|
|is_vehicle=yes
|name= "Tank Singa Babilonia"
|image= [[FileBerkas:T-72-Fort Hood.jpg|300px]]
|caption= Tank Irak T-72 dimusium Fort Hood
|type= [[Tank tempur utama|Tank Tempur Utama]]
|vehicle_range= 425 km<br>600 km dengan tengki tambahan
|speed= 60 km/jam (dijalan)<br>45 km/jam (diluar jalan)
}}'''Singa Babilonia''' atau '''''Asad Babil''''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: اسد بابل) adalah nama yang diberikan ke proyek dari Tentara Irak (Baath) untuk memproduksi [[T-72]] menjadi buatan lokal selama alhir dekade 1980-an. Tank ini dirakit di kota Taji di Irak.<ref name="M1A1vsT-72p24" /><ref name="baathglob" /> ▼
}}
Proyek ini di jalnkan oleh Rezim [[Saddam Hussein]] kemandirian lokal dalam hal pembuatan tank , yang dipicu sebagian oleh embargo Negara Barat terhadap penjualan kendaraan militer ke Irak selama [[Perang Iran-Irak]]. Namun Irak membantah jika tidak ada Tank yang pernah selesai nyatanya ada 120 tank bertugas selama konflik di timur irak. ▼{{T-72 navigation}}
▲'''Singa Babilonia''' atau '''''Asad Babil''''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: اسد بابل) adalah nama yang diberikan ke proyek dari Tentara Irak (Baath) untuk memproduksi [[T-72]]menjadi buatan lokal selama alhir dekade 1980-an. Tank ini dirakit di kota Taji di Irak.<ref name="M1A1vsT-72p24" /><ref name="baathglob" />
▲Proyek ini di jalnkan oleh Rezim [[Saddam Hussein]] kemandirian lokal dalam hal pembuatan tank , yang dipicu sebagian oleh embargo Negara Barat terhadap penjualan kendaraan militer ke Irak selama [[Perang Iran-Irak]]. Namun Irak membantah jika tidak ada Tank yang pernah selesai nyatanya ada 120 tank bertugas selama konflik di timur irak.
Nama Singa Babilonia diambil dari Singa Babilonia, yang mana merupakan simbol kuno dari kerajaan babilonia yang mempresentasikan sebagai kekuatan yang besar.
== Sejarah Produksi ==
Pada tahun 1986, sebuah perusahaan milik Jerman Barat membangun pabrik di Taji untuk memproduksi baja guna kepentingan militer. salahSalah satu fungsinya adalah untuk melakukan [[retrofit]] dan membangunpembangunan kembali tank yang sudah usang, seperti [[T-54|T-54 / T-55]], [[T-62]], yang telah berdinas di Angkatan Bersenjata Irak dan untuk merakit beberapa ratus tank [[T-72]] kiriman dari [[Uni Soviet]] dan [[Polandia]],<ref name="timmerman" /> diimpor selama tahap-tahap awal [[Perang Iran-Irak|perang dengan Iran]].<ref name="Rus" />
Pada akhir 1980-an rencana dibuat untuk menghasilkan tank T-72M1 baru di Pabrik wilayah Taji. Tank ini adalah tank bekas yang dikirim dari polandia oleh Polandia melalui perusahaan milik negara Bumar-Łabędy.<ref name="ZalogaP24">{{cite book|last1=Zaloga|first1=Steven J.|title=M1 Abrams Vs T-72 Ural - Operation Desert Storm 1991|url=https://archive.org/details/spadxiiivsfokker1918gutt|date=2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd.|isbn=978 1 84603 432 9|page=[https://archive.org/details/spadxiiivsfokker1918gutt/page/n13 24]|accessdate=21 October 2015}}</ref> Perakitan itu akan dimulai pada tahun 1989 dan tank yang telah selesai dirakit diberinama Asad Babil (Singa Babel). Menurut pejabat Polandia tidak ada satu pun T-72M1 selesai dirakit, meskipun pada tahun 1988 T-72M yang ditampilkan pada parade militer Irak menunjukkan, T-72 M1 telah diproduksi secara lokal.<ref name="ZalogaP24" />Perakitan lokal dari T-72 dimulai di Taji pada awal 1989 seperti yang disarankan oleh para Pejabat Militer Irak.<ref name="timmerman">{{citation |first=Kenneth R |last= Timmerman |authorlink=Kenneth R. Timmerman |url=http://www.kentimmerman.com/news/tdl16.htm |title=The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq |chapter=Chapter 16: The Gang's All Here |isbn=978-0-395-59305-9}}</ref>
Sejumlah pejabat Irak seperti Letnan Jenderal Amer Rashid tidak menyukai gagasan ketergantungan supplai senjata pada peralatan bekas yang disediakan oleh negara lain dan mendorong untuk melakukan produksi besar-besaran Tank T-72M1.<ref name="ZalogaP24" /><ref name="timmerman" />
Pada tahun 1991, Pabrik di Taji di Bom padahal pihak Polandia (Bumar-Łabędy) sedang melakukan peningkatan pada kemampun tank.<ref name="ZalogaP24" />
PBB memberlakukan embargo pengiriman senjata pasca invasi Irak ke Kuwait pada bulan Agustus 1990, yang mengurangi perakitan lengkap tank untuk suku cadang sederhana Tank ini dan tank lainnya di angkatan bersenjata Irak.<ref name="timmerman" />
Tidak diketahui berapa banyak tank Singa Babel diselesaikan selama rentang antara 1989- embargo ini.
