Asal-usul Spesies: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Bennylin memindahkan halaman Asal-usul Spesies ke Asal Usul Spesies: asal usul tanpa tanda hubung |
k Bersih-bersih (via JWB) |
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| (3 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox Book
| name = ''On the Origin of Species{{br}}by Means of Natural Selection''
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Berkas:Origin of Species title page.jpg
| image_caption = Halaman judul {{br}}of ''On the Origin of Species'' terbitan tahun 1859
| author = [[Charles Darwin]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = {{negara|Britania Raya}} [[Britania Raya]]
| language = [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]
| series =
| subject = [[teori evolusi]]
| genre =
| publisher = [[John Murray (penerbit)|John Murray]]
| release_date = [[24 November]] [[1859]]
| english_release_date =
| media_type = buku ([[sampul keras]] & [[sampul tipis]])
| pages =
| isbn = tidak ada
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Asal-usul Spesies'''''<ref>Gramedia 2010, ISBN 978-979-22-5573-7, Penerjemah: ???</ref> oleh [[Charles Darwin]] (terbit tahun [[1859]]) adalah karya penting dalam [[Karya Tulis Ilmiah|karya tulis ilmiah]] dan dianggap sebagai tonggak dalam teori [[evolusi]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}},{{Harvnb|Ansary|2006}}</ref> Judul lengkapnya adalah '''''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''''' (''Tentang Asal-usul Spesies Melalui Cara Seleksi Alam, atau Pelestarian Kelompok Dalam Perjuangan Untuk Hidup''). Buku ini memperkenalkan teori ilmiah bahwa populasi berevolusi dari generasi ke generasi melalui proses [[seleksi alam]]. Isi buku ini kontroversial karena menentang [[Ciptaanisme|teori penciptaan]] menurut kepercayaan agama, dan merupakan pencetus timbulnya ilmu bernama [[biologi]] pada abad ke-19. Buku yang ditulisnya merupakan hasil ekspedisi lautnya dengan kapal layar [[HMS Beagle]] pada tahun [[1830-an]], dan dilanjutkan dengan penyelidikan dan eksperimen setelah tiba kembali dari ekspedisi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gamlin|1993|pp=20-23}}</ref>
Orang yang bukan ahli bahkan bisa membaca buku ini dan banyak menarik perhatian orang. Buku ini sangat kontroversial dan menimbulkan banyak perdebatan di bidang sains, filsafat, dan agama. Teori ilmiah tentang evolusi juga telah berevolusi dibandingkan dengan teori awal yang ditulis Darwin, namun [[seleksi alam]] tetap menjadi teori ilmiah yang paling banyak diterima untuk menjelaskan evolusi dari suatu spesies. Kontroversi teori penciptaan dan teori evolusi terus berlangsung hingga saat ini.
== Ringkasan dari teori Darwin ==
Teori Darwin didasarkan pengamatan penting dan kesimpulan yang ditarik darinya.<ref>{{harvnb|Mayr|1982}}, {{harvnb|Darwin|1859|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=477 Chapter XIV. Recapitulation and Conclusion].}}</ref>
# Spesies pada dasarnya memiliki fertilitas yang sangat tinggi. Jumlah keturunan yang dilahirkan lebih banyak dari keturunan yang bisa mencapai usia dewasa.
# Populasi kira-kira tetap berjumlah sama, dengan sedikit perubahan.
# Sumber makanan adalah terbatas, tetapi relatif stabil dalam jangka waktu lama.
# Oleh karena itu terjadi perjuangan secara implisit untuk bertahan hidup
# Pada spesies yang melakukan reproduksi secara seksual, biasanya tidak ada dua individu yang identik.
# Beberapa variasi dalam spesies secara langsung memengaruhi kemampuan individu untuk bertahan dalam kondisi alam tertentu.
# Sebagian besar dari variasi ini bersifat turunan.
# Individu yang kurang sesuai dengan lingkungan tempat tinggalnya memiliki kemungkinan bertahan hidup yang lebih kecil dan kemungkinan akan lebih banyak melakukan reproduksi.
