin, causing even more explosions on the second tank. At this point the third T-72 began frantically trying to determine the source and direction of incoming fire. Private First Class Jiminez engaged the now moving third tank. His round missed but impacted close enough to damage the tank."</ref>
=== Perang Irak 2003 ===
There is evidence of at least one Lion{{cn|date=October 2015}} surviving a direct hit from an Abrams main gun in Mahmoudiyah in 2003. A 120 mm HEAT round from an Abrams impacted on the front of an ''Asad Babil'' turret{{Verify source|date=October 2015}} at point blank range without producing a catastrophic kill.<ref>Conroy & Martz, p. 9</ref> Some Lion tanks may have featured [[explosive reactive armor]], possibly obtained from Polish T-72M1 spare parts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Baumgardner, Neil; 654 words |url=http://www.highbeam.com/library/docFree.asp?DOCID=1G1:141213121 |title=''Infantry'' magazine, September 1, 2004 |publisher=Highbeam.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-03}}</ref>
[[ FileBerkas:DerelictAsadBabil.JPEG|| thumbjmpl|Tank Asad Babil yang ditinggal lari oleh para kru.]] ▼
Penampakan T-72 Asad Babil terlihat saat Irak melakukan strategi pertahanan di Baghdad yang merupakan pertahanan terakhir dari pemerintahan rezim Baath di Irak. Namun saat pertahanan Baghdad berhasil ditembus dan Saddam Hussein kabur, beberapa tank T-72 Asad Babil ditinggalkan, dihancurkan atau ditangkap. Salah satu tank T-72 Asad Babil yang tertangkap dimuseumkan di Fort Hood, Amerika Serikat
Another improvised armor upgrade may have also been added at the Taji complex.<ref name="Rus">{{cite web|url=http://btvt.narod.ru/2/iraqarmy2.htm |date=Dec 29, 2009 |script-title=ru:ТАНКИ ИРАКСКОЙ АРМИИ |trans_title=Iraqi Army Tanks|work=otvaga2004.narod.ru|language=Russian}}</ref> An additional 30 mm armor plate was welded on the front areas of the hull and turret, leaving an air gap matching the size of the armor, so that the power of a HEAT jet could be dissipated in the hollow space. This technique follows the principle of [[spaced armor]]. The Iraqi engineers tested this reinforcement against captured Iranian 120 mm [[Chieftain tank]] guns in 1989, apparently with some success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://btvt.narod.ru/2/iraqarmy2.htm|date=Dec 29, 2009 |title=ТАНКИ ИРАКСКОЙ АРМИИ |trans_title=Iraqi Army Tanks|work=otvaga2004.narod.ru|quote=''В 1988-89 гг. эти танки прошли модернизацию по усилению защищенности верхних лобовых деталей корпуса танка. Это достигалось путем приварки дополнительного броневого листа толщиной 30 мм с воздушной прослойкой, такого же размера. Эта мера была предпринята иракцами после изучения возможностей защиты танков от поражения различными боеприпасами 120-мм английской нарезной танковой пушки L 11А5, установленной на иранских танках "Чифтен", захваченных Ираком в ходе войны.''<br>"In 1988-89. These tanks had been upgraded to enhance the protection of the upper front of the tank hull. This was achieved by welding additional 30 mm armored plating with stand-offs producing an air gap of the same size. This measure was taken by the Iraqis after experimenting with protecting tanks from defeat by various 120 mm ammunition from the British L11A5 rifled tank gun installed on Iran's Chieftain tanks, seized by Iraq during the war.|language=Russian}}</ref>
==Combat performanceLihat Juga ==
The Lion of Babylon saw service in the 1991 Persian Gulf War as well as the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Like other tanks in the Iraqi inventory, Lions were mainly employed as armored [[self-propelled artillery]], rather than in [[maneuver warfare]] roles. In operations, it fared poorly against American [[main battle tank]]s and [[armored fighting vehicles]]. For example, a 120 mm [[depleted uranium]] (DU) [[APFSDS]] round from an [[M1 Abrams]] could knock out a Lion of Babylon tank well beyond 3,000 m,<ref>Scales, page 298: "The Iraqi plan was to kill the American tanks on the ridge with dug-in T-72s and then drive the survivors back into the wadi and finish them off with artillery. The Iraqis, however, had no idea they could be detected and destroyed at a range of nearly 2 miles."</ref> while the effective range of the [[tungsten]]-core 125 mm shell used by Iraq was 1,800 m.<ref name="Scales, page 261">Scales, page 261</ref>
* [[M-84]], Yugoslavia