== Sejarah Penugasan ==
==Combat performance==
Tank Singa Babel bertugas kali pertama saat pecah Perang Teluk Persia 1991 kemudian invasi Irak 2003. Seperti tank lainnya di Angkatan Bersenjata Irak, sama seoSinga Babel juga digunakan sebagai artileri self-propelled, bukan dalam peranan tank tempur utama.
The Lion of Babylon saw service in the 1991 Persian Gulf War as well as the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Like other tanks in the Iraqi inventory, Lions were mainly employed as armored [[self-propelled artillery]], rather than in [[maneuver warfare]] roles. In operations, it fared poorly against American [[main battle tank]]s and [[armored fighting vehicles]]. For example, a 120 mm [[depleted uranium]] (DU) [[APFSDS]] round from an [[M1 Abrams]] could knock out a Lion of Babylon tank well beyond 3,000 m,<ref>Scales, page 298: "The Iraqi plan was to kill the American tanks on the ridge with dug-in T-72s and then drive the survivors back into the wadi and finish them off with artillery. The Iraqis, however, had no idea they could be detected and destroyed at a range of nearly 2 miles."</ref> while the effective range of the [[tungsten]]-core 125 mm shell used by Iraq was 1,800 m.<ref name="Scales, page 261">Scales, page 261</ref>
=== Perang Teluk Persia === ▼Within closer ranges, the Lion of Babylon was more effective, especially while within prepared positions.<ref>Scales, page 269: "As TF 1-37th Armor crossed over the ridge into the heart of the Iraqi defensive zone, the Iraqi commander's carefully disposed rear-slope defense stripped Dyer's tanks of their range advantage. Within 1,000 meters, a row of dug-in T-72s and BMPs suddenly appeared below the crest. All were hull-down in prepared positions behind thick dirt walls. Now the Americans were well within Iraqi killing range, and although the Soviet-made night sights were markedly inferior, things could still get very dicey."</ref> However, even in such conditions, the Lion of Babylon did not fare well against M1s—as proven in the [[Battle of Norfolk]] during [[Desert Storm]],<ref>Scales, page 270: "After the war they (TF 1-37th) returned to count the burned-out hulks of 76 T-72s, 84 BMPs, 3 air defense artillery pieces, 8 howitzers, 6 command vehicles, 2 engineer vehicles, and myriad of trucks."</ref> although the tank also participated in the [[battle of Phase Line Bullet]], where [[M2 Bradley|Bradleys]] IFVs from the 4th squadron of the [[US 7th Cavalry Regiment|7th Cavalry Regiment]] were driven back by dug-in Iraqi armoured vehicles at heavy cost.<ref name=":0">Atkinson, pp. 428-433</ref>
Sebagian besar unit lapis baja Irak dilengkapi dengan Tank Tipe 69 milik Tiongkok dan hanya divisi Garda Republik yang dilengkapi dengan modifikasi T-72 (Asad Babil), tetapi dengan pengecualian ada divisi lapis baja bernama Saladin memiliki tank asad babil di resimen tank nya.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson, ''T-72''... p.38</ref> Dengan demikian memudahkan Amerika dalam membantai divisi-divisi tank irak yang terdapat kecacatan
▲===Perang Teluk Persia===
The bulk of Iraqi armoured units were equipped with the [[Type 69#Iraq|Type 69]] and only [[Iraqi Republican Guard|Republican Guard]] divisions were equipped with Iraqi-modified T-72s, with exception of the regular army's armored ''Saladin'' division.<ref>Zaloga & Sarson, ''T-72''... p.38</ref> Thus, engagements between Lions of Babylon and American tanks were limited to conflicts involving such Iraqi units.
