Balapan ke bawah: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konsep "pertarungan ke bawah" muncul di [[Amerika Serikat]] pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. Saat itu terjadi persaingan akta antar negara bagian agar perusahaan luar mau mendirikan kantor pusat di wilayahnya. Sejumlah pengamat menggunakan istilah "pertarungan efisiensi", sedangkan pengamat lainnya seperti [[Louis Brandeis]] menggunakan istilah "pertarungan ke bawah".<ref name = "coined">{{cite book|last =Meisel|first =Nicolas|authorlink =|coauthors =|year =2004|title =Governance Culture and Development: A Different Perspective on Corporate Governance |publisher =Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|location =|isbn = 92-64-01727-5 }} p. 41</ref><ref name = "ind">{{cite book|last =Kelly|first =John E.|authorlink =|coauthors =|year =2002|title =Industrial Relations: critical perspectives on business and management |publisher =Routledge|location =UK|isbn = 0-415-22986-3 }}p. 192</ref><ref name = "sch">{{cite book|last =Schram|first =Sanford F.|authorlink =|coauthors =|year =2000|title =After Welfare: The Culture of Postindustrial Social Policy|url =https://archive.org/details/afterwelfarecult0000schr|publisher =NYU Press|location =|isbn = 0-8147-9755-5 }} p. 91</ref>

Istilah tersebut juga digunakan untuk menyebut persaingan antar perusahaan.<ref>See, e.g., [https://www.popularresistance.org/walmart-creates-a-race-to-the-bottom-throughout-the-supplyline/ Popular Resistance], "Walmart Creates A Race To The Bottom Throughout The Economy"; [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/24/taskrabbit-uber-economy_n_6538540.html Huffington Post], "How The Uber Economy Can Become A Race To The Bottom."</ref> Pada tahun 2003, menanggapi laporan bahwa supermarket-supermarket di [[Britania Raya]] memangkas harga [[pisang]] dan otomatis mengurangi [[Pendapatan Negara|pendapatan negara]] berkembang produsen pisang, Alistair Smith, koordinator internasional Banana Link, mengatakan bahwa "supermarket di Britania Raya sedang memimpin pertarungan ke bawah. Banyak orang kehilangan pekerjaan, dan para produsen terpaksa mengabaikan persoalan sosial dan lingkungan."<ref>''[[The Times]]'' Business Section, 7 December 2003</ref>

== Lihat pula ==

== Catatan kaki ==

== Bacaan lanjutan ==

* {{cite journal |jstor=2122510 |pages=677–92 |last1=Grandy |first1=C. |title=New Jersey Corporate Chartermongering, 1875-1929 |volume=49 |issue=3 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |year=1989 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700008810}}

* {{cite journal |first=Kagan |last=Kocaoglu |date=March 2008 |title=A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law |journal=Georgetown University Law Center Working Paper |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1103644 |ssrn=1103644}}

* {{cite book

* Vogel, David. 1995. ''[[Trading Up (book)|Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy]].'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-90084-7

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=race-to-the-bottom Definition from the Financial Times Lexicon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713054842/http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=race-to-the-bottom |date=2015-07-13 }}

* [http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/11/labour-standards "Racing to the bottom"] in ''The Economist''

* {{cite journal| first =David| last =Bacon| authorlink =| coauthors =| date =February 3, 2003| title =Anti-China Campaign Hides Maquiladora Wage Cuts| journal =Zmag.org| volume =| issue =| pages =| id =| url =http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=2949}}{{dead| linkaccess-date =2015-11-02| archive-date =February2007-09-29| 2014archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125147/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=2949| dead-url =yes}}

* {{cite web |first=Robin |last=Hahnel |date=March 2000 |title=Houston, we have a problem: Challenging globalization |work=Z Magazine |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/25a/075.html}}

* {{cite web |first=Sheila |last=McClear |date=March 2005 |title=Race to Bottom for Garment Workers |work=Z magazine |url=http://www.zcommunications.org/race-to-bottom-for-garment-workers-by-sheila-mcclear}}{{dead link|access-date=February2015-11-02 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221221512/http://www.zcommunications.org/race-to-bottom-for-garment-workers-by-sheila-mcclear |dead-url=yes }}

* Yablon, Charles M., "[http://lesliecaton.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/3-Yablon.pdf The Historical Race Competition for Corporate Charters and the Rise and Decline of New Jersey: 1880-1910] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074119/http://lesliecaton.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/3-Yablon.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}", ''The Journal of Corporation Law'' (2007)

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