Within closer ranges, the Lion of Babylon was more effective, especially while within prepared positions.<ref>Scales, page 269: "As TF 1-37th Armor crossed over the ridge into the heart of the Iraqi defensive zone, the Iraqi commander's carefully disposed rear-slope defense stripped Dyer's tanks of their range advantage. Within 1,000 meters, a row of dug-in T-72s and BMPs suddenly appeared below the crest. All were hull-down in prepared positions behind thick dirt walls. Now the Americans were well within Iraqi killing range, and although the Soviet-made night sights were markedly inferior, things could still get very dicey."</ref> However, even in such conditions, the Lion of Babylon did not fare well against M1s—as proven in the [[Battle of Norfolk]] during [[Desert Storm]],<ref>Scales, page 270: "After the war they (TF 1-37th) returned to count the burned-out hulks of 76 T-72s, 84 BMPs, 3 air defense artillery pieces, 8 howitzers, 6 command vehicles, 2 engineer vehicles, and myriad of trucks."</ref> although the tank also participated in the [[battle of Phase Line Bullet]], where [[M2 Bradley|Bradleys]] IFVs from the 4th squadron of the [[US 7th Cavalry Regiment|7th Cavalry Regiment]] were driven back by dug-in Iraqi armoured vehicles at heavy cost.<ref name=":0">Atkinson, pp. 428-433</ref>
* [[M-95 Degman]], Kroasia
* [[M-2001]], Serbia
* [[PT-91 Twardy]], Polandia
* [[Tank EX]], India
* [[TR-125]], Rumania
* [[Type 99]], Republik Rakyat Tiongkok
===Perang TelukReferensi Persia===
The bulk of Iraqi armoured units were equipped with the [[Type 69#Iraq|Type 69]] and only [[Iraqi Republican Guard|Republican Guard]] divisions were equipped with Iraqi-modified T-72s, with exception of the regular army's armored ''Saladin'' division.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson, ''T-72''... p.38</ref> Thus, engagements between Lions of Babylon and American tanks were limited to conflicts involving such Iraqi units.
During [[Desert Storm]], T-72s built in Taji were technologically 20 years out of date. Only one M1 Abrams was officially documented during the Persian Gulf War as having received enough damage to be towed and receive maintenance after being struck three times on the turret by a Lion.<ref>However, the tank endured a US Army's Armament Munitions and Chemical Command test.</ref><ref>[[:File:DamagedByAssadBabil.gif|AMCCT test]]</ref> Another six M1A1s were allegedly hit by Iraqi T-72 tank fire in the Gulf War official report, but the impacts were largely ineffectual.<ref>Fahey, Dan: Collateral Damage...''During the ground war, only seven M1A1's were hit by rounds fired from the Iraqi's T-72 tanks, with none being seriously damaged.'' See also: George F. Hofmann & [[Donn A. Starry]], pag.9</ref> According to Atkinson and Scales, Lions accounted for at least two M2 Bradley kills during Desert Storm and left several damaged, all on February 26, 1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Scales, p. 273</ref>
▲[[File:DerelictAsadBabil.JPEG||thumb|Tank Asad Babil yang ditinggal lari oleh para kru.]]
During the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the Republican Guard's Lions, most from the [[2nd Al Medina Armored Division|Medina Division]], were deployed around Baghdad to attempt a last-ditch defense of the [[Ba'ath Party|Baath]] regime.<ref>Zucchino, page 3</ref>
In April 2003, U.S. tanks engaged their counterparts from just 50 yards, killing seven Iraqi T-72s without any losses.<ref>Conroy & Mars, p. 158</ref> Such encounters exposed the poor marksmanship of Iraqi gunners, in part due to the shortage of modern night-vision and range-finder assets.<ref>Scales, page 268: "The Iraqi gunners were poor marksmen and their green tracer sabots hit nothing."</ref> The Lions were even more technologically lacking at this time, and it is not known if any improvements to the tanks were made between the Persian Gulf War and this conflict. Nonetheless, one Bradley was largely disabled by a 125 mm round from an Asad Babil tank when Iraqi armoured troops attempted to ambush their American counterparts near Baghdad airport.<ref>Fontenot, Degen and Thon, p. 306</ref>
==Fate==
The last operational Lions were destroyed by the successive waves of American armored incursions on the Iraqi capital<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/2003/iraq-030405-rfel-164725.htm |title=GlobalSecurity.org |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |date=2003-04-05 |accessdate=2013-02-03}}</ref> or abandoned by their crews after the fall of Baghdad, several of them without firing a single shot. The derelict tanks were later scrapped by [[U.S. Army]] disposal teams or shipped to the [[United States]] for target practice.