=== Perang Irak 2003 === ▼During [[Desert Storm]], T-72s built in Taji were technologically 20 years out of date. Only one M1 Abrams was officially documented during the Persian Gulf War as having received enough damage to be towed and receive maintenance after being struck three times on the turret by a Lion.<ref>However, the tank endured a US Army's Armament Munitions and Chemical Command test.</ref><ref>[[:File:DamagedByAssadBabil.gif|AMCCT test]]</ref> Another six M1A1s were allegedly hit by Iraqi T-72 tank fire in the Gulf War official report, but the impacts were largely ineffectual.<ref>Fahey, Dan: Collateral Damage...''During the ground war, only seven M1A1's were hit by rounds fired from the Iraqi's T-72 tanks, with none being seriously damaged.'' See also: George F. Hofmann & [[Donn A. Starry]], pag.9</ref> According to Atkinson and Scales, Lions accounted for at least two M2 Bradley kills during Desert Storm and left several damaged, all on February 26, 1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Scales, p. 273</ref>
[[ FileBerkas:DerelictAsadBabil.JPEG|| thumbjmpl|Tank Asad Babil yang ditinggal lari oleh para kru.]] ▼
Penampakan T-72 Asad Babil terlihat saat Irak melakukan strategi pertahanan di Baghdad yang merupakan pertahanan terakhir dari pemerintahan rezim Baath di Irak. Namun saat pertahanan Baghdad berhasil ditembus dan Saddam Hussein kabur, beberapa tank T-72 Asad Babil ditinggalkan, dihancurkan atau ditangkap. Salah satu tank T-72 Asad Babil yang tertangkap dimuseumkan di Fort Hood, Amerika Serikat
▲[[File:DerelictAsadBabil.JPEG||thumb|Tank Asad Babil yang ditinggal lari oleh para kru.]]
== Lihat Juga ==
During the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the Republican Guard's Lions, most from the [[2nd Al Medina Armored Division|Medina Division]], were deployed around Baghdad to attempt a last-ditch defense of the [[Ba'ath Party|Baath]] regime.<ref>Zucchino, page 3</ref>
* [[M-84]], Yugoslavia
In April 2003, U.S. tanks engaged their counterparts from just 50 yards, killing seven Iraqi T-72s without any losses.<ref>Conroy & Mars, p. 158</ref> Such encounters exposed the poor marksmanship of Iraqi gunners, in part due to the shortage of modern night-vision and range-finder assets.<ref>Scales, page 268: "The Iraqi gunners were poor marksmen and their green tracer sabots hit nothing."</ref> The Lions were even more technologically lacking at this time, and it is not known if any improvements to the tanks were made between the Persian Gulf War and this conflict. Nonetheless, one Bradley was largely disabled by a 125 mm round from an Asad Babil tank when Iraqi armoured troops attempted to ambush their American counterparts near Baghdad airport.<ref>Fontenot, Degen and Thon, p. 306</ref>
* [[M-95 Degman]], Kroasia
* [[M-2001]], Serbia
* [[PT-91 Twardy]], Polandia
* [[Tank EX]], India
* [[TR-125]], Rumania
* [[Type 99]], Republik Rakyat Tiongkok
==Fate Referensi ==
The last operational Lions were destroyed by the successive waves of American armored incursions on the Iraqi capital<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iraq/2003/iraq-030405-rfel-164725.htm |title=GlobalSecurity.org |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |date=2003-04-05 |accessdate=2013-02-03}}</ref> or abandoned by their crews after the fall of Baghdad, several of them without firing a single shot. The derelict tanks were later scrapped by [[U.S. Army]] disposal teams or shipped to the [[United States]] for target practice.
Two years after the fall of Saddam Hussein, the new [[Iraqi Government]] acquired dozens of refitted T-72M1s from [[Hungary]], in order to equip an armored brigade. The headquarters of this new [[Iraqi Army]] unit is located in Taji, so there may still remain some maintenance facilities from the production of Lions. Some surviving T-72s are used for training, and the experience of Iraqi Army officers and crews with the Lion was one of the reasons behind the choice Hungarian T-72M1s.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sgt. Lorie |last=Jewell |date=November 2005 |url=http://www.defendamerica.mil/articles/nov2005/a111405tj1.html |title=Iraqi Army Takes Delivery of Tanks, Vehicles |publisher=Multinational Security Transition Command-Iraq |work=defendamerica.mil |quote=Many of the division's soldiers drove T-72 tanks in the old Iraqi Army, so they are familiar with operating and maintaining them, leaders said. A handful of the tanks remain at Taji and are used for training purposes.}}</ref>
==Notes==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Jane's Armor & Artillery, Jane's Information Group, Surrey, 1988-89 Ed.
