Penutupan pemerintahan di Amerika Serikat: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Dalam [[politik Amerika Serikat]], '''penutupan pemerintahan''' ({{lang-en|government shutdown}}) adalah situasi ketika [[Kongres Amerika Serikat|Kongres]] gagal menyepakati anggaran yang diperlukan untuk [[operasi pemerintahan]]. Biasanya pemerintah berhenti menyediakan semua layanan selain yang "penting" saja, namun karena Kongres harus mengesahkan semua pengeluaran pemerintah, tidak ada hukum yang melindungi layanan pemerintah apapun dari penutupan. Layanan federal boleh diteruskan untuk sementara setelah penutupan, termasuk [[National Weather Service]] dan lembaga induknya, layanan kesehatan di fasilitas federal, angkatan bersenjata, [[pengawasan lalu lintas udara]] (ATC), dan [[sistem penjara]].
Baris 14:
== Pengaruh ==
Penutupan pemerintahan federal mengakibatkan banyak [[karyawan federal]] sipil yang menjalani [[furlough]] (cuti wajib tanpa gaji). Personel militer dan karyawan-karyawan penting tidak disertakan dalam furlough, namun gajinya bisa jadi tidak dibayarkan sesuai jadwal.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/2011/04/06/news/economy/federal_workers_shutdown/index.htm Shutdown: 800,000 federal workers in the dark] – 2011 Cable News Network</ref><ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704013604576246612535953974.html "Government Prepares for Shutdown"].
Rincian pasti seputar fungsi-fungsi pemerintah yang berhenti beroperasi selama penutupan ditentukan oleh [[Office of Management and Budget]].<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite news
Penutupan pemerintahan sebelumnya juga memengaruhi [[pemerintah D.C.|pemerintah kotamadya Washington, D.C.]] melalui penutupan sekolah dan penundaan prasarana umum seperti pengumpulan sampah.<ref>{{cite news
== Daftar penutupan pemerintahan A.S. ==
<!--{{Party shading/Republican}}-->
=== Pemerintah federal ===
Sejak 1976, pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat ditutup sebanyak
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width="20"|Tahun !!
|-
| 1976 || {{sort|09-30
(61D-37R-2I) | |-
| 1977
(61D-38R-1I) | |-
| 1977
(61D-38R-1I) | |-
| 1977
(61D-38R-1I) | |-
| 1978 || {{sort|09-30
(61D-38R-1I) | |-
| 1979 || {{sort|09-30
(58D-41R-1I) | |-
| 1981 || 20 Nov || 23 Nov || 2 ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|Reagan ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|Rep ||{{Party shading/Democratic}}|Dem || style="text-align:left;"|Presiden [[Ronald Reagan]] bersumpah akan memveto rancangan anggaran apapun yang meliputi pemangkasan anggaran dalam negeri sebesar separuh dari $8,4 miliar yang ia ajukan. Meski Senat yang dipimpin Republik menyetujui rancangan sesuai keinginannya, DPR yang dikuasai Demokrat memaksa agar anggaran pertahanan dipotong lebih besar daripada yang diinginkan Reagan dan gaji anggora kongres dan pegawai negeri dinaikkan. Rancangan anggaran yang disepakati lebih sedikit $2 miliar daripada usulan Reagan, sehingga Reagan memvetonya dan menutup pemerintahan federal. Rancangan sementara mengembalikan anggaran tersebut sampai 15 Desember dan memberikan Kongres waktu untuk mengajukan kesepakatan yang bisa bertahan lama.▼
|1 Mei
|1|| {{Tidak|Ya}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | Carter
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem (58D-41R-1I)
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
|style="text-align:left;" | Hanya [[Federal Trade Commission]] yang terdampak. Ini menandai pertama kalinya pelaksanaan penutupan lembaga federal berdasarkan penafsiran baru [[Antideficiency Act]] 1884.