Two years after the fall of Saddam Hussein, the new [[Iraqi Government]] acquired dozens of refitted T-72M1s from [[Hungary]], in order to equip an armored brigade. The headquarters of this new [[Iraqi Army]] unit is located in Taji, so there may still remain some maintenance facilities from the production of Lions. Some surviving T-72s are used for training, and the experience of Iraqi Army officers and crews with the Lion was one of the reasons behind the choice Hungarian T-72M1s.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sgt. Lorie |last=Jewell |date=November 2005 |url=http://www.defendamerica.mil/articles/nov2005/a111405tj1.html |title=Iraqi Army Takes Delivery of Tanks, Vehicles |publisher=Multinational Security Transition Command-Iraq |work=defendamerica.mil |quote=Many of the division's soldiers drove T-72 tanks in the old Iraqi Army, so they are familiar with operating and maintaining them, leaders said. A handful of the tanks remain at Taji and are used for training purposes.}}</ref>
==Notes==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Jane's Armor & Artillery, Jane's Information Group, Surrey, 1988-89 Ed.
* Atkinson, Rick. ''Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War.'' Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. ISBN 978-0-395-60290-4
* Bin, Alberto. Hill, Richard and Jones, Archer. ''Desert Storm, The Forgotten War''. Greenwood Pub Group, 1998. ISBN 978-1-57356-809-8
* Bohannon, Second Lieutenant Richard M. [https://www.knox.army.mil/center/ocoa/armormag/backissues/1990s/1992/1992MayJune.pdf "Dragon's Roar: 1-37 Armor in the Battle of 73 Easting."]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Armor, May–June 1992, VOL CI, #3.
* Conroy, Jason & Martz, Ron. ''Heavy Metal: A Tank Company's Battle To Baghdad'' Potomac Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-57488-856-0
* Fahey, Dan. "Collateral Damage: How U.S. Troops Were Exposed To Depleted Uranium During the Persian Gulf War", in ''Metal of Dishonor: Depleted Uranium: How the Pentagon Radiates Soldiers and Civilians with DU Weapons'', International Action Center, 1997. ISBN 978-0-9656916-0-4
* Fontenot, Gregory, Degen, E. J. & Thon, David (2004). ''On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom''. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 15911427921-59114-279-2
* Hinton, Henry L. & others: [http://books.google.com/books?id=7T5yaedpow0C ''Operation Desert Storm: Bradley Fighting Vehicle, Abrams Tank, Apache Helicopter, Patriot Missile System and Foreign Government and Individual Contributions.''] DIANE Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7567-1343-9
* Hofmann, George F. and Starry, Donn A. Editors. ''Camp Colt to Desert Storm : the history of U.S. armored forces'', University Press of Kentucky, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8131-2130-7
* Isby, David. ''Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army.'' Salamander Books, London, 1988. ISBN 978-0-531-03732-4
* Morris, David. ''Storm on the Horizon''. Presidio Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7432-3557-0
* Ricks, Thomas E. ''Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq''. Penguin books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59420-103-5
* [[Bernard D. Rostker|Rostker, Bernard]]. [http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du/ ''Environmental Exposure Report:Depleted Uranium in the Gulf''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707094606/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du/ |date=2009-07-07 }}, DoD Publication, 1998. {{OCLC|39801459}}
* Scales, Brigadier General Robert H. Jr. ''Certain Victory.'' Brassey's, 1994. ISBN 978-0-02-881111-6
* Scarborough, Rowan. [http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2699990/Apache-operation-a-lesson-in.html ''Apache Operation a lesson in defeat''] The Washington Times, April 22, 2003.
* West, Francis J. Bing. ''No true glory. A frontline account of the battle for Fallujah''. Bantam, 2005. ISBN 978-0-553-80402-7
* Zaloga Steven J., & Sarson, Peter. ''M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank 1982-1992''. Osprey Military, New Vanguard. Reed International Books Ltd, 1993. ISBN 978-1-85532-283-7
* {{cite book | title=T-72 Ural vs M1 Abrams | first=Steven J. |last=Zaloga. |ISBN=978-1-84603-407-7 |publisher=Osprey Publishing | date=10/08/2009}}
* Zaloga Steven J., & Sarson, Peter. ''T-72 Main Battle Tank 1974-1993''. Osprey Military, New Vanguard. Reed International Books Ltd, 1993. ISBN 978-1-85532-338-4
* Zucchino, David. ''Thunder Run: The armored strike to capture Baghdad.'' Grove Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8021-4179-X
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Asad Babil tanks}}
* [http://www.kentimmerman.com/news/tdl16.htm The Death Lobby: How the West armed Iraq] by [[Ken Timmerman]]
* Yazīd Ṣāyigh, Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʻArabīyah: ''Arab military industry: capability, performance, and impact.'' Brassey's, 1992. ISBN 0-08-041777-9
== Referensi ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lion Of Babylon Tank}}
[[CategoryKategori:Post–Cold War main battle tanks]]
[[CategoryKategori:Main battle tanks of the Cold War]]
[[CategoryKategori:Main battle tanks of Iraq]]
[[CategoryKategori:Iraq–Soviet Union relations]]
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