* Atkinson, Rick. ''Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War.'' Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. ISBN 978-0-395-60290-4
* Bin, Alberto. Hill, Richard and Jones, Archer. ''Desert Storm, The Forgotten War''. Greenwood Pub Group, 1998. ISBN 978-1-57356-809-8
* Bohannon, Second Lieutenant Richard M. [https://www.knox.army.mil/center/ocoa/armormag/backissues/1990s/1992/1992MayJune.pdf "Dragon's Roar: 1-37 Armor in the Battle of 73 Easting."]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Armor, May–June 1992, VOL CI, #3.
* Conroy, Jason & Martz, Ron. ''Heavy Metal: A Tank Company's Battle To Baghdad'' Potomac Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-57488-856-0
* Fahey, Dan. "Collateral Damage: How U.S. Troops Were Exposed To Depleted Uranium During the Persian Gulf War", in ''Metal of Dishonor: Depleted Uranium: How the Pentagon Radiates Soldiers and Civilians with DU Weapons'', International Action Center, 1997. ISBN 978-0-9656916-0-4
* Fontenot, Gregory, Degen, E. J. & Thon, David (2004). ''On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom''. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 15911427921-59114-279-2
* Hinton, Henry L. & others: [http://books.google.com/books?id=7T5yaedpow0C ''Operation Desert Storm: Bradley Fighting Vehicle, Abrams Tank, Apache Helicopter, Patriot Missile System and Foreign Government and Individual Contributions.''] DIANE Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7567-1343-9
* Hofmann, George F. and Starry, Donn A. Editors. ''Camp Colt to Desert Storm : the history of U.S. armored forces'', University Press of Kentucky, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8131-2130-7
* Isby, David. ''Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army.'' Salamander Books, London, 1988. ISBN 978-0-531-03732-4
* Morris, David. ''Storm on the Horizon''. Presidio Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7432-3557-0
* Ricks, Thomas E. ''Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq''. Penguin books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59420-103-5
* [[Bernard D. Rostker|Rostker, Bernard]]. [http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du/ ''Environmental Exposure Report:Depleted Uranium in the Gulf''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707094606/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du/ |date=2009-07-07 }}, DoD Publication, 1998. {{OCLC|39801459}}
* Scales, Brigadier General Robert H. Jr. ''Certain Victory.'' Brassey's, 1994. ISBN 978-0-02-881111-6
* Scarborough, Rowan. [http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2699990/Apache-operation-a-lesson-in.html ''Apache Operation a lesson in defeat''] The Washington Times, April 22, 2003.
* West, Francis J. Bing. ''No true glory. A frontline account of the battle for Fallujah''. Bantam, 2005. ISBN 978-0-553-80402-7
* Zaloga Steven J., & Sarson, Peter. ''M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank 1982-1992''. Osprey Military, New Vanguard. Reed International Books Ltd, 1993. ISBN 978-1-85532-283-7
* {{cite book | title=T-72 Ural vs M1 Abrams | first=Steven J. |last=Zaloga. |ISBN=978-1-84603-407-7 |publisher=Osprey Publishing | date=10/08/2009}}
* Zaloga Steven J., & Sarson, Peter. ''T-72 Main Battle Tank 1974-1993''. Osprey Military, New Vanguard. Reed International Books Ltd, 1993. ISBN 978-1-85532-338-4
* Zucchino, David. ''Thunder Run: The armored strike to capture Baghdad.'' Grove Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8021-4179-X
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Asad Babil tanks}}
* [http://www.kentimmerman.com/news/tdl16.htm The Death Lobby: How the West armed Iraq] by [[Ken Timmerman]]
* Yazīd Ṣāyigh, Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʻArabīyah: ''Arab military industry: capability, performance, and impact.'' Brassey's, 1992. ISBN 0-08-041777-9
== Referensi ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lion Of Babylon Tank}}
[[CategoryKategori:Post–Cold War main battle tanks]]
[[CategoryKategori:Main battle tanks of the Cold War]]
[[CategoryKategori:Main battle tanks of Iraq]]
[[CategoryKategori:Iraq–Soviet Union relations]]
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