|-
| 1981 || {{sort|11-20|20–23 Nov}} || 3 || {{Tidak|Ya}} ||{{Party shading/Republican}}| [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|Rep
(53R-46D-1I)
▲|
|-
| 1982
(53R-46D-1I) | |-
| 1982{{hs|-12-17}} <br> (2) || {{sort|12-17|17–21 Des}} ||
(53R-46D-1I) | |-
| 1983 || {{sort|11-10|10–14 Nov}} ||
(54R-46D) | |-
| 1984 <br> (1) ||
(54R-46D) | |-
| 1984 <br> (2) ||
(54R-46D) | |-
| 1986 || {{sort|10-16|16–18 Okt}} ||
(53R-47D) | |-
| 1987 || {{sort|12-18|18–20 Des}} ||
(55D-45R) | |-
|
(55D-45R) | |-
| [[Penutupan pemerintahan federal Amerika Serikat
(53R-47D) | |-
| [[Penutupan pemerintahan federal Amerika Serikat
(53R-47D) | |-
| [[Penutupan pemerintahan federal Amerika Serikat 2013|2013]] ||
(53D-45R-2I) | |-
|[[Penutupan pemerintahan federal Amerika Serikat Januari 2018|2018]] <br> (1) ||{{sort|01-20|20–<br />22 Jan}} || 3 || {{Tidak|Ya}}<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/19/us/politics/government-shutdown-employee-effects.html | title=What Will Happen if the Government Remains Shut Down| newspaper=The New York Times| date=January 19, 2018| last1=Parlapiano| first1=Alicia| last2=Yourish| first2=Karen}}</ref> ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Donald Trump|Trump]] ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|Rep
(51R-47D-2I)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Rep || style="text-align:left;"|Demokrat ingin dana Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) dipertahankan.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stolberg|first1=Sheryl Gay|last2=Kaplan|first2=Thomas|title=Trump and Senators Scramble to Avoid Midnight Government Shutdown|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/19/us/politics/senate-showdown-government-shutdown-trump.html|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=January 20, 2018|date=2018}}</ref> DPR mengesahkan RUU anggaran jangka pendek.<ref>{{cite web|title=Approves Short-Term Spending Bill – H.R.195: To amend title 44, United States Code, to...|url=https://projects.propublica.org/represent/votes/115/house/2/33|website=ProPublica|accessdate=January 20, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Penutupan pemerintahan federal Amerika Serikat Januari 2018#Buntut|2018]] <br> (2) ||{{sort|02-09|9 Feb}} || 1 || {{Yes|Tidak}}<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/congress-passes-spending-bill-shutdown_us_5a7d6d6ce4b0c6726e11ffd1 | title=Congress Passes Massive Spending Deal, Ending Shutdown Before It Ever Really Started| newspaper=Huffington Post| date=February 9, 2018| last1=Fuller| first1=Matt| last2=Foley| first2=Elise}}</ref> ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|Trump ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|Rep
(51R-47D-2I)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Rep || style="text-align:left;"| Para pemimpin Senat menyepakati anggaran dua tahun.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2018/02/07/politics/senate-announces-deal-budget-caps-agreement/index.html</ref> [[Sen. Rand Paul]] ([[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|R]]-[[Kentucky|KY]]) menunda pemungutan suara Senat yang memaksa pemerintah tutup pada dini hari.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/us/politics/congress-budget-deal-vote.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news | title=Trump Signs Budget Deal to Raise Spending and Reopen Government| newspaper=The New York Times| date=February 8, 2018| last1=Kaplan| first1=Thomas}}</ref> Penutupan berakhir sebelum hari kerja berikutnya dimulai.
|-
| rowspan = 2 | [[Penutupan pemerintahan federal Amerika Serikat 2018–2019|2018–19]] <br> (3) || rowspan = 2 | {{sort|12-22|22 Des–sekarang}}|| rowspan="2" |{{Hs|{{age in days|2018|12|21}}}}''({{age in days|2018|12|21}})'' ''berlangsung'' || rowspan = 2 {{Tidak|Ya}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Here's who the partial government shutdown affects|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/21/what-happens-if-government-shuts-down.html|website=CNBC|accessdate=December 24, 2018|language=en}}</ref> || rowspan = 2 {{Party shading/Republican}}|Trump ||{{Party shading/Republican}}|Rep
(51R-47D-2I)<ref group="note" name="before_jan3">Before Jan 3, 2019.</ref>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |Rep<ref group="note" name="before_jan3"/> || rowspan = 2 style="text-align:left;"| Presiden Donald Trump menuntut RUU anggaran apapun menyertakan anggaran [[tembok Meksiko–Amerika Serikat|tembok perbatasan]]. Perundingan masih buntu.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/21/679073393/trump-warns-of-very-long-shutdown-unless-senate-approves-border-wall-funds | title=Government Shutdown Inevitable as Congress Adjourns Amid Border Wall Funding Impasse}}</ref> Penutupan dimulai saat rapat [[Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-115]] dan berlangsung sampai rapat [[Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-116]].