# Individu yang selamat kemungkinan besar akan menurunkan ciri-ciri yang dimilikinya kepada generasi berikutnya.
# Proses yang menyebabkan perubahan ini menghasilkan populasi yang perlahan-lahan bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan, dan pada akhirnya, setelah berlangsung secara terus-menerus akan terbentuk keragaman yang baru, dan akhirnya spesies baru.
== Publikasi ==
Edisi pertama ''On the Origin of Species'' diterbitkan hari Kamis 24 November 1859 dengan harga lima belas [[shilling]] per kopi. Tulisan ini terjual sebanyak 1250 kopi. Cetakan dilakukan hingga edisi keenam tahun 1876. Di setiap edisi, Darwin menambahkan atau memperbaiki sedikit demi sedikit isi buku sehingga setiap edisinya tidak persis sama.<ref>[http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html On the Origin of Species]. ''darwin-online.org.uk.''</ref>
== Isi ==
Dalam edisi pertama, Darwin mengutip pandangan teologi William Whewell dan [[Francis Bacon]] tentang hukum alam.{{Sfn|Darwin|1859|p=ii}} Pada edisi kedua, Darwin menambahkan catatan dari [[Joseph Butler]] yang menyatakan bahwa Tuhan dapat bekerja melalui hukum alam sama seperti yang dilakukannya dengan keajaiban.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browne|first=Janet|date=2010-02-23|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HUGGLFH1NgMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Charles Darwin Volume 2: The Power at Place|location=|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4070-5323-3|pages=96|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
Dalam pembuka bukunya, Darwin menyatakan bahwa ketertarikannya pada evolusi dimulai ketika dia ikut berlayar pada HMS Beagle.<ref name=":12">Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. (2006). ''On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life''. Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486450063. OCLC 62857845. hal. ix.</ref><blockquote>"''When on board H.M.S. 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers''." </blockquote>
== Penerimaan ==
[[Berkas:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg|jmpl|Karikatur Darwin dengan tubuh kera memopulerkan asosiasi dirinya dengan evolusi.<ref>Browne, E. Janet (2002). ''[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=kCPyDMqSmt4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA376#v=onepage&q&f=false Charles Darwin: The Power of Place].'' London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-7126-6837-3. nga'örö 376-379</ref>]]
Buku ini menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan menimbulkan perdebatan. Pada awalnya, banyak yang menentang pemikiran Darwin karena sebenarnya tidak memahami tulisannya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=[https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/about/who-we-are University of Cambridge]|first=|date=2015-06-02|title=Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics|url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics|website=Darwin Correspondence Project|language=en|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Namun, diskusi ilmiah tentang mekanisme evolusi muncul dan dicetuskan istilah baru [[Darwinisme]] yang tidak hanya membahas pemikiran Darwin, tetapi semua aspek evolusi. Pada pertengahan 1870-an, evolusi sudah diterima oleh banyak orang.{{Sfn|Bowler|1989|p=179, 199}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Charles Darwin]]
* [[Teori evolusi]]
== Catatan kaki ==
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{{Refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikisourcepar|The Origin of Species}}
* [http://darwin-online.org.uk/contents.html The complete work of Charles Darwin online: Table of contents], bibliografi dari [http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html ''On the Origin of Species'']: {{br}}Keduanya berisi teks lengkap ''The Origin of Species'' dalam semua edisi, termasuk terjemahan bahasa Jerman, Denmark, dan Rusia.
:Sumber lain:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050718010317/http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/pdf/Origin_of_Species.pdf Teks lengkap edisi pertama dalam format berkas pdf] di Universitas New South Wales
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/origin.html Teks lengkap edisi pertama di situs web Talk Origins]
* {{gutenberg|no=1228|name=Origin of Species, 1st Edition}}
* {{gutenberg|no=2009|name=Origin of Species, 6th Edition}}
* [http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/DarwinMiscSep99.html DarwinMiscSep99] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406111422/http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/DarwinMiscSep99.html |date=2007-04-06 }} Perubahan dalam enam edisi dari tahun 1859 hingga 1872.
* [http://www.victorianweb.org/science/texts.html Victorian Science Texts]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Origin of Species, The}}
[[Kategori:Buku tahun 1859]]
[[Kategori:Evolusi]]
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