Chuang Guandong: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''''Chuang Guandong''''' ({{zh|t=闖關東|s=闯关东|p=Chuǎng Guāndōng}}, secara harfiah berarti "Menuju [[Manchuria|Guandong]]"; ''Guandong'' merupakan nama lama [[Manchuria]]) adalah istilah yang mendeskripsikan perpindahan orang-orang [[Suku Han|Han]] (terutama dari [[Semenanjung Shandong]] dan [[Provinsi Zhili]]) ke wilayah [[Manchuria]] dalam jangka waktu seratus tahun semenjak pertengahan abad ke-19. Sebelumnya, wilayah ini dianggap berada di luar daratan Tiongkok, tetapi kadang-kadang berada di bawah kendali langsung atau pengaruh tidak langsung dinasti-dinasti Tiongkok. Selama dua abad pertama [[Dinasti Qing]], Manchuria merupakan tanah air tradisional orang-orang [[Manchu]] dan orang-orang Han tidak diperbolehkan masuk. Namun,
== Catatan kaki ==
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== Referensi ==
* [http://economy.guoxue.com/print.php/5841 Studi Singkat Gelombang Imigrasi "Ch'uang Kuantung"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630011113/http://economy.guoxue.com/print.php/5841 |date=2008-06-30 }} (bahasa Tionghoa)
* [http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?showtopic=9792&st=15&start=15 Migrasi Etnis Han ke Tiongkok Timur Laut]
* {{cite journal|jstor=3985584|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584|title=Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty|last=Reardon-Anderson|first=James|date=Oct 2000|volume= 5|number=No. 4|journal=Environmental History|pages=503–530|publisher=Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History}}
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|title=The Manchurian frontier in Chʼing history
|series=Volume 43 of Harvard East Asian series, Center for East Asian Studies, Harvard University
|year=1970|isbn=978-0-674-54775-9}}
* {{citation|title=Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy|first=Richard Louis|last=Edmonds|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213|isbn=0-89065-118-3|year=1985}}
* {{citation |title=The Willow Palisade|first=Richard L.|last= Edmonds
|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=69|issue= 4|date=December 1979|pages= 599–621|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01285.x}} {{JSTOR|2563132}} — the material in this article was mostly incorporated into Edmonds' 1985 book
* {{citation
|first=Sir Henry Evan Murchison |last=James
|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |year=1888
|title=The Long White Mountain, or, A journey in Manchuria: with some account of the history, people, administration and religion of that country
|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=4bICAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last= Scharping |first= Thomas |last2= |first2= |date= 1998 |title= Minorities, Majorities and National Expansion: The History and Politics of Population Development in Manchuria 1610-1993 |url= http://www.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/chinastudien/papers/No_1998-1.pdf |journal=Cologne China Studies Online – Working Papers on Chinese Politics, Economy and Society (Kölner China-Studien Online – Arbeitspapiere zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas) |publisher=Modern China Studies, Chair for Politics, Economy and Society of Modern China, at the University of Cologne |volume= |issue= 1 |pages= |doi= |accessdate=14 August 2014}}
{{Topik Dinasti Qing}}
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[[Kategori:Sejarah Manchuria]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Tiongkok]]
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