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|Rep
(53R-45D-2I)<ref group="note" name="after_jan3">From Jan 3, 2019 onwards.</ref>
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|Dem<ref group="note" name="after_jan3"/>
|}
=== Pemerintah
{{incomplete list|date=August 2014}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
* Penutupan pemerintahan Erie County, New York 2005<ref>{{cite web | title=Budget Mess Hits Cultural Groups, | publisher=[[The Buffalo News]] | date= February 7, 2005|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22781595.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=County Leaders Brace for Closings | publisher=The Buffalo News| date= February 21, 2005|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22784109.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Services Shut Down as County Fails to Pay Up|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22806513.html | work = [[The Buffalo News]] | date=July 3, 2005}}</ref>▼
|-
* Penutupan pemerintahan Minnesota 2005, selama dua minggu pertama Juli 2005.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.ombwatch.org/node/2491 | title= Minnesota Experiences Unprecedented Government Shutdown Due to a Budget Deadlock | date= July 11, 2005 | volume=6 | issue=14 – OMB Watch}}</ref>▼
! Tahun !! Mulai !! Selesai !! Durasi !! Lokasi !! class="unsortable" | Referensi
|-
▲* [[Penutupan pemerintahan New Jersey 2006]]
| 1991 || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|07-17|Jul 17}} || 17 || {{left}} {{flag|Maine}} || <ref name=day8/>
* Penutupan pemerintahan Pennsylvania 2007<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2007/07/12/81571.htm | title= Pa. State Agencies Back in Operation After Budget Deal Struck}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pennlive.com/news/patriotnews/index.ssf?/base/news/1184382616242591.xml |title=Central PA Local News – |publisher=Pennlive.com |date= |accessdate= September 27, 2013}}</ref>▼
|-
| 1991 || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|08-23|Aug 23}} || 54 || {{left}} {{flag|Connecticut}} || <ref name=day8/>
|-
| 1991 || {{sort|07-02|Jul 2}} || {{sort|08-03|Aug 4}} || 34 || {{left}} {{flag|Pennsylvania}} || <ref name=day8/>
|-
| 2002 || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|07-03|Jul 3}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{left}} {{flag|Tennessee}} || <ref name=day8>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.mprnews.org/capitol-view/2011/07/shutdown_day_8/ |title= Shutdown Day 8: All quiet as record book awaits
|last= Scheck|first=Tom |date=July 8, 2011 |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/709084/posts|publisher=Free Republic|agency=Associated Press|title=Tennessee Government in Partial Shutdown|date=July 1, 2002}}</ref>
|-
▲
|-
| [[Krisis anggaran Puerto Riko 2006|2006]] || {{sort|05-01|May 1}} || {{sort|05-13|May 13}} || 13 || {{left}} {{flag|Puerto Rico}} ||
|-
| [[Penutupan pemerintahan negara bagian New Jersey 2006|2006]] || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|07-08|Jul 8}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{left}} {{flag|New Jersey}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/nyregion/07budget.html |title=Deal on Sales Tax Ends Shutdown in New Jersey |work=New York Times |author=Richard C. Jones |date=July 7, 2006 |accessdate=July 1, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || {{sort|10-01|Oct 1}} || {{sort|10-01|Oct 1}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{left}} {{flag|Michigan}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/us/01cnd-michigan.html |title=Michigan Government Shutdown Ends |work=New York Times |author=Nick Bunkley |date=October 1, 2007 |accessdate=July 1, 2017}}</ref>
|-
▲
|-
| 2009 || {{sort|10-01|Oct 1}} || {{sort|10-01|Oct 1}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{left}} {{flag|Michigan}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/10/government_shutdown_michigan_h.html |title=Government shutdown? Michigan has been there, done that and moved on |work=M-Live |author=Jonathan Oosting |date=October 6, 2013 |accessdate=July 1, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Penutupan pemerintahan negara bagian Minnesota 2011|2011]] || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|07-20|Jul 20}} || 20 || {{left}} {{flag|Minnesota}} ||
|-
|2015 || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|07-06|Jul 6}}|| {{sort|06|6}} || {{left}} {{flag|Illinois}} ||
|-
| [[Penutupan pemerintahan negara bagian New Jersey 2017|2017]] || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|07-04|Jul 4}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{left}} {{flag|New Jersey}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/nyregion/chris-christie-new-jersey-budget.html|title=New Jersey Government Shuts Down Over Budget Standoff|first=Nick|last=Corasaniti|date=June 30, 2017|publisher=|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/07/christie_likely_to_approve_deal_to_end_shutdown_so.html#incart_big-photo|title=It's a done deal: Christie will end state shutdown in time for July 4, sources say|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || {{sort|07-01|Jul 1}} || {{sort|07-04|Jul 4}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{left}} {{flag|Maine}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/06/30/maine-senate-gives-initial-budget/omGsdYeYyjoGTse6aPlNXM/story.html |title=With no budget deal, Maine partially shuts its government |publisher=Boston Globe |date= |accessdate= July 1, 2017}}</ref>
|}
=== Pemerintah county ===
{{incomplete list|date=August 2014}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Tahun !! Mulai !! Selesai !! Durasi !! Lokasi !! class="unsortable" | Referensi
|-
▲
|}
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 103 ⟶ 198:
== Pranala luar ==
* House Committee on Rules: [http://democrats.rules.house.gov/archives/98-844.pdf Government Report on Government Shutdowns] {{
* Congressional Research Service: [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34680.pdf Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Penutupan Pemerintahan}}
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